冬小麦拔节期冻害后高光谱特征

以霜箱模拟冻害, 采用高光谱仪测定盆栽冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量及冠层高光谱反射率曲线, 以期为冻害遥感监测提供借鉴。结果表明, 冻害低温胁迫后, 对照组叶绿素含量比冻害组高约2~5个单位, 差异显著; 短期内高光谱曲线反射率接近, 线形相似, 约20 d后, 受损叶片过早衰败变黄, 高光谱曲线在黄、红波段区域反射率显著增强, “红谷”不明显, 曲线形状呈水平趋势; 光谱 “红边”具有“蓝移”、“红谷”具有“红移”现象。冻害程度的相关系数与绿峰、红边、红谷、光谱吸收指数分别为0.36*、-0.69*、0.42**、0.33**, 与蓝、绿、黄、红宽波段范围反射率面积分别为0.34*、0.43**、0.45**、0.44**, 与红边、红谷归一化植被指数为-0.33*, 与近红外、红波段反射率面积归一化植被指数为-0.39*, 与叶绿素含量为-0.49**。高光谱反射率曲线特征部位值差异显著性检验表明, 可利用近红外、红波段反射率面积构成的NDVI差异进行冻害识别, 其差异分级可划分冻害程度。     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦条锈病胁迫下的产量损失估计

为利用高光谱遥感监测小麦条锈病,并对小麦条锈病胁迫下的产量损失进行估计,通过分析发生条锈病后的小麦冠层光谱及一阶微分的特征,分析病情指数对产量及产量构成因素的影响,分析产量和不同生育时期的光谱反射率及一阶微分光谱的相关关系,从中提取相关性高的植被指数和一阶微分参数建立产量模拟方程。结果表明,在一定范围内,产量损失随着病情指数的增大而增大,光谱反射率与产量在各个生育期都表现出稳定的显著正相关关系,从中提取相关性高的植被指数(NDVI和RVI)和一阶微分参数(SDr),利用植被指数(NDVI和RVI)建立的多时相产量模拟方程,其模拟效果较好;利用一阶微分参数(SDr)建立的不同生育时期产量回归方程,模拟的精度较高。研究结果对利用高光谱遥感监测作物病害胁迫下产量具有实际应用价值。     

氮素和小麦条锈病胁迫下小麦高光谱遥感估产模型研究

为了构建不同施氮水平和条锈病发病条件下的小麦估产模型,设置了不同氮素水平及人工接种小麦条锈病,通过采用将多个关键生育期的光谱植被指数、一阶微分参数与小麦条锈病病情指数、叶片含氮量、产量构成因子、产量进行相关分析,植被指数、一阶微分参数与产量进行回归分析的方法,研究与产量相关性高的植被指数、微分参数,结果表明分别利用绿光红光比值植被指数(GR)和绿光波段一阶微分值总和(SDg)、蓝光波段一阶微分值总和(SDb)在灌浆期构建的估产模型预测效果较好,2010年预测准确率分别可以达到99.87%、99.98%,2011年预测准确率分别可以达到97.9%和95%。通过试验研究发现高光谱遥感技术在氮素和小麦条锈病双重胁迫下也可以较好的预测产量,这对研究多重胁迫、多种栽培措施下的小麦估产模型有重要意义。     

不同生育时期玉米洪涝胁迫遥感监测与评估

为建立玉米洪涝灾害遥感监测和评估技术,本研究开展不同生育期不同程度的模拟试验,持续活体监测叶片叶绿素、冠层光谱和覆盖度并测产。结果表明,拔节期洪涝胁迫可显著降低叶绿素含量,最大程度相对变化值达-56.30%,吐丝期胁迫对叶绿素无影响,灌浆期胁迫促使叶绿素下降但并不明显。洪涝胁迫能降低覆盖度,拔节期影响最大,胁迫严重的覆盖度仅46.33%,吐丝期次之,灌浆期较小。洪涝胁迫造成的减产,生育前期影响比后期严重。拔节期和吐丝期各波段反射率与洪涝胁迫程度呈负相关关系,近红外平台波段达到极显著水平,绿峰波段次之,达到显著水平。灌浆期各波段反射率与洪涝胁迫程度呈正相关关系,相关性未达到显著水平。与胁迫程度呈极显著相关的光谱反射率和植被指数可以用于监测玉米洪涝灾害。最终基于胁迫之后与胁迫前的结构不敏感色素指数SIPI的差值DSIPI,建立拔节期和吐丝期洪涝胁迫产量损失率评估模型。     

棉花高光谱及其红边特征(Ⅱ)

通过大田和室内试验,测定了2个棉花品种的冠层、完全展开倒1、3叶在不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明:棉花冠层光谱红边具有“双峰”和“红边平台”现象,且红边位置λ_(red)位于695～720nm之间,红边幅值Dλ_(red)和红边面积S_(red)有“红移”和“蓝移”现象;叶面积指数、鲜叶重和干叶重与冠层光谱红边参数λ_(red)、Dλ(red)、S_(red)之间存在显著相关,叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量与其反射光谱的λ_(red)、Dλ(red)、S_(red)也有显著相关。     

基于光谱特征与PLSR结合的叶面积指数拟合方法的无人机画幅高光谱遥感应用

以冬小麦LAI为研究对象,利用孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期获取的无人机UHD185高光谱影像以及同步测定的地面数据(冬小麦冠层ASD反射率和冬小麦LAI),论证光谱特征(红边参数或植被指数)与偏最小二乘回归算法结合的改进型LAI拟合方法在无人机画幅高光谱遥感LAI探测方面的应用价值。首先,从光谱反射率相关性和植被指数相关性两方面比较UHD185与ASD,验证UHD185数据精度;结果表明,第3~第96波段(458~830 nm)的无人机UHD185高光谱数据具有较好的光谱质量,适宜探测冬小麦LAI。其次,分析光谱特征(6种植被指数和4种红边参数)与LAI的相关性,并通过独立验证和交叉验证方法,依次对基于红边参数或植被指数的传统LAI拟合方法和改进型LAI拟合方法的冬小麦LAI预测精度进行评价,相比于传统LAI拟合方法,改进型LAI拟合方法能大幅度提高冬小麦LAI的预测精度,特别是PLSR+REP。研究结果证实,改进型LAI拟合方法能更加充分地利用无人机UHD185高光谱数据预测冬小麦LAI,可望为无人机高光谱遥感的作物理化参数探测提供几点可借鉴的思路。     

二向反射和方向半球反射光谱差异及其对小麦叶片叶绿素含量反演的影响

二向反射率因子(bidirectionalreflectancefactor,BRF)和方向半球反射率因子(directional-hemisphericalreflectancefactor,DHRF)是反射光谱的两种形式,但在生化参数监测过程中,多数研究忽略了BRF和DHRF光谱的差异及其对叶片叶绿素含量(leaf chlorophyll content, LCC)反演的影响。本研究以不同品种、密度及氮素处理的小麦田间小区试验为基础,在叶片尺度获取了BRF和DHRF光谱,并计算相应的植被指数和小波系数,建立了基于植被指数和小波系数的LCC监测模型,定量分析BRF和DHRF光谱、植被指数和小波系数的差异及其对LCC反演的影响。结果表明, 1) BRF和DHRF随LCC变化趋势一致,但两种光谱存在显著差异,且BRF光谱值高于DHRF光谱值; 2)在一定程度上,应用植被指数和小波系数均可消除BRF和DHRF光谱差异的影响,其中归一化红边植被指数(normalizeddifferentialrededgevegetationindex,NDRE)和红边叶绿素指数(rededgechloro...     

冬小麦生物量及氮积累量的植被指数动态模型研究

利用遥感技术实时监测小麦生长状况,依据监测结果适时促控,可提高产量。本研究以高产小麦品种周麦27为试验材料,在不同试验地点设置了水氮耦合的大田试验,筛选出了适宜监测冬小麦地上部氮积累量和生物量的植被指数,并构建了不同产量水平下优选植被指数的动态模型。结果表明,(1)不同的水氮耦合模式显著影响小麦冠层光谱变化,在350～700nm和750～900nm表现相反的反应特征;(2)对2个农学生长指标反应敏感且兼容性好的植被指数主要有修正型红边比率(mRER)、土壤调整植被指数[SAVI(825,735)]、红边叶绿素指数(CI_(red-edge))和归一化差异光谱指数(NDSI),其与产量间相关性较好的时期为拔节至灌浆中期;(3)双Logistic模型可以很好地拟合植被指数的动态变化,高产和超高产水平下拟合精度较高(R~20.82),而低产水平下相对较低(R~2=0.608～0.736)。比较而言,CI_(red-edge)和SAVI (825, 735)用于评价小麦长势较为适宜。研究结果对作物因地定产、以苗管理、分类促控具有重要意义。     

玉米穗位叶主要光合荧光参数与高光谱数据的相关分析

穗位叶光合相关参数状况直接影响玉米后期产量构成,探讨高光谱遥感数据与叶片光合相关参数的关系,对快速,准确评价玉米穗位叶光合特性状况具有重要的意义。通过设置4个不同氮肥水平（N0：0 kg/hm²,N1：170 kg/hm²,N2：340 kg/hm²,N3：500 kg/hm²）,以抽雄吐丝期玉米穗位叶为研究对象,分析叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、吸收的光能被用于光化学反应的份额(P)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)等荧光参数,叶绿素含量(Chl)、类胡萝卜素含量(Cars)、叶绿素含量/类胡萝卜素含量(Chl/Cars)等光合色素参数以及光谱反射率的变化规律,明确光合荧光相关参数与原始光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱、植被指数等高光谱数据之间的关系。结果表明,Pn、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、P、Chl、Cars、Chl/Cars等8个参数随着氮肥的增加呈现上升趋势,与对照相比差异显著(P<0.05),而Gs和NPQ在各处理下差异不显著(P>0.05),NPQ随着氮肥的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势。对于光谱反射率,可见光波段光谱反射率随着氮肥的增加而降低,近红外波段施肥处理反射率比未施氮肥处理显著升高,红边位置出现“红移”现象。通过Pn、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、P、NPQ、Chl、Cars、Chl/Cars与原始、微分光谱及植被指数相关性分析,最佳高光谱变量分别为Dλ₆₉₉、Dλ₇₀₁、Dλ₇₀₃、Dλ₇₀₂、Dλ₇₀₁、R₇₆₄、Dλ₆₉₉、Dλ₆₉₉、Dλ₇₀₀,相关系数分别为0.81、-0.73、-0.54、-0.58、-0.61、-0.49、-0.996、-0.997、-0.877,均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);而Gs的相关性最佳高光谱变量为Dλ₅₇₅,相关系数为0.47(P<0.05)。因此,利用高光谱遥感技术评价玉米抽雄吐丝期穗位叶光合荧光相关参数具有可行性,对评价玉米后期产量构成具有重要的意义。     

水稻高光谱红边位置与叶层氮浓度的关系

实时无损监测叶片氮素状况对水稻精确氮素管理具有重要意义。本研究基于多年不同施氮水平和不同水稻品种的田间试验观测资料,系统分析了水稻高光谱红边区域和位置特征与冠层叶片氮浓度的定量关系。结果表明,水稻冠层的红边区域光谱受施氮水平和品种影响较大,一阶导数光谱在红边区域出现“三峰”现象。经典的红边位置(660~750 nm之间光谱反射率的一阶导数最大值)由于“三峰”特征现象而对水稻氮素浓度变化不够敏感,难以适用于水稻氮素状况的准确监测。基于倒高斯模型、线性内插法和线性外推法构造的红边位置随水稻氮浓度呈现连续变化模式,适用于水稻叶层氮浓度的定量监测;另外,基于695 nm、700 nm和705 nm等3个波段的拉格朗日算法也可估测水稻叶层氮浓度。比较不同红边位置发现,改进型线性外推法较其他几种算法更能有效地监测水稻冠层叶片氮浓度。     

不同光谱指数反演马铃薯叶片氮累积量的研究

As an important derivative parameter of optical spectrum, spectral index could reflect the leaf nitrogen accumulation of crops. However, the sensitive spectral index varies with different environments and crops. In order to obtain the sensitive spectral index for potato in Inner Mongolia, field experiments were conducted in Chayouzhongqi and Hangjinqi of Inner Mongolia from 2016 to 2018, and during the potato growth period, the canopy spectrum information of potato cultivars Kexin 1 and Shepody was obtained using a handheld spectrometer (SVC HR-1024i). Based on the previous spectral indices algorithm, the correlation coefficients between the leaves nitrogen accumulation of potato (LNA) and each of the 22 spectral indices were compared, and the nitrogen nutrition diagnosis models of potato at critical growth stages were established using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. The results were as follows: (1) the red edge area was the main spectral band for inverting the LNA of potato, and Vogelmann red edge index 2 (VOG2), Vogelmann red edge index 3 (VOG3) were the sensitive spectral indices for potato LNA in Inner Mongolia, which composed of 715, 720, 726, 734, and 747 nm of spectral bands. (2) At the seedling stage, tuber formation stage or whole growth stage, the quadratic regression models (R ² > 0.75) between VOG3 and LNA could estimate better the LNA of potato under different nitrogen levels using VOG3. (3) The root mean square error (RMSE) of the models was 4.04-6.69, 9.45-10.89, 9.17-13.45 kg hm ^-2, indicating the accuracy of using the models to predict potato LNA varies with potato growth stage, and it was lower at late growth stages, while it is higher for whole growth duration. In summary, the staged modeling for potato early growth period and the unified modeling for potato later growth period could accurately estimate the potato LNA, which provides a theoretical basis and method for the application of spectral indices in the nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of potato.     

作物光谱分析技术及在生长监测中的应用

适时准确监测作物生长状态,对于提高水肥等精准管理水平具有重要意义。基于植被光谱特征分析,通过提取光谱敏感波段,运用植被指数、导数光谱、红边位移分析和连续统去除等光谱处理方法,结合运用统计回归方法反演植被（作物）生长及生物理化参数,从而达到监测作物生长状况和预测产量和品质的目的。本文概述了目前利用光谱分析技术估测作物生长状态及其生化组分含量的研究进展,介绍了作物产量预报和品质预测的研究概况,指出作物光谱监测的研究方向。     

油菜叶片气孔导度与冠层光谱植被指数的相关性

利用冠层光谱实时、无损和定量监测植物叶片气孔导度,对于改善作物水分利用效率以及产量和品质预测预报具有十分重要的意义。本研究采用裂区设计法(宁油18和宁油16两个品种)、两个供氮水平(N₁₈₀：纯氮180 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2、K₂O 180 kg hm^-2和硼砂15 kg hm^-2;N₀：CK)于2007-2008年测定油菜冠层光谱反射率、叶片气孔导度以及叶面积指数(LAI)和叶片鲜、干生物量,利用各波段光谱反射率组合产生的植被指数,分析油菜叶片气孔导度的变化规律及其与光谱植被指数的相关性,从而建立光谱植被指数对叶片气孔导度的估算模型。结果表明,在整个生育期油菜叶片气孔导度呈“双峰”变化, LAI和叶片鲜、干生物量均呈单峰曲线变化;开花前光谱植被指数与油菜叶片气孔导度和油菜冠层叶片平均气孔导度均呈极显著正相关,且光谱植被指数对油菜冠层叶片气孔导度的拟合效果好于对油菜叶片气孔导度的。光谱植被指数与冠层叶片气孔导度的量化关系可为今后快速、无损、大面积的油菜作物气孔导度估算奠定一定基础。     

增温及干旱对海伦地区大豆生长发育的影响

研究旨在通过WOFOST模型探究不同程度的增温及干旱胁迫对黑龙江海伦地区大豆生长的影响,为当地大豆种植提供帮助。以海伦综合试验站的大豆生产数据为分析材料,用本地化处理后的WOFOST模型分别进行增温及干旱胁迫模拟,测得不同胁迫条件下大豆的生长数据。结果显示,在1℃~3℃的增温胁迫下大豆的生育期明显缩短,叶面积指数随着胁迫的增加不断减小,且产量随着温度的上升逐渐降低,增温3℃的情况下穗重产量下降11.01%,总重产量下降13.72%。在不同程度的干旱条件下,大豆的生育期长度没有明显的变化,但是叶面积指数有显著的下降,且产量受干旱的影响非常明显,其中重旱胁迫下穗部的减产率达13.26%。本研究从作物模型的角度分析了增温及干旱对海伦地区大豆的生长影响,对大豆防灾减灾、稳定增产具有重要意义。     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter-plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m^-2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short-duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod^-1, and large 100-seed mass.     

Genotypic variation in abscisic acid content,carbon isotope ratio and their relationship with cassava growth and yield under moisture stress and irrigation

This study was carried out to assess genotypic variability in abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio, and their relationship to storage root yield and yield components in cassava under irrigation and moisture stress. The study involved 20 cassava genotypes arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation water was applied using a drip irrigation system with a discharge rate of approximately 5.33 L m^-2 hr^-1. Significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variability was observed for all physiological, growth, and yield traits assessed. Abscisic acid content was higher under stress than irrigation and negatively correlated with root yield (r = -0.45), harvest index (r = -0.43), and above-ground biomass yield (r = -0.20) indicating that it can be used as indirect selection criteria against unproductive genotypes. Carbon isotope ratio was significantly and positively correlated with above-ground biomass yield (r = 0.20) but not root yield (r = 0.09). Estimates of genotypic variability indicated high values for most of the growth and yield components but low heritability values for abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, and root yield under stress conditions. However, higher estimates were recorded under irrigation and in the combined analysis. It was also found from this study that carbon isotope ratio influences above-ground biomass but not storage root yield under stress conditions. The results from this study provide useful information on the relationship between abscisic acid content, carbon isotope discrimination, and storage root yield in field-grown cassava.     

黑龙港流域玉米不同生育阶段气象因子对产量性状的影响

明确玉米生长发育不同阶段气象因子与产量的关系,有助于确定区域最适播期。通过调整播期来改变玉米生育期内气候条件,对于抵御阶段性不良气象因子的胁迫并最终实现高产目标有重要意义。本研究以郑单958为试验材料,于2009年至2010年在黑龙港地区中国农业大学吴桥试验站进行分期播种试验,分析产量及产量构成因素与不同阶段气象因子的关系。结果显示: (1)由于年际间气象条件的差异,产量及其构成因素并非简单地随播期变化而变化。(2)在试验设定的高密度条件下,产量提升主要受千粒重的制约,穗粒数次之。(3)产量性状与不同生育阶段的多个气象因子显著相关。穗期、抽雄吐丝阶段的光照条件对穗粒数以及产量有影响;苗期、营养生长阶段气温日较差与产量显著正相关;抽雄吐丝前后的温度条件影响穗粒数;生育期总降水量影响穗粒数和千粒重的提升。该地区在调整播种时间、改进栽培措施时,上述关系应是考虑的重点。生产中可适当早播晚收,选用适宜的中晚熟品种,既可避开生育前期及籽粒形成阶段不利气象因子的影响,又可延长籽粒灌浆时间,充分利用该地区生育后期丰富的光热资源。     

Ontogenetic analysis of yield components and yield stability of durum wheat in water-limited environments

Summary One main reason for the slow improvement of durum wheat in water-limited environments is the lack of clear understanding of the interrelationships among yield components and their compensatory changes under low and erratic moisture availability. Five cultivars, varying in many physiological attributes, were tested under different drought-stress conditions in field and greenhouse experiments. The cause-effect relationships of duration of vegetative period, duration of grain-filling period, number of spikes per m², kernels per spike, kernel weight and grain yield per m² were assessed. Furthermore, yield stability was evaluated. Yield reduction was largest under mid-season stress (58%), followed by terminal stress (30%) and early stress (22%). Cultivar Po was very sensitive to terminal stress.Path-coefficient analysis revealed a complex pattern of relationships among the six variables. An increase in vegetative period reduced the grain-filling period under all conditions. It increased number of kernels per spike under non-stress conditions. The direct effect of spikes per m² on grain yield was significantly positive. However, more spikes per m² resulted in fewer kernels per spike and a low kernel weight and, as a result, a negative relationship with grain yield under early stress. Grain-filling period had a strong influence on grain yield via kernel weight. Kernels per spike had the largest direct effect on grain yield. However, it was negatively correlated with kernel weight, especially under terminal stress. Grain yield heavily depended on kernels per spike under early stress and grain-filling period and kernels per spike under terminal stress.Variation in drought susceptibility index among cultivars was significant under early and terminal stress conditions, but not under mid-stress conditions. Yield potential and stability were not correlated for the different drought-stress conditions.Longer grain-filling period, increased number of kernels per spike and limited spike number per m² can be used as selection criteria for sustainable yield in water-limited environments.