西藏拉萨市‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比较研究

为了提高西藏高寒牧区饲草产量,缓解草畜矛盾。在西藏拉萨研究了‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例草地,在适宜刈割时期牧草养分比较研究。结果表明,各混播比例间的产草量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、Ca和P含量差异显著,混播可显著提高产草量和牧草品质;且随着箭筈豌豆比例的增加,粗蛋白含量随之增加,最高为单播箭筈豌豆达到22.58%。各混播比例以H4为佳,鲜草产量达到7.71 kg/m2、粗蛋白含量达到13.66%、粗脂肪含量达到1.99%、粗纤维含量达到35.99%、粗灰分含量达到6.77%、Ca:P为5.36。在西藏气候适宜的地区可将‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆按此比例（箭筈豌豆40%+‘白燕2号’60%）混播推广以改善饲草品质。     

Forage production,quality and water-use-efficiency of four warm-season annual crops at three sowing times in the Loess Plateau region of China

Increasing demand for livestock products is driving development of livestock systems worldwide. That requires improved and new forage production options. The Loess Plateau region in central-northern China is an important area for livestock production, as it supports11% and 19% of the country’s cattle and sheep, respectively (China statistical yearbook 2014). The rain-fed semi-arid environment of the Loess Plateau means that maximizing the water-use-efficiency (WUE) of forage production is vital to guarantee enough fodder supply the livestock demand. A three-year field experiment in north-west Loess Plateau compared forage production, water use and water-use-efficiency as well as crude protein (CP) content of forage maize, Sudan grass, foxtail millet and Japanese millet sown at three sowing dates according to the opening rain during 2011–2013. On average, forage maize produced the highest biomass (12.1 t ha⁻¹) and had the highest WUE (43.4 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). This was followed by Sudan grass (7.8 t ha⁻¹; 26.5 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), Japanese millet (6.7 t ha⁻¹; 26.2 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) and foxtail millet (6.7 t ha⁻¹; 24.6 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Optimizing sowing date played an important role in maximizing forage production and WUE of all tested forages. Compared to the earliest sowing date, a delay of two weeks reduced forage production by 17% in maize, 35% in foxtail millet, and 16% in Japanese millet. A delay of four to six weeks reduced biomass yield by 58% in maize, 57% in foxtail millet, and 56% in Japanese millet. Late sowing also greatly reduced WUE of forage maize and foxtail millet by 33% and 42%, respectively, when compared to early sowing. The middle sowing date maximized forage production and WUE of Sudan grass in two of the three growing seasons, which was 20% and 38% higher than the early and late sowing, respectively. Late sowing in all forages reduced crop water use by 42–57 mm compared to the early sowing. Among four test crops, CP of Sudan grass (7.9%) and forage maize (7.7%) was higher than foxtail millet (6.8%) and Japanese millet (6.7%). Compared with early sowing, CP_f in late sowing significantly increased in Sudan grass and decreased in Japanese millet, in contrast, no evident sowing date effect was found in forage maize and foxtail millet. This study showed that all four warm-season annual grasses had high forage production potential, forage maize was the most reliable and efficient option. Forage maize and the millets could easily be integrated into existing cropping systems and provide opportunities as both grain and forage-producing crop to provide added flexibility for farmers.     

Nutritional and mineral content of prickly pear cactus: A highly water‐use efficient forage,fodder and food species

Increased demand for food requires us to investigate livestock forage and fodder crops that can be grown over a wide range of locations where their cultivation will not compete with that of the food supply. A large portion of the southwestern United States consists of underutilized semi‐arid land. Crops typically used for livestock fodder or forage have high‐water demands that make them uneconomical or unsustainable for semi‐arid and arid regions. The growth rate and low‐input requirements of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus‐indica) make it an excellent candidate for forage or fodder supplementation or replacement in these regions. Previous reports about forage quality data on Opuntia have been scattered across multiple locations, growing conditions and cultivars. Here, we report on the forage quality and mineral content of Opuntia ficus‐indica grown under both field and greenhouse conditions. Crude protein was 71 and 264 g/kg of dry mass for field and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Field‐grown plants showed higher acid and neutral detergent fibre content than greenhouse‐grown plants reflecting higher cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin accumulation. Nutritional values were also compared to requirements of cattle to determine what deficiencies might need to be addressed through supplementation. These data suggest that Opuntia can be used in combination with other feed sources to reduce the demand of resource‐intensive forage crops for raising livestock in dryland areas.     

谷子干草饲用品质性状变异及相关性分析

谷子是重要的饲草作物, 但其饲草品质性状研究滞后制约了谷子饲草品种培育和栽培。本研究对47个谷子品种在我国高寒农牧地区栽培的饲用干草品质性状进行了系统测定。结果表明, 供试材料粗蛋白含量的变异范围为5.42%~12.45%, 变异系数为14.25;粗脂肪含量的变异范围为0.64%~1.43%, 变异系数为15.84;粗灰分含量的变异范围为8.50%~15.60%, 变异系数为13.71;总磷含量的变异范围为0.10%~0.32%, 变异系数为20.00;总钙含量的变异范围为0.27%~0.67%, 变异系数为20.00。粗纤维、无氮浸出物和水分含量表现出较小的变异。主成分分析表明, 影响谷子饲草品质的主要性状是粗纤维、粗灰分、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物, 粗蛋白与粗纤维和无氮浸出物均为负相关。综合表明, Li05-569、饿死驴、系295和红根谷是品质性状综合表现优良的品种。     

基于熵值赋权的DTOPSIS法对鲁南地区11个饲用燕麦品种的综合评价研究

为筛选适宜在鲁南地区种植的饲用燕麦品种及探讨燕麦新品种综合评价的方法,利用基于熵值赋权的DTOPSIS法对11个燕麦品种的株高、鲜草产量、干草产量、茎叶比、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和相对饲草品质等方面进行综合分析。结果表明,熵值赋权法客观评价了各指标在该评价体系中的重要程度,指标中权重最大的是茎叶比,其余依次是鲜草产量、粗脂肪含量、相对饲草品质、干草产量、粗蛋白含量、株高、中性洗涤纤维含量、粗灰分含量和酸性洗涤纤维含量,符合对燕麦饲料的要求。C_i值排名前5的品种是燕王、牧王、魄力、贝勒和甜燕麦。这5个品种产量较高,综合性状表现优良,适宜在鲁南地区推广种植。     

Effect of Sowing Date and Cutting Stage on Yield and Quality of Irrigated Barley and Triticale Used for Forage and Grain

The influence of cutting stage on forage and grain yield and quality has been studied in three barley and one triticale varieties, using two sowing dates in each of two sites. When cut at the first detectable node stage (C.31), forage yield was almost double the yield at the pseudo-stem erect stage (C.30). Barley yielded more forage than triticale at both cutting stages. Both species had similar forage protein content, but forage fibre content was greater in barley than in triticale. Cutting at stage 30 reduced grain yield by about 11 % and at stage 31 by nearly 35 %. Barley and triticale had similar grain yield. Grain protein content was not affected by forage removal, but was significantly greater in triticale than in barley. The later the stage of cutting, the greater was the delay in heading date. Triticale was more responsive to environmental conditions than barley.     

Changes in the protein and fat contents of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars released in China in the last 60 years

Peanut is an important oil and cash crop in China. We selected 540 peanut cultivars—released in three ecological regions of China (Yellow River, Yangtze River and Southeast Coast regions)—to examine changes in quality characters and pod yield in the last 60 years. From 1957 to 2016, crude fat, protein and pod yields in peanut cultivars increased significantly in the three regions. In contrast, the crude fat content, as opposed to its yield, did not change in the Yellow River region, increased in the Yangtze River region and decreased in the Southeast Coast region, and the protein content decreased in the Yellow and Yangtze River regions but did not change in the Southeast Coast region. Peanut cultivars grown in the Yellow and Yangtze River regions had higher mean crude fat contents, while those in the Southeast Coast region had higher mean protein contents. In future, breeders and farmers should pay more attention to high protein peanuts in the Southeast Coast region and high oil peanuts in the Yellow River and Yangtze River regions.     

喷施微肥对紫花苜蓿草产量与品质的影响

在氮磷钾基肥供应足量的基础上,采用叶面喷施的方法,研究Zn、Fe、Mo、Co、B、Cu、Se、Mn 8种微肥混合喷施对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）草产量和品质的影响,其目的是通过喷施微肥试验,为生产提供不同用途的优质牧草。结果表明：几种微肥处理均可极显著提高紫花苜蓿产草量和叶茎比,极显著提高粗纤维含量,并显著影响粗脂肪含量,促进粗灰分的增加,导致无氮浸出物的降低,但对粗蛋白和磷含量影响不显著。     

内蒙古农牧交错区施氮量对燕麦饲草产量和饲用品质的影响

对比施氮量对饲草产量、品质的影响,为内蒙古农牧交错地区燕麦饲草增产提质提供理论依据。在旱作条件下对2个燕麦品种‘蒙燕1号’和‘8202’分别设低氮(30 kg/hm²)、中氮(90 kg/hm²)和高氮 (150 kg/hm²)3处理,比较其产量和品质。结果表明：施氮量显著影响2个燕麦品种饲草产量,‘蒙燕1号’在高氮处理下鲜、干产分别较其他处理增加8.42%~10.73%、9.30%~13.38%,显著高于低氮处理(P<0.05),且分别较‘8202’高氮处理下增产17.58%、19.28%。2品种粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量随施氮量的增加而提高。‘8202’粗蛋白含量在高氮处理下较其他处理提高4.24%~14.14%,较高氮处理下‘蒙燕1号’提高29.85%;‘8202’高氮处理下粗脂肪产量较其他处理提高0.44%~6.43%,较‘蒙燕1号’提高6.94%,2品种粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量在高氮、中氮处理下差异不显著,却与低氮处理差异显著(P<0.05)。施氮后品种间草产量和品质有差异,若以草产量为目标,应选‘蒙燕1号’,施高氮,可获鲜草40891 kg/hm²,可获干草7801 kg/hm²;若以品质为目标,应选‘8202’,施中氮,整株粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别可达17.66%,2.88%,可获粗蛋白1080 kg/hm²,粗脂肪166 kg/hm²。     

刈割时期和留茬高度对大麦鲜草产量及饲用品质的影响

旨在为湖南饲用大麦整株的利用提供指导。以湖北‘华大麦9号’为研究对象,通过对饲草株高,分蘖数,鲜重和饲草品质等测定,分析不同刈割时期和留茬高度对大麦鲜草产量与品质的影响,筛选出合适的刈割时期和留茬高度。‘华大麦9号’的生育期169天,在抽穗时株高达到最高,分蘖数在3~5之间。大麦在环洞庭湖区域种植整株收获做饲草利用,刈割时期可以从始穗期开始,以齐穗期为最好,留茬高度可以是5~10 cm,其中5 cm留茬高度可以获得更高的产量。‘华大麦9号’留茬高度为5 cm,刈割时期为齐穗期,总产量达到42.23 kg/小区。不同时期刈割其粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗纤维含量存在显著差异。粗蛋白在始穗期和齐穗期差异不显著,以始穗期最高;粗纤维含量以成熟期最高;而粗灰分含量在不同刈割时期间差异不显著。     

Influence of Slight Shading, Sward Density and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Nutritive Value of Lolium multiflorumo Lam.

In a two year factorial field trial the influence of slight shading (daylight reduced by 27 %), row spacing (15 and 30 cm respectively) and N fertilization (60 and 120 kg* ha^?1*cut^?1 respectively) on yield and nutritive value of Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) was investigated. Three cuts were taken in the seeding year and four in the full harvest year. Shading reduced DM yield by 4 % at low and 16 % at high level of N fertilization. Higher amount of N fertilizer increased yield by 28 % without and 12 % with shading. Row spacing was of minor importance; on average wider spacing decreased yield by 9 %. Increasing N fertilization and shading had the same effects on nutritive value: crude protein (CP), nitrate content and protein/energy ratio (P/E) went up, whereas energy value (NEL) went down. Compared to the effects of shading or N fertilization, the influence of sward density on nutritive value was small. The effect of shading and high fertilization on nutritive value was similar in both years. However for vegetatively grown forage in the seeding year shading caused P/E values and nitrate contents too high for an adequate ruminant feeding which was already evident at low level of N fertilization; also increased supply of N fertilizer without shading deteriorated the nutritive value. On the other hand forage of the full harvest year (at reproductive stages) showed too high P/E values only in shaded and highly fertilized plots. Therefore N fertilization ought to be limited at periods when the grass only grows vegetatively and/or light intensity is low, like e.g. in autumn. None of the experimental treatments had any marked effect on the fibre content of the forage (ADF) in the seeding year; in the full harvest year, however, when plants grew reproductively, shading as well as higher N fertilization increased ADF content. There was no significant correlation between ADF and NEL for vegetatively grown plants but a close relation for plants which were at reproductive stages.     

黄土高原旱地谷子品种地上器官干物质分配与产量形成相关性分析

提高黄土高原旱地谷子产量和资源利用效率的关键是品种适应性与形态可塑性的高效发挥。以晋谷21号（G21）、晋谷29号（G29）、长生07号（G07）和汾选03号（G03）4个黄土高原旱地主栽谷子品种为研究对象,对其地上部生物量、收获指数、产量和水分利用效率的差异进行了比较研究,结果表明：（1）收获期G03单株地上生物量较G07、G21、G29分别高出9.0%、4.9%和74.4%;收获指数较G07、G21与G29分别提高23.5%、29.4%和44.6%。（2）收获期G03单穗生物量最大,茎生物量较高,而叶生物量显著减低,相关性分析表明茎、叶生物量间呈显著正相关,而叶生物量与单穗生物量呈显著负相关。（3）G03子粒产量较G07、G21、G29分别增加了11.4%、27.3%和18.1%;水分利用效率较G07、G21、G29分别提高了11.0%,33.0%和14.2%。综上所述,紧凑株型、叶片同化物转移率较高的汾选03号在黄土高原旱地雨养农业区生物量分配更有利于实现高产和水分高效利用。     

不同类型玉米品种饲用营养价值比较

对粮饲兼用玉米鲁单50(LD50)、高油玉米高油115(HO115)和青饲玉米科多4号(KD4)进行比较研究表明: KD4的鲜、干物质产量最高,较LD50高100%、72.2%,粗蛋白和粗纤维的产量也最高,较LD50高80%、149%;HO115的粗脂肪产量最高,较LD50高62%,粗蛋白的产量也较高;LD50的籽粒产量显著高于KD4,但粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的产量都最低.不同     

华北农牧交错区两种土壤类型下青饲玉米的施氮效应

针对华北农牧交错区饲草量少质差的现实问题, 在区域草甸栗钙土和沙质栗钙土条件下, 研究了氮肥不同施用量对青饲玉米产量与品质形成及肥水利用效果的影响。结果表明, 草甸栗钙土田和沙质栗钙土田施氮比不施氮青饲玉米生物产量分别增加36.1%和106.0%, 植株氮素含量分别提高108.0%和81.9%, 且在草甸栗钙土田出现氮素的奢侈吸收现象; 施氮使草甸栗钙土田玉米植株磷素含量提高10.9%, 但沙质栗钙土田玉米磷素含量降低; 玉米植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量和产量均随施氮量增加而显著增加, 草甸栗钙土田分别增产1.60倍和2.10倍, 沙质栗钙土田分别增产2.74倍和1.36倍; 施氮显著提高青饲玉米的水分利用效率, 草甸栗钙土田增幅为27%~45%, 相当于多供水82.5~135.7 mm; 沙质栗钙土田增幅为95%~97%, 相当于多供水294.9~258.5 mm。故华北农牧交错区青饲玉米施氮是快速提高饲草产量和营养品质以及高效利用肥水资源的有效技术手段, 草甸栗钙土田不超过200 kg hm^-2、沙质栗钙土田不少于135 kg hm^-2, 是兼顾玉米产量、品质与肥水高效利用的适宜施氮量。     

Effects of Soil Moisture Deficit on Forage Quality, Digestibility, and Protein Fractionation of Kura Clover

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a persistent rhizomatous forage legume with great potential for permanent pastures. The effects of a soil moisture deficit on forage quality, digestibility and protein fractionation of two cultivars of Kura clover (Endura and Rhizo) were investigated in this study for 1 year. The responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were also characterized. Stands of each species were field‐grown and submitted to two soil water regimes promoting soil moisture deficits and well‐watered (i.e. control) conditions. There were no interactions between species and soil water regimes. Soil moisture deficit increased acid detergent fibre (ADF) but reduced acid detergent lignin (ADL) content and consequently increased forage digestibility. It had only minor effects on protein content and fractionation. Species varied for most parameters measured. Kura clover generally had the lowest neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ADF and ADL contents, and consequently the greatest digestibility (83.9 %). Species also differed in their crude protein fractionation. Kura clover and red clover had a lower proportion of non‐protein nitrogen (NPN; A fraction) and a greater proportion of true protein (B fraction) (30.9 and 64.5 %, respectively) than alfalfa (36.4 and 57.4 %, respectively). Kura clover also had the lowest proportion (i.e. 4.7 %) of acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP; C fraction) of all species tested. Endura Kura clover often had a higher forage quality than Rhizo. This study confirms that Kura clover produces high‐quality forage and provides the first estimates of protein fractionation in this species.     

小米蛋白质的氨基酸组成及品质评价分析

分析北方具有代表性不同品种小米中的粗蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成,研究了小米中氮含量和赖氨酸含量的相关性。结果表明,不同品种小米中粗蛋白质含量变幅为11.02%～15.97%,平均值为12.91%。谷氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸是小米氨基酸的主要组成部分;赖氨酸和苏氨酸是限制性氨基酸,其评分分别为35.56和83.75,必需氨基酸指数为76.22。     

不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响

大麦(Hordeum valgue L.)是一优质能量饲料作物,刈割是牧草管理的一种常规方式。为了研究刈割对大麦作为青（贮）饲的影响,以4份不同生态区具代表性的大麦新品种（系）为对象,分析了不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响。结果表明,所有品种第1茬饲草产量与品质均高于第2茬,重复刈割导致产草量不同程度下降,其中‘盐丰1号’降幅最小(13.0%),表现出较强的耐刈性。再次刈割,所有品种干鲜比、粗灰分含量增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量下降,粗纤维、钙、磷含量变化因品种而异。分蘖期刈割大麦,营养物质含量高于灌浆期刈割,适口性好,可直接用作青饲料,且有利于植株再生。因此,2次刈割可于分蘖期开始,选用耐刈性好的大麦品种,分蘖期刈割大麦可直接用作青饲,灌浆期刈割可作为青贮饲料。     

留茬高度与刈割时株高对墨西哥玉米产量及饲用品质的影响

在大田条件下，比较了不同留茬高度和刈割时株高对墨西哥玉米（Euchlaena mexicana）产量和饲用营养品质的影响，采用概略养分分析法评价其饲用价值。结果表明，留茬30 cm处理的总鲜草产量为14.1 kg·m^-2，总干草产量为1.90 kg·m^-2，显著高于留茬20 cm和留茬10 cm处理；其粗蛋白（CP）和粗纤维（CF）含量较高，粗灰分（CA）和无氮浸出物（NFE）含量较低。株高130 cm时刈割与对照处理（株高95 cm）的产量差异不显著，但其CP、NFE含量较低，CA和CF含量较高；株高60 cm刈割处理的CP、NFE含量高，CA和CF含量低，但产量显著低于对照处理。综合分析5项饲用营养成分和总能量（GE）产量，留茬高度30 cm、株高95 cm时刈割可实现墨西哥玉米生产的高产优质。     

新疆不同刈割期对春性大麦干草产量和青贮品质影响的研究

为了探明春性大麦在新疆地区作为青贮饲料的最佳刈割时间,以垦啤麦13、P13-3和甘啤4号为研究对象,分析不同刈割期（抽穗期、灌浆期、灌浆10d和蜡熟期）干物质产量、营养品质和青贮品质。结果表明,随着刈割期的推迟,垦啤麦13和P13-3干物质含量和干草产量显著增加,P13-3蜡熟期干草产量显著高于其他时期,参试的3个品种（系）中P13-3在蜡熟期干草产量最大,达到14 731.46kg/hm ²。随着刈割期的推后,3个春性大麦品种（系）干草中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,垦啤麦13和P13-3的中性洗涤纤维含量逐渐上升。随着刈割时间的推迟,大麦青贮后乳酸、乙酸和丁酸含量呈下降趋势,垦啤麦13和P13-3在灌浆10d后青贮其发酵品质显著高于抽穗期和灌浆期。因此,从产量和品质两方面综合考虑,新疆地区春性大麦最佳青贮刈割时间为灌浆10d。     

刈割期与晾晒天数对饲料油菜产量和粗蛋白含量及水分的影响

为了明确长三角地区饲料油菜适宜收获期与晾晒时间,2016-2018年连续2年开展田间试验,终花至角果期刈割5次并于田间晾晒,比较不同刈割期和晾晒天数下饲草产量、粗蛋白含量及水分变化差异。结果表明,与首次刈割（终花期）相比,终花后4到16d刈割饲草鲜重显著增加,饲草干重分别提高了31.93%、41.50%、49.14%和61.43%。随着刈割时间延迟,饲草粗蛋白含量呈下降趋势,末次刈割饲草含水量显著降低（P<0.05）。油菜终花后4d刈割,并于田间晾晒第4和5天时,其鲜草含水量由82.16%下降为71.45%和65.26%。不考虑刈割期,田间原位晾晒3d,平均鲜草含水量由81.00%下降至66.30%。晾晒期间土壤累积温度每增加10°C,鲜草含水量降低2.30%。由此,长三角地区稻茬油菜在终花后4d刈割,饲草鲜产和粗蛋白含量均能达到较优水平,刈割后田间原位晾晒4~5d,可满足青贮水分要求。