利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创制大豆高油酸突变系

大豆是重要的油料作物,其种子脂肪酸中油酸含量是评价大豆油脂品质的重要指标之一。本研究设计了分别由AtU3d、AtU3b和AtU6-1启动子驱动、长20 bp的guide RNA (gRNA)靶点以靶向编辑GmFAD2-1A基因的外显子区,首先将这3个靶点一起组装到pYLCRISPR/Cas9-DB载体上,然后利用农杆菌介导的方法转化大豆材料华夏3号。通过PCR技术及测序分析对T1代转基因大豆植株靶点编辑情况进行检测,获得纯合GmFAD2-1A大豆突变体。GmFAD2-1A突变大豆植株在株高、主茎节数、单枝分枝数、叶形、花色、种皮色、种脐色、生育期等方面与对照大豆植株没有显著差异;而GmFAD2-1A突变体大豆种子油酸含量显著高于对照大豆品种华夏3号,说明GmFAD2-1A是油酸代谢过程中的关键基因。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功对控制大豆油酸基因GmFAD2-1A进行编辑,获得稳定的纯合GmFAD2-1A大豆突变体材料,为高油酸育种提供了新的种质资源并创建了方法。     

基于FAE1和FAD2基因的油菜种子脂肪酸生物合成遗传调控

脂肪酸延伸酶1基因FAE1和Δ~(12)-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因FAD2是植物脂肪酸生物合成途径中的两个关键酶基因,在同一甘蓝型油菜品种CY2中对这两个关键酶基因进行单表达和双表达遗传调控获得五种不同类型的具有相同遗传背景的转基因株系。本研究分析比较了种植于相同环境条件下的五类转基因株系及野生型对照的种子脂肪酸组成和含油量,结果表明,两基因单独和双重调控可显著改变油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸和芥酸等多种脂肪酸含量,其中两个内源目标基因同时沉默种子中的油酸含量从20.5%提高到了82.8%,拟南芥FAE1基因籽粒特异表达种子中的芥酸含量由43.9%增加到了60.2%。与野生型对照相比,五类转基因种子中的十八碳不饱和脂肪酸相对比率和油酸脱饱和比例均发生了显著变化。此外,增强FAE1基因表达后种子含油量有所提高,而沉默两个目标基因的表达则使种子含油量降低,表明两个关键酶基因调控对油脂合成与积累也产生一定影响。     

转chi和rip双价基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病评估

大豆疫霉根腐病(phytophthora root rot,PRR)是由大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)引起的一类世界性大豆病害。培育抗病品种是控制病害发生,减少大豆产量损失最为经济有效的措施。本研究采用农杆菌介导转化法,将菜豆几丁质酶基因chi和大麦核糖体失活蛋白编码基因rip导入栽培大豆品种,获得对大豆疫霉菌1号生理小种抗性显著提高的转基因大豆。Southern杂交表明,外源基因以寡拷贝形式整合至大豆基因组中。连续多代(T1~T4)喷施草丁膦和PCR跟踪检测表明,外源基因在转基因大豆不同代际间能够稳定遗传。采用下胚轴伤口接种法,对T3和T4代转基因大豆接种鉴定表明,转基因大豆接种死亡率为6.0%~15.0%,均显著低于对照受体品种沈农9号(93.33%~94.44%)和Williams82(41.18%~56.25%),表明chi和rip双价基因过表达显著提高了转基因大豆抗PRR水平。农艺性状分析表明,转基因大豆在生育期、株高、分支数、节数、叶形、花色、结荚高度、和百粒重等方面与对照受体品种没有显著差异。本研究将chi和rip双价基因转入大豆中,显著提高了转基因大豆对PRR的抗性,对大豆PRR抗性育种工作具有重要的意义。     

棉花FAD2-1基因的RNAi载体构建及高油酸新种质的获得

【目的】在棉花纤维产量和品质不受影响的前提下,创造高油酸、低亚油酸棉花新种质。【方法】棉花FAD2-1基因是催化单不饱和脂肪酸的油酸形成多不饱和脂肪酸的亚油酸的关键基因,采用信息分析学方法分析其蛋白质性质、结构、功能;克隆GhFAD2-1的保守片段381 bp,构建RNA干涉载体,采用农杆菌介导的下胚轴侵染方法将干涉载体转入棉花。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)测定转基因T_2～T_4植株种子的脂肪酸成分及含量。对T_4转基因株系进行拷贝数鉴定、目的基因表达量检测、农艺性状及纤维品质考察。【结果】成功构建GhFAD2-1的RNA干涉载体并转入棉花,转基因株系目的基因GhFAD2-1的表达量显著低于对照,具有高油酸、低亚油酸的表型并且能稳定遗传给后代;转基因株系可将棉花种子油酸提高224.1%,将亚油酸降低237.5%。与对照材料相比,转基因株系的农艺性状、纤维品质没有明显差异。【结论】验证了棉花GhFAD2-1基因的功能并且为培育高油酸棉花品种提供了帮助。     

RNAi介导SMV-P3基因沉默增强大豆对花叶病毒病的抗性

大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus, SMV)病是我国各大豆主产区最重要的病害之一,严重影响大豆产量和籽粒外观品质。培育抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效的措施。本研究基于植物介导RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)技术,将编码参与SMV运动和影响宿主域范围的P3蛋白基因RNAi片段导入栽培大豆品种,研究RNAi介导SMV-P3基因沉默对大豆抗SMV的影响。Southern杂交检测结果表明,外源RNAi片段以低拷贝的形式(1~4个)整合至大豆基因组中。对T1~T3代转基因大豆喷施除草剂和PCR鉴定结果表明,外源T-DNA插入片段在转基因大豆不同代际间能够稳定遗传。对T2和T3代转基因大豆接种SMV鉴定结果表明,转基因大豆对我国大豆产区主要流行SMV株系SC-3较非转基因对照受体品种Williams 82和SN9的抗性水平显著提高,病情指数降低至4.37%~18.51%,且抗性能够稳定遗传。综上所述,RNAi介导SM-P3基因沉默能够显著提高转基因大豆对SMV的抗性水平。     

转GmDof11基因高油转基因大豆的鉴定及主要农艺性状调查

以非转基因受体东农50为对照,对前期已获得的转GmDof11基因的转基因大豆5个株系种子含油量、脂肪酸含量等进行了鉴定,并调查了转基因大豆的主要农艺性状。结果表明:与非转基因对照相比,GmDof11基因在大豆中过量表达,提高了转基因大豆种子的含油量,降低了蛋白质含量,但对各脂肪酸组成没有显著影响。而且,转基因植株的分枝数、主茎节数和百粒重显著或极显著增加。说明转GmDof11基因大豆提高了种子的含油量,并有提高产量的潜力。     

转反义trxs基因小麦籽粒中ABA和GAs含量与穗发芽的关系

以转反义trxs基因两个纯合株系及其未转基因对照小麦品种‘豫麦18’为材料,采用荧光定量RT-PCR、整穗发芽试验和酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）的方法,对小麦灌浆过程中反义trxs基因表达、穗发芽特性及内源激素ABA和GAs含量进行了测定,探讨转基因小麦籽粒中内源激素ABA和GAs含量与穗发芽的关系。结果表明,在种子形成过程中,反义trxs基因能够正常表达,两个转基因株系中内源trxh基因表达量都明显低于对照;转基因株系籽粒中ABA和ABA/GAs含量显著高于对照,平均分别比对照升高了18.39%和23.47%,而GAs含量在花后15～30d较对照有所降低,平均比对照降低了9.14%;花后20、25、30d,转基因株系的穗粒发芽率显著或极显著低于对照,平均分别比对照下降了49.65%、28.2%、27.23%;相关分析表明,穗发芽率与ABA和ABA/GAs含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,与GAs含量呈正相关。由此推断,反义trxs基因导入抑制了小麦内源同源基因的表达,改变了小麦体内ABA和GAs的平衡,使ABA合成量增加,是导致转基因小麦穗发芽率降低的原因之一。     

RNAi沉默转基因油菜fad2基因表达的种子特异性分析

为研究RNAi沉默转基因油菜fad2基因表达的效果及其器官特异性,实时荧光定量PCR法分析比较了转基因油菜W-4与非转基因对照Westar开花后第7天、第14天、第21天、第28天的种子以及越冬期油菜根、茎、叶器官中的fad2基因的相对表达量。结果显示:对照Westsr种子中fad2基因的相对表达量随开花后的天数呈逐渐增加的趋势,但W-4种子中fad2基因的相对表达量在开花后第21天、第28天较对照Westar显著下降,降幅达到60%。说明转基因油菜W-4在种子发育过程中表达的fad2基因的dsRNA干扰了fad2基因表达。W-4与Westar在越冬期根、茎、叶器官中fad2基因的相对表达量基本一致,无显著性差异。脂肪酸组成分析结果显示:W-4种子中油酸平均含量达到81.5%较Westar增加了近15%,而多不饱和脂肪酸平均含量为5.25%,较Westar下降了近70%;但根、茎、叶中的脂肪酸含量二者无显著差异;结果表明转基因油菜中RNAi干扰fad2基因表达具有种子特异性,不干扰其它器官的fad2基因表达。研究还发现转基因油菜fad2基因表达下降的时期与napin基因表达时期同步,均始于开花后21d左右,表明目标基因的表达受napin启动子的准确控制。     

双功能去饱和酶AcD12基因改良玉米不饱和脂肪酸成分

玉米油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达80%,但亚麻酸的含量甚少仅占0.4%~1.2%左右。为增加玉米油中亚麻酸含量,我们选用了在脂肪酸链的Δ12和Δ15位具有催化优势的来自Acanthamoeba castellanii的双功能去饱和酶Ac D12基因。根据玉米密码子的偏好优化合成该基因序列,并构建了含有抗除草剂EPSP基因和花青素合成调控转录因子基因作为可视化筛选标记的玉米高效表达载体p BAC106,通过农杆菌介导进行玉米幼胚的转化。T0代转基因植株PCR鉴定结果表明含有Ac D12基因和EPSP基因的T-DNA已经整合到玉米的基因组上,经过除草剂以及花青素可视化筛选的T1代转基因植株EPSP基因试纸条蛋白活性检测呈阳性。脂肪酸成分分析结果表明,与非转基因对照自交系京501相比,转基因植株叶片的亚麻酸的含量增加幅度在20%~50%,而相应的油酸、亚油酸均有所减少,减少幅度在10%~20%左右;种子中三种不饱和脂肪酸与对照相比均有大幅度的提高,其中亚油酸含量增加幅度最大,达到50%~200%,油酸其次,增加50%~120%,亚麻酸的增加幅度比油酸略小,在40%~100%之间。由此表明,Ac D12基因在改良玉米脂肪酸成分、增加玉米油中亚麻酸的含量的效果明显。     

转几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价基因小麦的获得和鉴定

利用农杆菌介导法将几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价基因导入小麦品种扬麦10号和Bobwhite,共得到了13株T0代转基因植株,2个小麦品种的转化效率分别为1.4%和1.0%.T1代植株赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明,转基因植株对赤霉病具有一定抗性,小穗发病率4.76%～11.76%,低于抗病对照和感病对照.T1代植株分子检测结果表明,外源基因分离比例为2.33∶1,较低的分离比例可能与外源基因的丢失有关.     

Effect of maturity and temperature on breeding for mid-oleic soybean lines under the high heat conditions of the Mississippi Delta,USA

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed is an important source of oil for human consumption. Increasing the percentage of oleic acid in soybean seed oil is an important breeding objective because increasing the oleic acid content improves the oxidative stability of the oil. Extensive literature shows that temperature during seed-fill is positively correlated with the content of oleic acid in soybeans. In addition, it was shown that a maturity QTL was linked to an oleic acid QTL. The Mississippi Delta in the USA is a hot environment where soybean harvest begins in August, which is the hottest part of the season. The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility of developing both early- and late-maturing lines with consistent >?50% oleic acid content in Mississippi. We selected early and late segregants from three genetically different breeding populations also segregating for mid-oleic acid derived from crosses to germplasm N98-4445A, a non-transgenic freely available line with >?50% oleic acid. The selected lines were grown in 2 years in three trials at Stoneville, MS. Results indicated that no late-maturing lines (MG V) met the targeted mid-oleic acid level, whereas MG III and early MG IV lines with oleic acid over 50% were obtained. No maturity-alone effect on oleic acid content was observed, due to the bias of the strong negative correlation between maturity date and mean temperature during seed-fill. This study demonstrated that breeders can effectively develop early soybeans with oleic acid levels greater than 50% for the midsouthern USA.     

Construction of RNAi Vector of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) FAD2-1 Gene and Acquisition of New High Oleic Acid Germplasm

[Objective] Here, the aim was to create a new cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm with high oleic acid and low linoleic acid contents without affecting the fiber yield and quality. [Method] The fatty acid desaturation 2-1 (FAD2-1) gene catalyzes the formation of polyunsaturated linoleic acid from monounsaturated fatty acid in cotton. The protein’s properties, structure and functions were analyzed using the information analysis method. A conserved 381-bp fragment of GhFAD2-1 was cloned to construct an RNA interference vector, which was transformed into cotton by Agrobacterium-mediated hypocotyl infection. The fatty acid compositions and contents of T₂―T₄ transgenic plants were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The T₄ transgenic lines were used to investigate the copy number, target gene expression, agronomic traits, and fiber quality. [Results] The RNA interference vector of GhFAD2-1 was successfully constructed and transformed into cotton. The target gene’s expression level was significantly lower in transgenic plants than in controls. The transgenic plants had high oleic acid and low linoleic acid contents, which could be stably inherited by the offspring. The oleic acid contents of transgenic cotton seeds increased by 224.1%, and the linoleic acid content decreased by 237.5%, compared with the control seeds. There were no significant differences in the agronomic traits and fiber quality of the transgenic lines compared with the control. [Conclusion] These results verified the function of GhFAD2-1 in cotton and provide a basis for breeding cotton varieties with high oleic acid contents.     

利用回交法快速选育高油酸花生新品系

以普通花生品种花育22为母本、高油酸花生品种开农176为父本杂交得到F1杂种,筛选油酸含量高于60%且同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的F1为杂交父本,以花育22为轮回亲本(母本)连续回交得到BC1F1~BC4F1代回交种。利用近红外光谱仪测定F1及BC1F1~BC4F1籽粒的油酸、亚油酸含量,选择油酸含量大于60%的种子,用刀片切取种子小部分子叶提取DNA,以F0.7/R3为引物进行PCR扩增及测序,根据测序峰图差异表现筛选出同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的种子作为下一代回交的父本。切去部分子叶的种子切口用石蜡封闭,播种前浸泡于40℃温水中催芽,对12 h后未露白的种子用100 mg L–1乙烯利浸泡4 h后再转入40℃温水浸泡至24 h,发芽率可达到98%。2013年春季开始杂交,2016年春在青岛播种BC4F2代种子,取幼苗期幼叶鉴定基因型,筛选出基因型为aabb的单株,收获时选留农艺性状类似于花育22的优良单株,再利用近红外光谱仪测定所选单株油酸含量,获得油酸含量在70%以上、油酸亚油酸比值大于7.0的单株24个。这些单株与花育22相比,农艺性状基本相同,称为改良花育22高油酸花生新品系。     

Genetic analysis of the high oleic acid content in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Summary Sunflower lines breeding true for very high oleic acid content in their oil (average levels higher than 85%) were crossed with standard sunflower lines with mean oleic acid levels of 30%. Analysis of the oil of F₁ seeds indicated dominance for high oleic levels and control of the genotype of the embryo. Segregating generations were obtained selfing heterozygous high oleic BC_nF₁ plants from several generations of a backcrossing program to incorporate the high oleic character to standard inbred lines and testcrossing these plants to low oleic material. Analysis of F₂ and testcrossed seeds showed three kind of segregations, in both F₂ and testcrossed populations, with different proportions of low, intermediate and high oleic types. Genetic analysis of these data supported the hypothesis, that the high oleic character is controlled by three dominant complementary genes OL₁, OL₂ and OL₃. Additional data showing F₁ seeds with intermediate oleic content and segregations for high oleic in progenies of intermediate types, suggest the presence of major factors modifying high oleic acid content.     

A GmFAD3A mutation in the low linolenic acid soybean mutant C1640

The linolenic acid component is responsible for the flavour and odour instability of soybean oil. Thus, development of low linolenic acid soybean lines has been a major goal in crop science research. One such low linolenic acid soybean line, A5, contains a deletion of the omega‐3 fatty acid desaturase gene GmFAD3A. Another low linolenic acid soybean line, C1640, is allelic with A5, suggesting it too contains a mutation in the GmFAD3A gene. The purpose of this work was to characterize the genetic lesion in C1640 using GmFAD3A as a candidate gene. It could be that a premature stop codon is introduced in the gene, presumably rendering a non‐functional truncated enzyme. An assay to distinguish between the wild type and mutant alleles by using PCR followed by endonuclease digestion was developed. This assay will aid soybean breeders that are trying to incorporate the C1640 low linolenic acid trait into other lines.     

Effects of high oleic acid soybean on seed yield,protein and oil contents,and seed germination revealed by near‐isogeneic lines

Typical soybean oil is composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. High oleic acid content in soybean seed is a key compositional trait that improves oxidative stability and increases oil functionality and shelf life. Using a marker‐assisted selection method, near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of G00‐3213 for the high oleic trait were developed and yield tested. These NILs have various combinations of FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles that were derived from the same backcrossing populations. The results indicated that G00‐3213 NILs with both homozygous mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles produced an average of 788 g/kg oleic acid content. The results also demonstrated that possessing these mutant alleles did not cause a yield reduction. Furthermore, seed germination tests across 12 temperatures (12.8–32.0°C) showed that modified seed composition for oleic acid in general did not have a major impact on seed germination. However, there was a possible reduction in seed germination vigour when high oleic seeds are planted in cold soil. The mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles did not hinder either seed or plant development.     

Sunflower mutant containing high levels of palmitic acid in high oleic background

A new sunflower mutant, CAS-12, was obtained, which has both high palmitic (≈30%) and high oleic acid contents, and also a substantial amount of palmitoleic acid (≈7%). The mutant was selected after X-ray irradiation of dry seeds of the inbred line BSD-2-423, which had normal palmitic (≈3%) and high oleic (≈88%) acid levels. The increase of palmitic and palmitoleic acids occurred at the expense of the oleic acid content, which decreased to around 55% in respect to the original line. Linoleic acid content is always under 5%. Palmitic and palmitoleic acid levels were similar to those of the high palmitic mutant CAS-5 obtained in a previous programme from a low oleic line isogenic to BSD-2-423 using a similar mutagenic treatment. In that previous programme we also selected three high stearic acid mutants using chemical mutagenic treatment on the same sunflower line (RDF-1-532). We attempted to obtain mutants in other lines but were unsuccessful. The isolation of similar mutants in isogenic parental lines illustrates the importance of the genetic background in the development of specific mutants with an altered seed oil fatty acid composition. The oil of this mutant will increase the range of potential uses of sunflower oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大豆脂肪酸含量的QTL分析

利用Charleston(♀)×东农594(♂)的F14和F15代永久自交系群体154个单株后代,在2年3点条件下用气相色谱法测得其籽粒5种脂肪酸的含量,利用Win QTL Cartographer2.5复合区间作图法(CIM)进行QTL分析。结果共检测到47个相关的QTL,分布在13个连锁群上。多年多点同时检测到的QTL共有15个,其中控制软脂酸性状的2个,包括qPal-C2-2和qPal-A1-1;控制硬脂酸性状的4个,包括qSt-B1-1、qSt-B1-2、qSt-D1a-1和qSt-C2-1;控制油酸性状的3个,包括qOle-B2-1、qOle-G-1和qOle-H-1;控制亚油酸性状的有2个,包括qLin-C2-1和qLin-H-1;控制亚麻酸性状的4个,包括qLino-B1-1、qLino-C2-1、qLino-D1b-1和qLino-J-1。这些QTL的一致性较高,为特异脂肪酸含量标记辅助育种奠定了基础。大豆脂肪酸含量的主效QTL数量不多,效应大的不多,可能还受许多未能检测出来的微效基因控制。