新鲜莲藕的采后生理及其保鲜技术的研究进展

文章指出了莲藕在贮藏过程中发生褐变和衰老的主要原因是组织内部的多酚氧化酶催化氧化酚类物质所产生的黑色素,概述了莲藕多酚氧化酶的催化反应动力学特性、pH值、温度、金属离子等对莲藕多酚氧化酶活性的影响,莲藕采后多酚氧化酶活性与组织褐变、呼吸及衰老之间的关系,以及莲藕褐变和衰老的抑制及其保鲜技术等方面的研究进展。     

壳聚糖处理对鲜切莲藕褐变和抗氧化活性的影响

采用1%壳聚糖溶液处理鲜切莲藕,并于4℃下贮藏,通过对DPPH.和.OH两种自由基的测定评价鲜切莲藕的抗氧化活性。结果表明,随贮藏时间延长,对照组的抗氧化活性和多酚含量明显降低,褐变度不断加重;壳聚糖处理能明显抑制褐变,维持较高的多酚含量和抗氧化活性。多酚是莲藕中重要的抗氧化物质,也是发生褐变的主要底物。     

不同储藏温度下玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化的动力学研究

以新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱(24°Brix)为原料,以亮度L*值、红值a*、黄值b*、色差值△E、褐变指数和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量为考察指标,研究不同贮藏温度(10、25、35℃)对新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化的影响,并在此基础上建立新疆玻璃罐装番茄酱色泽变化动力学模型,以预测玻璃罐装番茄酱褐变程度。结果表明:玻璃罐装番茄酱的色泽参数L*值、a*值、b*值变化符合一级动力学反应,色差值△E符合零级动力学反应,褐变指数和5-羟甲基糠醛含量变化在25℃和35℃下符合一级动力学反应。褐变指数、5-羟甲基糠醛含量、L*值、红值a*、黄值b*和色差值△E等各指标变化的活化能分别为74.30、65.22、45.46、55.72、102.26和64.21 kJ/mol。     

抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽复合抗氧化剂对鲜切苹果防褐变效果的研究

为研究抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽对鲜切苹果防褐变效果,对鲜切苹果进行抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽复合抗氧化剂浸泡及保鲜处理,通过测定不同试验组鲜切苹果切片的色度(L*)、褐变强度(BD)等多项抗褐变指标探究其防褐变效果。结果表明,采用0.07 mol/L抗坏血酸溶液和400μmol/L谷胱甘肽溶液浸泡的苹果切片,综合各项指标,抗褐变保鲜效果最佳,在此基础上,通过Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验,摸索出最佳的复配抗氧化剂配方为抗坏血酸0.08 mol/L,谷胱甘肽401.62μmol/L,浸泡时间15.70 min,此时L*值为76.54,经试验验证,L*值为76.46±0.58与预测值接近、可靠。     

包装材料对莲藕贮藏保鲜的影响

采用0.10mm和0.08mm厚的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)以及0.08mm和0.06mm厚的PA/PE复合薄膜真空包装莲藕,探讨包装材料对莲藕贮藏期间褐变的影响.结果表明,PA/PE袋能极显著地抑制莲藕褐变,并能保持较多的营养成分.     

表面处理对莲藕保鲜的影响

莲藕极易发生褐变和腐败变质,从而失去食用价值,涂膜可以有效地延长莲藕的保质期。研究了酸、化学杀菌剂等表面处理对莲藕涂膜保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,浓度为0.06～0.07mol/L柠檬酸处理和0.04～0.07mol/L的磷酸处理均对莲藕保鲜效果明显;质量分数为2%的H2O2处理10min,不能有效抑制莲藕褐变,但可以控制其腐败变质;ClO2不宜用于莲藕的表面处理;涂膜前用质量分数2%的H2O2处理,有利于提高莲藕短期贮藏的感官品质,但会使长期贮藏莲藕变质速度加快。     

鲜切莲藕中褐变因素分析的研究进展

鲜切莲藕的褐变问题很大程度上限制了产品的生产和销售,分析其褐变因素对解决贮运保鲜问题具有重要意义。本文针对文献资料介绍的导致鲜切莲藕褐变的各因素(酚类物质、多酚氧化酶及环境条件)进行总结和分析,阐明各因素在保鲜贮藏中的变化规律,以期为莲藕加工提供理论借鉴和技术指导。     

荔枝果肉热泵干燥及其储藏特性研究

为了探讨荔枝果肉热泵干燥特性及储藏过程中一些品质指标的变化规律，将去皮去核后的果肉进行热泵干燥，测定其干燥特性及储藏过程中色泽、褐变度、总酸、糖组分、质构及微生物指标的变化。结果表明：荔枝果肉在60 ℃下热泵干燥2 h，干燥速度升至最大值后进入降速干燥阶段，干燥过程中，亮度L*值变化不大，a*值和b*值显著增大；干燥18~20 h，样品的水分含量达25%左右、颜色呈金黄色；不同水分含量的荔枝果肉干在储藏过程中，L*值、a*值和b*值下降，果肉发生褐变，总酸含量呈上升趋势，果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖呈减少趋势；水分含量35%的样品储藏180 d褐变明显；荔枝果干的硬度和咀嚼性在储藏后期明显增大，黏着性变化不显著。采用热泵干燥荔枝果肉，25%水分含量的样品品质和储藏性较佳。     

莲藕贮藏保鲜

莲藕是我国重要的出口创汇蔬菜之一,但在贮运过程中易发生褐变,影响销售及出口,因此对莲藕进行贮藏保鲜,具有重要的经济意义。下面介绍几种莲藕的贮藏保鲜方法。1．沙藏法选择地势高、背风、避雨处,用细沙铺衬地面,其湿度以手捏成团放手即散为宜(下同),并在四周开好排水沟,码1层莲藕铺1层     

一氧化氮对冷藏鲜切桃贮藏品质的影响

为探究适宜的鲜切桃冷藏条件下抑制褐变的方法,将鲜切"蒙阴"桃分别在清水(对照)、5、10、15μmol/L一氧化氮(NO)溶液中浸泡5 min,并于5℃下贮藏10 d,研究NO对鲜切桃贮藏期间品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,NO处理有效延缓了鲜切桃片褐变度的升高以及硬度、L*值、可溶性固形物含量的下降,从而使鲜切桃在贮藏期间保持了较好的外观品质;同时NO处理减低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性高峰值,从而降低了褐变程度,提高了鲜切桃超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,抑制了丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)和总酚含量的上升,提高了鲜切桃片的贮藏品质,其中以10μmol/L NO保鲜效果最好。由此表明,10μmol/L NO处理是一种较好的抑制鲜切桃褐变的加工方法。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.