丘陵山区生态农业模式与技术初探

丘陵山区属经济发展落后、生态环境脆弱的地区,也是中国生态农业建设内容丰富的地区。笔者结合近年来在丘陵山区生态农业建设实践中取得的成绩,总结了适宜这一地区推广和应用的生态农业模式与技术。提出丘陵山区生态农业推广必须多样化、应用必须实践化、研究必须科学化。推广高效生态农业实用和配套技术、推进生态农业模式与技术的产业化、优化生态农业结构、强化科技培训力度和农村能源结构调整是丘陵山区生态农业建设的重点。     

科技创新与现代农业建设

阐述与探讨了科技创新在现代农业建设中的作用,研究如何通过科技的创新与进步推动现代农业的发展。通过研究,发现中国在科技进步推动现代农业建设中存在有创新供给不足。农户文化素质低,经营规模小,对现代农业认识不足且科技与农户、企业间缺乏推广、中介机制。针对存在的不足,需通过科技创新体系改革,建立农业科技推广服务与中介机制,培育龙头企业,加强教育,提高农民科技文化素质等措施定位,加快现代科技农业建设。     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

秦川牛GH 、INS 的测定及体尺、体重分析

随机选取14头秦川牛（其中1.5岁的公、母牛各4头,2.0岁的公、母牛各3头）,按性别分为两组。采用放射免疫法测定血液中生长激素（GH）、胰岛素（INS）的水平,并对每头牛的体高、体斜长、胸围、胸深、尻宽、腰角宽等体尺指标及体重进行测量并分析,结果表明： 在1.5时公、母秦川牛体内的生长激素和胰岛素差异不显著（P>0.05）;而在2.0岁时公、母秦川牛体内的生长激素和胰岛素差异显著（P<0.05）;并且随着年龄的增加,秦川牛体内的生长激素呈下降趋势而胰岛素则呈增加趋势,且生长激素和胰岛素呈差异不显著的负相关（P>0.05）。通过对体尺指数进行分析得出：较1.5岁而言,2.0岁秦川牛体躯发育程度更大,胸围更宽,尻部增幅明显,骨骼等体躯部分生长速度相对减慢,而肌肉等体量部分增长速度则相对加快,符合肉牛的生长发育规律以及秦川牛中、晚熟的特点。将实测体重与经济性能划分标准比较,发现秦川牛仍属于役肉兼用型品种,但经过近几年的选育,体重有了很大的增加。     

SRAP和ISSR及两种方法结合在分析黄麻属起源与演化上的比较

选用96份黄麻属种质资源,比较了SRAP、ISSR及二者结合的方法在黄麻属起源与演化研究上的可行性。结果表明: (1)SRAP方法的多态性条带比率为100%,高于ISSR方法的98.1%,平均每条引物扩增出的多态性条带亦高于ISSR方法。(2)SRAP方法构建的进化树可大致将各类型种质资源区别开来,可较明确、清晰地展现黄麻属的起源与演化趋势。但无法区分开个别种质; ISSR方法构建的进化树将很多圆果黄麻品种聚在一起,无法区别开来,且分枝长度短,无法确定进化时间;(3)SRAP与ISSR结合构建的进化树将不同类型的黄麻种质资源有序排列,可清晰地明确其进化趋势及演化关系。比较而言,SRAP与ISSR分子标记结合的方法优于SRAP方法,而SRAP方法又优于ISSR方法,在进行相关研究时,应优先考虑采用SRAP与ISSR分子标记结合的方法。     

Phenological and physiological evaluation of first and second cropping periods of sorghum and maize crops

Environmental conditions influence phenology and physiological processes of plants. It is common for maize and sorghum to be sown at two different periods: the first cropping (spring/summer) and the second cropping (autumn/winter). The phenological cycle of these crops varies greatly according to the planting season, and it is necessary to characterize the growth and development to facilitate the selection of the species best adapted to the environment. The aim of this study was to characterize phenological phases and physiological parameters in sorghum and maize plants as a function of environmental conditions from the first cropping and second cropping periods. Two parallel experiments were conducted with both crops. The phenological characterization was based on growth analyses (plant height, leaf area and photoassimilate partitioning) and gas exchange evaluations (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water-use efficiency). It was found that the vegetative stage (VS) for sorghum and maize plants was 7 and 21 days, respectively, longer when cultivated during the second cropping. In the first cropping, the plants were taller than in the second cropping, regardless of the crop. The stomatal conductance of sorghum plants fluctuated in the second cropping during the development period, while maize plants showed decreasing linear behaviour. Water-use efficiency in sorghum plants was higher during the second cropping compared with the first cropping. In maize plants, in the second cropping, the water-use efficiency showed a slight variation in relation to the first cropping. It was concluded that the environmental conditions as degree-days, temperature, photoperiod and pluvial precipitation influence the phenology and physiology of both crops during the first and the second cropping periods, specifically cycle duration, plant height, leaf area, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, indicating that both crops respond differentially to environmental changes during the growing season.     

高效氯氟氰菊酯与三唑磷对荔枝蒂蛀虫的联合毒力及田间药效

采用浸渍法对三唑磷与高效氯氟氰菊酯混配对荔枝蒂蛀虫的联合毒力,测定共毒系数CTC为183.2~255.0,表现明显的增效作用。据此确定最佳配比,配制成增效混剂21%乳油进行防治荔枝蒂蛀虫的田间试验,结果表明药效良好,用量168~210mg/kg的护梢效果达81.65%~86.87%,虫口防效达85.05%~88.11%,与2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂相当,显著优于40%三唑磷乳油。     

我国西兰花应用价值及生产、出口前景分析

本文分析了西兰花应用价值、西兰花的生产情况、市场行情及促进西兰花生产、管理、标准的措施。从而为加快西兰花的生产与国际接轨的步伐提供参考。     

Effect of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Soil Compaction on Shoot and Root Growth of Field Bean and Soybean

The study was done to observe the effects of soil compaction on field bean and soybean growth in greenhouse. Plastic cylindrical tubes of 58 cm height and 12 cm diameter were filled with silty loam soil with three bulk densities i.e., low (1.25 g/cm³), medium (1.45 g/cm³) and high (1.65 g/cm³) either separately or in combination of low/medium (level 1), low/high (level 2) and medium/high (level 3) as top and sub-soil densities.
General effect of compaction was a reduction in shoot and root growth and in yield of both the legumes; probable reason seemed to be mechanical impedance. At homogeneous compaction throughout the soil profile high bulk density decreased the root dry matter from 6 to 32 % and total root length from 30 to 57% but total root volume was not much affected due to thickening of the roots. From 4 to 31% reductions were also observed in shoot dry matter. Increase in only subsoil density from medium to high (level 2) decreased shoot and root dry matters (8 to 36% and 16 to 39%, respectively) but not the total root length. Plant growth was more hampered when both top and subsoil densities were increased (level 3) but the total root length was not highly affected in the upper (0 to 20 cm) and middle (20 to 40 cm) layer.     

铅镉复合污染对土壤和水稻叶片生理生化特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同程度的铅镉复合污染对水稻叶片生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,铅镉污染导致土壤pH显著降低;玉香油占(Y)在低浓度污染下有机质显著下降,然后随着重金属污染程度升高。天优998（T）在低浓度污染下有机质变化不明显,然后显著降低;除了玉香油占在分蘖期低浓度下SPAD有显著增加,铅镉胁迫显著降低了叶片SPAD值,天优998分蘖期在高浓度下SPAD值显著下降,孕穗期SPAD随重金属污染程度增加而显著增加,灌浆结实期SPAD随重金属污染程度增加而显著降低;水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性在低度铅镉胁迫下活性增加,高度胁迫下活性下降,POD对铅镉胁迫比SOD具有较强的敏感性;MDA含量与铅镉污染程度成正相关。     

结合山地景观开发利用的农业观光园区规划设计研究

近些年,随着经济、社会发展和人们的需求,农业观光项目正在迅速蔓延开来,但大多数农业观光园区都是在以前基地条件较好的平原或者平地进行改造和建设。本文通过对山东蓬莱“凤凰山庄”的开发规划进行实践研究,运用相关知识,从功能分区的角度,探讨如何利用山地有利的条件,扬长补短,建成具有独特的山地景观特色的农业观光园,以求能够对同类农业观光园的规划有所启示,获得更好的经济和社会效益。     

秸秆还田对土壤氮磷及水土的影响研究

秸秆还田作为低碳农业、有机农业的重要环节,对改善土壤结构,减少水土流失,提高土壤的养分含量具有积极作用。秸秆还田主要通过增加土壤孔隙度,降低土壤容重从而调节地温,达到蓄水保墒的功能,促进作物生长。秸秆还田能有效增加土壤有机质含量,提高氮肥的利用效率,有效减少氮素、磷素的流失,提高土壤氮素的含量,对土壤中有效磷和全磷含量均有所提高,改善农田生产环境,保障粮食增产能力。秸秆还田能有效减少地表径流量和径流次数,从而减少径流所带走的养分,减缓对周围水系的面源污染,有利于提高土壤含水量。有效的秸秆还田对N2O等温室气体的排放的实验研究,有着不同的研究结果。但是秸秆还田的实施还存在着一定的问题,应进一步深入研究秸秆还田对土壤养分和环境的影响机制,进行长期监测实验,发展恰当的秸秆还田方式,减少化肥的使用,对促进我国农业的持续快速发展有着十分重要的意义。     

灌水与钾用量及其互作对烤烟产量和品质的影响

采用大田试验研究了灌水和钾肥用量及其互作对烤烟产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随钾肥用量增加,烟叶产量、产值和上等烟比例都有增大的趋势,灌水和增大钾肥用量都可以不同程度提高烟叶产量、产值和上等烟比例,以施钾的效应较为明显,灌水和施钾对提高烟叶上等烟比例有明显的互作效应。回归分析结果,烤烟产量、产值和上等烟比例的钾肥效应模型均为呈二次曲线,说明在钾肥用量较高时,肥料的增产增质效应趋于降低。从不同钾用量处理烟叶经济性状、化学成分和评吸质量综合分析,湘西烤烟适宜的钾肥用量为240kg/hm2。     

小麦冻害类型、诊断特征及其预防对策与补救措施

主要介绍了中国黄淮冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区小麦冻害的类型与诊断特征，提出培育和选用抗寒品种，搞好品种合理布局；根据品种春化特性，合理安排播期和播量；提高整地和播种质量，培育壮苗越冬；灌水防霜冻；科学追施速效氮肥，增施磷钾肥，做好越冬覆盖等小麦冻害的防御对策。在此基础上力求根据不同受冻苗情采取相应的补救措施。     

Isolation,fusion and multiplication of sugarcane protoplasts and comparison of sexual and parasexual hybridization

Summary The problems associated with the isolation of leaf protoplasts in sugarcanes have been overcome by the choice of spindle tissue as source material. It is now possible to isolate, fuse, regenerate and multiply sugarcane protoplasts. However, the usefulness is limited due to the shortlived chromosomal stability during the callus stage. Nevertheless, preliminary results are promising and the method should prove feasible with refinement in technique. Two breeding systems for using parasexual hybridization are discussed.     

论植物表型组和植物表型组学的概念与范畴

植物表型分析是理解植物基因功能及环境效应的关键环节,随着植物功能基因组学和作物分子育种研究的深入,传统的表型观测已经成为制约其发展的主要瓶颈,而高通量的植物表型组分析技术和植物表型组学研究是解决这一困境的有效途径。虽然植物表型组分析正在成为国内外研究的热点,相关概念仍然较为模糊,阻碍了这一新兴学科的发展。本文分析了植物表型组和植物表型组学的相关概念和范畴,引入了准表型组、可辨识性状、映射性状、植物表型的遗传和环境包容性等新概念,将植物表型组定义为"受基因组和环境因素决定或影响的,反映植物结构及组成、植物生长发育过程及结果的全部物理、生理、生化特征和性状",将植物表型组学定义为"对植物表型组信息及相关环境参数的综合控制、完整采集和系统分析",并提出了植物表型组学的研究范围、研究方向和顶层设计原则。     

Genetic effects and heterosis of flowering and fruit characteristics of tropical pumpkin

Tropical pumpkin is an important vegetable in many lowland tropics. Estimation of genetic effects for a fixed set of genotypes may yield information on the presence of different types of gene action for important traits. Six landraces and one diallel set of their progeny were evaluated for time from planting to female anthesis and fruit characteristics. Variety effects and heterosis mean squares were significant for the days to female anthesis, the weight of the first mature fruit, the mean fruit weight and soluble solids, indicating the presence of both additive and non‐additive gene actions. Only variety effects were significant for the days to the first mature fruit. These characters could be improved by recurrent selection. Selection for heterosis would be effective except for the days to the first fruit to mature.     

农用地定级估价中基础资料收集整理及相关问题探讨

科学有效地开展农用地定级估价,对于促进土地资源管理从数量管理向质量与生态环境综合管理方面转化具有重要的基础支撑作用。本文结合当前国家有关农用地定级估价规程和地方农用地定级估价项目的具体实施,从基础资料收集整理的实践出发,初步探讨分析了目前农用地定级估价中资料收集整理途径及资料收集整理过程中应注意的问题,以期为类似项目的开展提供一定的参考与指导。     

保水剂对土壤和棉花生长发育及产量的影响

通过盆栽和田间试验,主要研究保水剂对土壤和棉花生长发育的影响。结果表明:土壤中的保水剂含量在0.030%~0.100%内,土壤表面蒸发明显降低,pH值趋于酸化;保水剂的用量在30~45 kg/hm2,能够明显提高棉花的产量,增产幅度达10%以上,对纤维品质没有影响,株高增加3.8~10.2 cm,铃数增加5.7万~9.4万个/hm2,铃重增加0.1~0.19 g;并且以穴施最经济有效。     

双屋面日光温室的结构设计和温光性能分析

为了提高日光温室保温蓄热能力和土地利用率,在普通日光温室基础上进行结构优化,建成了双屋面日光温室,并对其温光性能及土地利用率进行比较。结果表明：阳屋面日光温室在冬季最冷的1月份保温性能和蓄热性能明显优于普通日光温室,为喜温果菜的越冬安全生产提供了设施保障。双屋面日光温室的土地利用率提高到85%以上。阳屋面日光温室主要用于蔬菜越冬和春提前生产,阴屋面日光温室适于早春叶菜类和茄果类越夏连秋生产。