不同花生品种芽期耐寒性鉴定及评价指标筛选

低温寒害是限制花生产业发展的重要非生物胁迫因子之一。花生品种芽期耐寒能力的强弱是决定花生出苗整齐度和高产高质的重要保障。本研究利用品种综合指标值、权重、隶属函数值、D值对62个花生品种芽期耐寒性进行综合评价。结果表明,D值越大,其耐寒性越强,反之耐寒性越弱。系统聚类分析可将62个品种分为5类,第I类为高耐寒型;第II类为耐寒型;第III类为中间型;第IV类为敏感型,第V类为高感型。相关性分析表明,油酸含量与D值及其他4个耐寒性指标值的相关性未达到显著水平,说明花生油酸含量和花生芽期耐寒性强弱无关;各相对指标值与D值及各相对指标值间均呈极显著正相关,说明花生芽期耐寒性相对指标值之间具有一致性。通过对相对指标特征值、贡献值及权重分析表明,相对发芽率可作为花生芽期耐寒性鉴定的正向指标,相对发芽率越大,其芽期耐寒性能力越强,反之耐寒性能力越弱。本研究筛选出5个高耐寒性品种,建立了以相对发芽率作为花生芽期耐寒性的评价指标,对花生芽期耐寒性的高效鉴定和耐寒性新品种培育及其相关理论研究提供基础材料和高效鉴定方法。     

四川花生地方品种主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省地方花生品种资源的遗传多样性及特征,以四川省100份地方花生品种为试验材料,参照《花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准》测试获得了生育期、主茎高和百果重等主要农艺性状的数据。结果表明,在考察的14个性状中,变异幅度最大的是二次分枝数(54.12%),变异幅度最小的是生育期(0.99%)。多样性指数最高的是主茎高度2.99,最小的是生长期0.19。采用Ward法对四川省地方花生品种进行聚类,在遗传距离阈值为5时,将其分为3个类群,均以密枝亚种为主。其中Ⅰ类群分布有7份珍珠豆型材料,Ⅲ类群分布有9份珍珠豆型材料,同一地理来源的多个地方品种交叉出现在这3个群体中。表明四川地方花生品种的遗传关系与所属类型和区域来源无关,但花生品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。研究可在提高地方品种的有效利用率同时,为花生育种提供理论基础和优质亲本材料。     

高州普通野生稻苗期耐寒性鉴定及其SSR多态标记分析

水稻苗期寒害是引起水稻产量下降的主要因素之一.高州普通野生稻具有丰富的遗传多样性,可能蕴含苗期强耐寒基因.本研究通过苗期耐寒性鉴定,初步鉴定出2个编号(GZW5、GZW18)的高州普通野生稻具有苗期强耐寒性.利用平均分布于水稻12条染色体的225对SSR标记,对耐寒的高州普通野生稻与对照水稻不耐寒品种三百粒之间进行多态...     

中国不同省份籼稻地方品种的遗传结构分析

利用78对SSR引物,对原产于中国14个省份的280份籼稻地方品种进行遗传多样性分析。在此基础上,采用Powermarker、Structure2.2和Popgen32三种软件分析其遗传结构。基于Nei’s遗传距离的聚类结果显示,供试材料可分为6个类群,相邻省份的品种基本聚在同一类群中,且在每个类群中各省份籼稻地方品种单独形成一个小类群,说明同一省份内品种的遗传基础较相似。而陕西籼稻地方品种聚在2个类群中,台湾籼稻地方品种聚在3个类群中,这两个省的籼稻地方品种遗传背景较复杂。按Structure 2.2软件分析结果,供试材料可分为4大类群,地理位置较近的省份籼稻地方品种基本聚在同一类群中,而陕西和台湾籼稻地方品种较分散聚于不同类群,与基于Nei’s遗传距离的聚类结果类似。按Popgen 32软件分析结果,供试材料各省份也分为4大类群。除个别省份外,相隔较近的多数省份基本聚在同一小类群或大类群中。3种软件的分析结果虽有一些差异,但基本趋于一致,并互为补充。总体而言,同一个省份的籼稻地方品种基本聚在同一小类群;相隔较近省份的籼稻地方品种多数聚类在同一个类群中,聚类结果与品种所处的地理位置相关。陕西和台湾籼稻地方品种的遗传基础较复杂。     

基于SSR的四川花生遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究旨在了解四川花生资源的遗传多样性及表型性状与分子标记的关联分析,为花生分子育种及资源库构建提供理论依据。[方法]鉴定分析57份不同来源花生资源材料的4个农艺性状及4个品质性状,并利用SSR标记研究57份花生材料的遗传多样性,对SSR标记与表型性状进行聚类及关联分析。[结果]表型性状鉴定结果显示花生资源的8个性状中,6个变异较大、多样性较好。67对SSR引物中,有效引物39对,获得多态性条带53条,平均每个引物扩增1.36条,平均Nei"s 基因多样性0.2288、平均Shannon"s 指数0.3695,最远遗传距离为0.51。SSR分子标记聚类分析将57份资源聚为2大类群,GLM分析发现多个与蛋白质含量、株高、含糖量的关联标记。[结论]研究结果表明,四川不同区域间花生遗传多样性较丰富,品种类型单一,聚类及关联分析结果可为四川花生突破性新品种选育的亲本选择提供提供重要参考。     

贵州地方花生品种的主要农艺性状构成特点

通过相关分析和聚类分析方法,将来自贵州27个县(市)的54份地方花生品种划分为3个大群体,第Ⅰ类群整体植株较矮,果型居中;第Ⅱ类群整体植株居中,但果型较小;第Ⅲ类群整体植株较高且果型大.贵州地方花生品种间基于表现特征的聚类,可将不同类型品种区明显区分,表明地方品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源关系不是很密切.     

抗青枯病花生种质的遗传多样性

以栽培种花生2个亚种4个植物学类型的31份对青枯病具有不同抗性的种质为材料,通过SSR和AFLP技术分析了其DNA多样性,并与通过形态和种子品质性状揭示的表型多样性进行了比较。结果表明,不同类型的抗青枯病花生品种之间存在丰富的DNA多样性,SSR揭示的品种间遗传距离大于AFLP揭示的品种间遗传距离,基于二者的聚类分析结果趋势一致,结合花生的植物学类型、地理来源和系谱分析,以SSR的聚类结果与表型性状的聚类结果更为吻合。感病优质高产品种“中花5号”与密枝亚种的普通型和龙生型的抗病材料的差异很大,与育种中被广泛利用的抗源“协抗青”和“台山三粒肉”的差异相对较小,与“远杂9102”的差异更小。     

福建省花生农家品种农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省花生农家品种资源的遗传多样性,为农家品种亲本利用提供理论依据。以福建省不同地方的35份花生农家品种为材料,运用Excel软件对14个农艺性状进行数据分析,用SPSS软件进行农艺性状的相关性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：在考察的性状中,变异系数最大是地上果针数为73.3%,其次是单株饱果数为44.3%,出仁率的变异系数最小为5.3%。遗传多样性指数最高是单株饱果数为1.986,其次是主茎高为1.981,最低是百仁重为1.607。农艺性状相关性分析表明,结果枝数、单株结果数、单株饱果数、地下果针数与单株生产力呈极显著正相关,生育期与单株生产力呈极显著负相关。采用Ward法进行聚类结果,遗传距离阈值为12时,分为两大类群,第Ⅰ类群品种为珍珠豆型和多粒型,即疏枝亚种;第Ⅱ类群品种为普通型和龙生型,即密枝亚种。本研究表明福建省花生农家品种具有丰富的遗传多样性,其亲缘关系与栽培种花生亚种分类有关,为品种的综合利用奠定基础。     

贵州省花生地方品种的遗传多样性

为进一步了解贵州花生地方品种的遗传多样性,合理、高效利用花生资源,用50对SSR引物评价了贵州不同地理来源的68份花生地方品种,结果多态性较好的41对引物共扩增出79个等位基因,平均每个引物1.93个;多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.045(PM43)~0.951(PM169);Shannon信息指数变幅为0.2518(PM79)~0.6926(PM188),平均0.5268;Nei遗传多样性指数变幅为0.1699(PM79)~0.4995(PM188),平均0.3556。采用类平均法对欧氏距离聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.94时将68个花生地方品种分成2个大类,同一地理来源、同一粒型的地方品种的亲缘关系并不是最近的,表明地方品种间亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大。说明贵州花生地方品种具有丰富遗传多样性。     

19个广西审定丝苗型品种主要农艺性状与遗传多样性聚类分析

为了明确广西审定丝苗型品种的趋同程度与遗传差异,选用19个广西审定丝苗品种,通过18个主要农艺性状表型鉴定与聚类分析,并采用48对SSR标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：基于农艺性状表型的品种间欧氏距离聚类,可分为4类,包含12个品种的类群农艺性状表型表现趋同;3个两系品种,2个常规稻,14个三系品种均被聚类在不同的大类中,说明育种方式不影响表型聚类,农艺性状表型差异多样。基于SSR标记的遗传距离聚类,所有品种可以被划分为4个类群,而不同类群之间的遗传差异也显而易见,遗传多样性丰富;具有相同母本,或采用相同父本的品种,基本归于同类。两种聚类结果的对比表明,育种中品种间会出现遗传关系较远,农艺性状接近的情况;也会出现遗传关系较近,农艺性状相差较远的情况。研究农艺性状表型鉴定与聚类和解析遗传多样性的结果可为广西丝苗型品种的选育和推广保护提供理论和技术支持。     

高粱耐冷种质的鉴定及利用评价

为了满足高粱育种对耐冷基础材料的需求,解决高粱播后遇低温造成幼芽受冻、幼苗萎焉进而影响高粱产量的问题,对238份高粱种质资源进行了高粱芽期、苗期耐冷性鉴定与评价,从中筛选出芽期耐冷种质15份,苗期耐冷种质11份。印度材料IS-2867和中国育成种TC1383-2、E671在芽期、苗期均为耐冷一级抗性,其中TC1383-2是中国高粱育种常用的恢复系,其耐冷特性对于耐冷品种的选育具有利用价值。结果表明,地方品种、育成种和国外品种的耐冷性存在差异,无论芽期还是苗期,在中国地方品种中都有较高比例的耐冷资源,说明在中国地方品种中挖掘耐冷种质的潜力较大。     

Phenotypic diversity in cold-tolerant peanut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.) germplasm

Tolerance to low temperature is an important prerequisite for optimal performance of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a number of temperate peanut-growing environments. One hundred fifty-eight peanut accessions belonging to five botanical types, known to be tolerant to low temperature (12°C) at germination, were evaluated for phenotypic diversity for 15 morphological traits in the 2001 rainy season and for 15 agronomic and two seed quality traits in the 2001 rainy and 2001/2002 post-rainy seasons. Analysis of data, using the residual maximum-likelihood approach indicated that variance components due to genotypes were significant for all traits in the rainy and for all but two traits in the post-rainy season. Clustering based on scores of nine principle components delineated four clusters. The cold-tolerant genotypes and the standard control cultivars in the four clusters differed in mean, variance, and range both during rainy and post-rainy seasons for a range of agronomic traits, indicating the diversity among the clusters. The cold-tolerant accessions were superior to control cultivars for several agronomic traits compared with their respective controls in both the rainy and post-rainy seasons, so their use in breeding should result in genetically diverse cold-tolerant high-yielding peanut cultivars.     

山西省地方花生种质资源品质性状的综合评价

为探索已收集到的90份山西省地方花生种质资源的利用价值,并从中筛选出优质品种,采用室内测定方法对其进行了蛋白质含量、含油量、油酸、亚油酸含量和油亚比5个品质性状的测定分析,探讨了地方种质资源的品质性状与地理来源、类群间的关系。结果表明,5个品质性状的多样性指数分别为2.04、2.02、2.02、1.99、1.93,表明山西省花生地方种质资源品质性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性,5个品质性状的变异系数分别为0.06、0.09、0.11、0.11、0.23,表明各资源间的品质性状存在着显著的差异,通过聚类分析将90份资源划分为了4个类群。筛选出武乡红花生、临县多粒、永济小蜂腰等优质资源,为山西省地方种质资源合理利用和优质花生新品种选育提供科学理论依据。     

利用SSR标记分析山东省花生区试品种的遗传多样性特点

摘要:利用SSR标记对山东省花生区试品种进行遗传多样性分析,以参加国家北方区试的17份省外花生品种为对照。结果表明,10对SSR引物在45份花生品种共扩增出57条带,其中45条呈现多态,多态性比率为78.95%。引物的多态性信息含量（PIC）变幅为0.369～0.857,平均值为0.683。多样性指数比较表明,山东省的基因多样性指数H（0.2476）和Shannon指数I（0.3723）均低于河南省（0.2928、0.4241）和省外（0.2929,0.4268）。山东省内品种间的遗传相似系数介于0.440-1.000之间,平均为0.730,省外品种间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.311-0.962,平均为0.638,显著性测验表明山东省区试品种内的相似性极显著高于省外品种内的相似性。聚类分析表明山东省花生区试品种遗传基础较近,绝大部分品种聚在第II类群;河南省和河北省的部分品种与其他品种亲缘关系较远。与省外区试品种相比,山东省花生区试品种遗传基础较近,应不断引入省外亲缘关系较远的品种以拓宽其遗传基础。     

Characterization and identification of cold tolerant near-isogenic lines in rice

To exploit the genetic mechanism of cold tolerance in rice, cold tolerant near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed by backcrossing Kunmingxiaobaigu (KMXBG), reported to be the most cold-tolerant variety at the booting stage, as donor, with the cold sensitive Japanese commercial japonica variety, Towada. Comparisons of cold tolerance-related traits between five BC₆F₅ NILs and recurrent parent Towada under cold treatment and normal temperatures at the booting stage showed that the differences between the NILs and Towada were significant only for spikelet fertility-related traits. Analyses of cold tolerance in the NILs at the budding (germination), seedling and booting stages indicated both correlated effects and differences. Lines 1913-4 and 1916-1 showed strong and stable tolerance at all three stages. Whole genome marker screening showed that the proportion of genetic background recovery was more than 98%. Seventeen markers from KMXBG were introgressed in two or more NILs, and cold tolerance genes were possibly present in these marker regions. The NILs should be excellent materials for both rice improvement and map-based cloning of cold tolerance QTLs.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Seedling Characters of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The rice eultivars grown in the tropies and sub-tropics can be broadly categorized as aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and modern high yielding varieties (HYV). The first two categories are traditional rice, and are generally palatable. The aromatic rice has better market value than HYV rice, yet farmers are unwilling to expand its cultivation because of the low yield potential. One possibility to expand the cultivation of traditional rice is o t find stress tolerant cultivars for growing in marginal land. The salinity tolerance of nine rice cultivars representing three from each type of aromatic small grains, local coarse grains and HYV types, was analysed at germination and early seedling stage. Seeds were placed for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for nine days at NaCl concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM. NaCl decreased the germination index (GI), speed of germination, seedling height and seedling dry matter weight. Seedling characteristics were decreased more than GI. In general aromatic small grain type showed more salt sensitivity than the other two types. Among the nine cultivars Shakkorkhora (aromatic type) showed the least salt tolerance in relation to germination and seedling characters while the other two cultivars of the same group showed tolerance as high as the tolerant cultivars in other types. Generalization of group salt tolerance of rice, therefore, has little value from the agronomic point of view at least at early growth stage. As the number of cultivars employed in this study was only three from each type it is suggested that more cultivars be considered for the purpose of salt tolerant improvement programme of various types of rice.     

镉对不同小麦品种种子萌发的影响

用室内生物测定方法,在0.5 mmol/L镉胁迫下,对贵州省主要栽培的30个小麦品种种子的萌发率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、鲜重以及综合效应进行了统计。结果表明,Cd对种子发芽率影响较小,对发芽指数、活力指数、根、芽生长的影响显著,且对根的抑制效应大于芽;不同小麦品种种子萌发对Cd的响应差异较大。应用快速聚类方法,根据综合效应可以将参试品种划分为耐受型、中间型和敏感型3种不同的敏感类型,其中耐性品种有丰优5号、早麦16号、丰优9870,不耐品种有安麦5号、川麦10号、丰优2号等,其他为耐盐性中等品种。     

直播早籼稻品种芽期耐冷性鉴定研究

低温胁迫是水稻生产面临的重要非生物胁迫之一,鉴定水稻种质资源芽期耐冷性,筛选耐冷品种对水稻生产具有重要意义。以江西地区主推的33份早籼杂交稻品种和8份常规稻为试验材料,设置12个芽期低温胁迫处理,以死苗率为指标探讨了早籼稻芽期耐冷性的适宜鉴定方法。同时在8℃低温处理10d,恢复生长后调查其成苗率、苗高、根长、根数、地上部生物量、根系生物量和根冠比。运用主成分分析、模糊隶属函数法和聚类分析法来探讨直播早稻芽期的耐冷性评价方法及筛选耐冷品种。结果表明,8℃低温处理10d,直播早籼稻品种死苗率的方差和变异幅度大,能较好地鉴别品种间耐冷性差异,是直播早籼稻芽期耐冷性鉴定的最合理方式;杂交稻品种的耐冷性强于常规稻;低温胁迫后成苗率、苗高、根长、根数、地上部生物量、根系生物量和根冠比基本低于25℃对照处理;利用主成分分析将7个单项指标转化为3个独立的综合指标（CI₁、CI₂、CI₃）,主成分分析表明,根系生物量和地上部生物量最能代表直播早籼稻对低温胁迫后的响应情况,可作为芽期耐冷性鉴定的评价指标。通过聚类分析,将41份早籼稻品种划分为3类,筛选出陵两优7108、两优287、锦两优816等9份强耐冷品种,株两优1号、潭两优83、株两优22等15份中度耐冷品种,温229、中早33、五丰优157等17份冷敏感品种。这些品种可以进一步为耐冷育种和生产服务。     

Influence of Soil Temperature on Seedling Emergence and Early Growth of Peanut Cultivars in Field Conditions

Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sown in early spring often has poor seed germination and seedling development. The influence of soil temperature on seedling emergence and early growth of six peanut cultivars (Florida MDR98, Southern Runner, Georgia Green, SunOleic 97R, Florunner and C‐99R) was studied in natural field soil profiles in temperature‐gradient greenhouses. We evaluated the influence of a range of soil temperatures by sowing at eight dates between January 2001 and May 2002 in Gainesville, Florida. On each sowing date, two additional temperature treatments (ambient and ambient +4.5 °C air temperature) were evaluated by sowing on either end of each greenhouse and applying differential heating. In total, 16 different soil temperature treatments were evaluated. Each treatment was replicated four times in four different greenhouses. Mean soil temperature from sowing to final emergence in different treatments ranged from 15 to 32 °C. Sowing date, temperature treatment and cultivar had significant effect on seedling emergence and development (V₂ stage). For all cultivars, the lowest germination was observed at the earliest sowing date (coolest soil temperature). Among cultivars, Florida MDR98 was the most sensitive to reduced (cool) temperature with the lowest germination and smallest seedling size at 21 days after sowing, followed by Southern Runner. Georgia Green was the most cold‐tolerant with the highest germination, followed by SunOleic 97R. There were no significant differences among cultivars for base temperature, which averaged 11.7 and 9.8 °C for rate of emergence and rate of development to V₂ stage respectively. These results imply that cultivar choice and/or genetic improvement of peanut for cold tolerance during emergence and seedling development in regions where cooler soil temperatures persist and/or regions where early sowing is desirable.     

52份豌豆种质萌发期耐铝毒性的综合评价与筛选

随着土壤酸化的日益加重,铝毒成为影响作物种子萌发质量以及产量的重要胁迫因子之一。本研究采用单项耐铝毒系数(AC值)、综合耐铝毒系数(CAC值)、平均隶属函数值(ASF值)、耐性综合评价值(A值)等指标及相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析等方法,综合评价豌豆种质萌发期铝毒耐性,建立综合筛选评价体系,并筛选萌发期耐铝毒豌豆种质。利用筛选出的适宜浓度40 mg L–1Al3+处理52份豌豆品种(系)种子,结果显示,萌发期8个相关性状在处理组及对照组品种间均存在显著差异,遗传多样性指数分别介于1.43～2.03和1.51～2.06之间。基于AC值聚类分析, 52份豌豆种质可被分为3个耐性级别,其中,第I级含2份,为耐铝毒品种(系);第II级含19份,为敏感品种(系);第III级含31份,为铝毒极敏感性品种(系)。利用豌豆种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、芽长、根长、芽干重、根干重7项指标,结合最优回归方程可初步鉴定豌豆萌发期耐铝毒特性。通过综合评价和聚类分析,筛选出萌发期铝毒耐性极强的种质C175和C145,可作为豌豆铝毒耐性育种和耐性机制研究的重要资源。