番木瓜芒果低糖复合果酱的研制

为研制出低糖、新型的番木瓜芒果复合果酱,以番木瓜、芒果为原料,以木糖醇、黄原胶、柠檬酸为辅料,通过单因素试验及正交试验进行了产品工艺配方的探索,并对产品进行感官、理化、微生物指标的检测。结果表明,番木瓜芒果低糖复合果酱的最佳工艺配方为木瓜与芒果的配比3∶2,木糖醇添加量30%,黄原胶添加量0.6%,柠檬酸添加量0.3%。根据上述方法研制出的番木瓜芒果低糖复合果酱酱体良好、质地细腻,呈金黄色,具有芒果和木瓜特有的香味,酸甜可口、营养丰富、卫生安全性高,可溶性固形物含量只有35%。     

光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸提取工艺研究

以光皮木瓜渣为原料,研究微波辅助提取齐墩果酸的工艺,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验确定齐墩果酸的最佳提取工艺。结果表明,微波辅助提取光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸的最佳工艺为微波功率200 W,料液比1∶8,乙醇体积分数70%,提取温度65℃,提取时间30 min。该条件下,齐墩果酸的提取量为2.712 mg/g。     

薏苡仁多糖咀嚼片直接压片法辅料配比的工艺研究

采用粉末直接压片法加工薏苡仁多糖咀嚼片,优化薏苡仁多糖咀嚼片中辅料配比的最佳工艺条件。通过单因素试验,研究辅料(乳糖、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁、微粉硅胶)的添加量对咀嚼片成品率的影响。在单因素的基础上,选取3个对咀嚼片成品率影响较大的因素,以咀嚼片成品率为响应值进行分析,构建数学回归模型。优化后成品率的最佳工艺条件为薏苡仁粗多糖粉添加量55%,食用淀粉添加量25%,乳糖添加量9%,微晶纤维素添加量9.98%,硬脂酸镁添加量0.67%,微粉硅胶添加量0.75%;此条件下得到咀嚼片成品率为91.78%。结果表明,直接压片工艺具有操作简单、生产周期短等优点,为进一步综合利用薏苡仁资源提供科学理论依据。     

红枣山药蓝莓咀嚼片的研发及其免疫增强功能评价

以红枣、山药、蓝莓果粉为主要原料,辅以微晶纤维素、木糖醇和柠檬酸制备咀嚼片。通过单因素试验和响应面分析对产品配方进行优化,结果表明,红枣山药蓝莓咀嚼片的最佳配方为:红枣粉与山药粉添加质量比为2.5∶1(总量为10 g),蓝莓果粉添加量为10 g,微晶纤维素添加量为3.8 g,木糖醇添加量为0.3 g,柠檬酸添加量为0.09 g及0.5%硬脂酸镁,按该配方制得的咀嚼片外观光整,组织坚实、不松散、剖面紧密、不粘连,酸甜适中,无异味,无粗糙感,硬度适中,宜咀嚼。通过动物体内试验证实,产品可以有效延缓小鼠免疫器官的自然萎缩,提高小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫,增强小鼠NK细胞活性,能够在一定程度上改善机体免疫功能。     

光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸提取工艺研究

以光皮木瓜渣为原料,研究微波辅助提取齐墩果酸的工艺,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验确定齐墩果酸的最佳提取工艺.结果表明,微波辅助提取光皮木瓜渣中齐墩果酸的最佳工艺为微波功率200 W,料液比1∶8,乙醇体积分数70％,提取温度65℃,提取时间30 min.该条件下,齐墩果酸的提取量为2.712 mg/g.     

蔓越莓核桃牛轧糖的研制

为探究蔓越莓核桃牛轧糖的制作工艺,以蔓越莓、核桃仁、糖(细砂糖和水饴)为主要原料,鸡蛋白、黄油为辅料,以感官评价为标准,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优工艺配方(以总糖浆质量计)为细砂糖与水饴的质量比1∶5,蔓越莓核桃仁添加量60%,鸡蛋白添加量10%,黄油添加量12%,以此配方制作的蔓越莓核桃牛轧糖,感官评分最高,色泽鲜亮、香气自然、酸甜可口、软硬适中。     

直投式乳酸菌发酵复合果蔬汁饮料的工艺研究

以胡萝卜、南瓜、木瓜、菠萝为原料,选用直投式乳酸菌作为发酵菌进行液体酿造复合果蔬汁饮料,确定最佳加工工艺参数为胡萝卜、南瓜、木瓜和菠萝的配比4∶3∶1∶2,果蔬汁添加量60%,接种量0.2%,发酵温度38℃,发酵时间22 h,黄原胶0.02%,CMC6 0.02%。     

银杏果压片糖果的研制

以银杏、莲子、蔓越莓为主要原料,添加山梨糖醇、硬脂酸镁、麦芽糊精等辅料,采用湿法压片工艺研制银杏压片糖果,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化配方得到最佳配比。结果表明,银杏压片糖果最佳配方为山梨糖醇添加量35%,甜菊糖苷添加量0.5%,硬脂酸镁添加量0.9%,脱脂奶粉添加量10%,麦芽糊精添加量8%,原料粉配比(白果粉∶莲子粉∶蔓越莓粉=5∶3∶2) 40%,压片水分含量5%,白果片烘干温度50℃。制得的白果片具有银杏香味和良好的口感风味,并且保持了银杏的营养物质,能量较低。     

火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料的研制

为研制风味独特、营养丰富的火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料,采用正交试验分别对绿茶汁的最佳浸提条件、果粒蜜茶的最佳配方、果粒悬浮剂的选择和使用进行研究。结果表明,绿茶汁浸提的最佳条件为:茶水比1∶50(m∶m)、浸提温度80℃,浸提时间10 min;火龙果果粒蜜茶调配最佳工艺和配方为:果汁与茶汁比2∶1(V∶V),蜂蜜添加后的糖度为14%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,p H 4.0,果粒添加量8%,琼脂添加量0.13%,CMC-Na添加量0.06%。该条件下制得的火龙果果粒蜜茶饮料清新柔和,酸甜爽口,感官品质评分最高。     

哈密瓜-木瓜低糖营养果冻的研制

为研制风味良好、营养丰富的保健型果肉果冻,以哈密瓜肉和木瓜汁为主要原料,对哈密瓜木瓜新型复合营养果肉果冻的生产配方进行优化,探讨了复合胶的组成与配比,研究哈密瓜果肉、木瓜汁、复合胶、木糖醇、柠檬酸添加量五因素对果冻感官品质的影响。通过单因素试验和正交试验,筛选出以卡拉胶∶魔芋胶∶明胶=2∶1∶1为复合胶,果冻的最佳配方为:哈密瓜果肉添加量8%、木瓜汁添加量10%、复合胶添加量1.0%,木糖醇添加量14%、柠檬酸添加量0.15%,所得到的成品营养丰富,色泽呈均匀橙黄色,酸甜适口,弹性好,平均感官品质评分为94.5分,是一种新型的低糖复合营养果肉果冻,具有较好的市场前景。     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.     

Identification of PCR markers linked to different Or genes in sunflower

Broomrape is a parasitic plant that significantly decreases yield of sunflower. Breeding for resistance has proved to be the most efficient method for suppressing broomrape infestation in the field; however, new races of parasite constantly emerge, and new resistance genes need to be discovered and introduced into cultivated sunflower lines. The aim of this work was to test SSR markers from linkage group 3 (LG3) to investigate whether they could be used for identification of a particular Or gene. Twenty sunflower inbred lines were used, and polymorphism between the lines with various resistance genes and genetic background was investigated. The used markers revealed DNA polymorphism between the investigated lines. Strong association of markers from LG3 with Or₆, as well as Or₄ and Or₂ genes, was found. Identified markers could be used for introduction of these resistance genes into commercial sunflower lines and for establishment and identification of differential lines.     

Contrastive Study on Content and Anti-oxidation Activity of Total Saponins from Cultivated and Wild Paris Plants in Southwest China

[Objectives]To study content of total saponins from cultivated and wild Paris herbs in Southwest China,evaluate its in vitro antioxidation activity,and explore ...     

Effects of Different Processed Products of Radix Codonopsis on Intestinal Flora of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

[Objectives]This study aimed to observe the effects of different processed products of Radix Codonopsis on intestinal flora in rats with spleen deficiency.[Meth...     

Nematode resistance in bananas: screening results on some wild and cultivated accessions of Musa spp.

Bananas cultivated for export all belong to Cavendish cultivars and are all recognized as very susceptible to nematodes, particularly to the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis and the lesion nematode Pratylenchus coffeae. Even if there have been many changes in the management of banana nematodes in large commercial banana plantations, chemical control still remains most often the last resort method to manage the nematodes, although the number of registered products is definitely declining. Therefore, nematode control though genetic improvement is gaining new interest worldwide. In this study, 55 banana accessions mostly diploids from the Musa acuminata genome group (AA) but including some triploid accessions (AAA), some diploids of the Musa balbisiana genome group (BB) and some interspecific hybrids (AAB, AB) were evaluated for resistance to four nematode species R. similis, P. coffeae, Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria. These experiments were conducted in a growth chamber under controlled conditions. All banana accessions were susceptible to nematode species, although many different levels of susceptibility were detected. This study confirmed the good resistance status to R. similis of some cultivars from the Pisang jari buaya and Pisang batuau subgroups and the partial resistance of 17 diploid accessions significantly different from the susceptible reference cv. Grande Naine. This study also showed that 12 diploid accessions exhibited a partial resistance to P. coffeae, including some usual or potential genitors belonging to the wild diploids subspecies burmannica (cvs. Long Tavoy 1 and 2) and burmannicoides (cv. Calcutta 4). No source of resistance to Meloidogyne spp. was found. These screening results, combining for the first time four nematode species, are discussed within the scope of banana breeding in order to produce parental diploid lines with single or combined nematode resistances and further develop triploids that can substitute existing susceptible commercial cultivars.