苹果丰木玻璃化过程中内源激素的含量变化

用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定了苹果砧木茎尖培养苗玻璃化过程中内源激素的含量变化。结果表明，玻璃化苗叶片及茎尖中赤霉素（ＧＡ３）、吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）、脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量极显著降低，同时细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量则显著上升，在茎叶极度玻璃化时ＣＴＫ含量显著下降。在继代培养过程中，叶片玻璃化症状出现之前５￣１０天，已开始了ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ的下降和ＣＴＫ的上升过程，ＧＡ３／ＣＴＫ、ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＫ比值也急剧下降。培养基     

苹果砧木玻璃化过程中内源激素的含量变化

用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定了苹果砧木茎尖培养苗玻璃化过程中内源激素的含量变化。结果表明，玻璃化苗叶片及茎尖中赤霉素（ＧＡ３）、吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）、脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量极显著降低，同时细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量则显著上升，在茎叶极度玻璃化时ＣＴＫ含量显著下降。在继代培养过程中，叶片玻璃化症状出现之前５～１０天，已开始了ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ的下降和ＣＴＫ的上升过程，ＧＡ３／ＣＴＫ、ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＡ比值也急剧下降。培养基高浓度６－苄基腺嘌呤（６－ＢＡ）能引起叶片ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ含量下降及玻化出现，表明苹果砧木茎尖培养玻化现象与ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ及ＣＴＫ含量及比值的急剧变化有关。     

内源及外源植物激素对陆地棉无絮突变体胚珠纤维初始发育诱导效应的研究(英文)

采用陆地棉徐州１４２无絮突变体（ＦＬ）与其正常品种（ＷＴ）比较,研究了外源激素对离体胚珠纤维的诱导作用以及纤维初始发育过程中胚珠内源激素（ＩＡＡ,ＧＡ,ＡＢＡ和ｉＰＡ）含量的变化。结果表明,ＧＡ能够诱导离体的正常和突变体未受精和受精胚珠产生出纤维,开花前２ｄ～３ｄ的胚珠培养到天然开花日之后纤维方才突起。开花当天内源ＩＡＡ含量的急剧上升可能是胚珠表皮细胞迅速伸长的一个重要原因。开花前４ｄ到开花后４ｄ突变体胚珠内高水平的ｉＰＡ阻碍其纤维发生。     

水稻伸长生长对GA3的敏感性及其与内源GA1＋4含量的关系

利用点滴渚喷洒法研究了四个水稻品种的伸长生长在一叶一心期和始穗期对ＧＡ３的敏感性，结果表明：矮鬼的第二叶叶鞘，株高，穗轴与倒二节对ＧＡ３表现为不敏感，而万年青，特矮稻，丛生竹莲矮对ＧＡ３表现为敏感，其中以丛生竹莲矮为最，第二叶叶鞘和株高的增幅高达１２１．１％和１８５．１％。利用酶联免疫法测定了４个水稻品种的第二叶叶鞘和穗部的ＧＡ１＋４含量，发现丛生竹莲矮的第二叶叶鞘和穗部的ＧＡ１＋４含量显著低于其     

六倍体饲草型小黑麦株高形成特点

为探索六倍体饲草型小黑麦株高形成特点、明确其株高形成基本规律,以两种类型共6个六倍体小黑麦基因型为试验材料,对其株高、各节间长、株高构成指数、株高形成动态及其对外源赤霉素反应特性等进行了研究。结果表明：六倍体饲草型小黑麦的株高极显著高于兼用型小黑麦,其差异主要由于上部节间长度导致,各节间长中L1对株高的直接贡献最大,L2次之。两种类型小黑麦的株高构成指数间无显著差异。株高形成的动态表明饲草型小黑麦的株高形成最快时期较兼用型晚10天左右。饲草型小黑麦株高对外源赤霉素的敏感性较兼用型小黑麦敏感,且以抽穗期较拔节期更敏感。可见两种类型六倍体小黑麦在株高形成特点具有较大差异,这对饲草型小黑麦的栽培技术制定具有一定的指导意义。     

谷子矮秆突变体d93090的表型变异及其对赤霉素的敏感性分析

谷子矮秆突变体93090（暂命名为d93090）是野生型高秆谷子品系93090经 ⁶⁰Co-γ辐射诱变获得的,本研究对其矮化表型及其对赤霉素的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,d93090株高约为野生型的60%左右,叶色变深、茎秆稍倾斜、茎节数不变、花期较对照推迟3~5d;幼苗期的苗长、第二叶鞘长和胚轴长均对外源GA₃敏感,拔节期喷施外源GA₃,d93090的株高部分恢复;d93090内源GA_l含量显著低于野生型。d93090突变体是个半矮秆的突变类型,为谷子矮化育种提供了新材料,其矮秆性与GA生物合成途径相关。     

5个棉花纤维突变体胚珠内源激素差异及对纤维分化和前期生长的影响

用酶联免疫法分别测定了开花前３ｄ、１ｄ,开花当天,开花后１、３、５、７、８、１２ｄ的５个棉纤维突变体胚珠中ＧＡ１＋３、ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ及ｉＰＡｓ的含量。结果表明,５个纤维突变体内源ＩＡＡ差异主要发生在开花受精前;内源ＧＡ１＋３差异主要表现在ＧＡ１＋３增加速率最大的时期,对照ＧＡ１＋３增加速率最大的时期是在受精前,而５个突变则在受精后;内源ｉＰＡｓ及ＡＢＡ的差异主要表现在峰值出现时期上,有极短纤维和正常短绒的突变体Ｌｉ与对照品种一样ｉＰＡｓ峰值出现在受精前,ＡＢＡ峰值则在受精后,而无短绒有纤维和无短绒无纤维的突变体则相反。发现了突变体ＬｉｇｏｎＬｉｎｔｌｅｓｓ纤维极端缩短的原因主要是受精后出现了极高含量的ＡＢＡ。指出了内源ＧＡ１＋３和ＡＢＡ则分别在受精后促进和抑制胚珠增重和纤维伸长。     

干旱条件下氯化钙和赤霉素浸种对小麦种子萌发的影响

小麦种子中的游离脯氨酸、色氨酸和丝氨酸对萌发有不同的促进作用。干旱胁迫下,赤霉素（ＧＡ）和氯化钙＋ＧＡ浸种可增加萌发种子内这３种游离氨基酸的含量,有效缓解缺水对萌发的影响,ＣａＣｌ２浸种无明显效果。     

棉花种子发芽过程中生理生化变化及赤霉素(GA_3)的调节 Ⅲ胚根的发育及侧根的发生

研究了棉花种子发芽过程中，胚根的发育和侧根的发生及赤霉素（ＧＡ３）的调节。结果表明，（１）在对照胚根的发育和侧根的发生过程中，生长素（ＩＡＡ）和三种细胞分裂素（ｉＰ＋ｉＰＡ、Ｚ＋ＺＲ、ＤＨＺ＋ＤＨＺＲ）无论是在下胚轴还是在胚根中，前期（４８ｈ前）含量较高，后期相对稳定，维持在较低水平。（２）赤霉素降低了胚根中过氧化物酶的活性，但是提高了７２ｈ以前吲哚乙酸氧化酶的活性。（３）赤霉素浸种显著的抑制了棉苗胚根的发育和侧根的发生，其抑制作用可能是通过降低下胚轴和胚根中前期生长素和三种细胞分裂素的水平来实现的。     

喷施生长素和赤霉素对土壤干旱条件下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

在土壤干旱过程中,叶面喷施２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的生长素（ＩＡＡ）或５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的赤霉素（ＧＡ３）可阻止小麦幼苗磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（ＰＥＰＣａｓｅ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的变化,且二者的作用效果相似。对于超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）,ＩＡＡ使其活性强化,而ＧＡ３则对其起着抑制作用。ＩＡＡ还能提高干旱条件下小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量,但对气孔阻力和叶水势影响不大;而ＧＡ３对叶绿素含量、气孔阻力和叶水势均无明显影响。     

Characteristics and Inheritance of Seed-Ageing Induced Mutations in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Mutations affecting qualitative traits were induced by seed ageing in lettuce. The mutant plants were isolated in the A₂ generation and included chlorophyll-deficient types (chlorotica, lutescens, chlorina-virescens, luteo and viridalbo maculate), and morphological variants (dwarf and narrow, thick and curly leaf types). The leaf mutants were found to be either partially or completely sterile. Segregation pattern of the mutants in A₃ generation showed that, except for the maculata types, all chlorophyll deficiencies and the dwarf mutant are controlled by single recessive nuclear genes. The genetic status of the leaf mutants was not clear, due to possible pleiotropic effect of the mutant genes in inducing gametophytic sterility. The maculata mutants exhibited sorting out of the normal and chlorophyll deficient regions during vegetative development and segregated for different degrees of chlorophyll deficiency in selfed progenies. The maculata mutants probably originated by plastome mutations induced by nuclear mutator genes.     

Inheritance of morphological traits of periwinkle mutants with modified contents and yields of leaf and root alkaloids

Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus is a medicinally important plant producing anticancer and antihypertension alkaloids. Two mutants, one dwarf and one semidwarf and both, with a high alkaloid content in the roots and one mutant with a wavy leaf margin and a high alkaloid content in its leaves were obtained after induced chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulphonate and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea in the variety ‘Nirmal’, which is resistant to dieback disease. These mutants were evaluated in the M₃ and M₄ generations. The dwarf and semidwarf mutants differed from the parental variety for many morphological characters, while the mutant with the wavy leaf margin differed mainly in leaf size and leaf thickness. Although both dwarf and semidwarf mutants showed a significantly higher alkaloid content in their roots in both generations, only the semidwarf mutant gave a significantly higher (23%) root alkaloid yield than the parental variety. The mutant with the wavy leaf margin showed a significantly higher alkaloid content in the leaves in both the M₃ and M₄ generations and also had a significantly higher (21%) leaf alkaloid yield than the parental variety. All three mutants were found to be controlled by monogenic recessive genes; the genes for ‘dwarfness’ and ‘semidwarfness’ were allelic to each other, with the allele for semidwarfness being dominant over the allele for dwarfness. The gene for the wavy leaf margin was inherited independently of the genes for dwarfness and semidwarfness.     

两个新的水稻Dwarf18基因强等位突变体的表型分析及分子鉴定

通过EMS诱变日本晴获得了s2-9和s1-146a两个矮秆突变体,其植株矮小,成熟期株高分别为日本晴的26.3%和19.2%;苗期叶片较宽,叶色深绿;穗型仍为散穗但穗长变短,粒型未发生改变。对水稻胚乳的α-淀粉酶诱导实验表明,这两个矮秆突变体与GA的信号传导途径无关,外源活性GA₃对水稻幼苗株高的促进实验显示它们应与赤霉素的生物合成有关。利用突变体与籼稻品种Dular分别杂交构建了F₂群体,精细定位表明这2个突变体的表型与水稻Dwarf18 (D18)基因紧密连锁。序列分析发现这两个矮秆突变体的D18基因均发生了突变：在s2-9突变体中D18基因的内含子3'' 拼接点发生单碱基突变,s1-146a中D18基因编码区的单碱基突变导致提前终止密码子的出现。RT-PCR结果显示,在s1-146a中D18基因表达明显增强,但在s2-9中未检测到D18基因的表达。     

不同光质对矮生黄瓜幼苗内源激素的影响

为研究不同光质对矮生黄瓜幼苗内源激素的影响,进而对矮生黄瓜的矮化机理进行初步探讨。通过对蔓生黄瓜129和矮生黄瓜D0462覆盖白、蓝、红色滤膜获得不同光质,利用高效液相色谱法测定不同光质处理后的叶片和下胚轴中赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量。结果表明,蓝光处理后,D0462叶片和下胚轴中GA3、IAA含量显著或极显著低于白光和红光,而ABA含量极显著增高;D0462的GA3、IAA含量极显著低于129,ABA含量极显著高于129;D0462下胚轴中GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA的比值极显著低于白光,同时也极显著低于129。综合结果可知,蓝光可能是导致矮生黄瓜D0462矮化的原因。     

A dwarfing mutant caused by deactivation function of alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein in rice

Dwarf mutants in plants are crucial for elucidating regulatory mechanisms for plant growth and development. Previous studies suggested that the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit known as D1/RGA1 in rice was involved in deactivation function of the G protein. However, so far no partner has been analyzed the spatial structure change acting with D1. In this study, a dwarf mutant designated Mu101 was obtained in M₂ population of rice indica cultivar M804 treated with ⁶⁰Co γ-ray. Genetic analysis of Mu101 indicated that the dwarf phenotype was controlled by a single dwarf gene, and the dwarf mutant was insensitive to gibberellin (GA), which was named dwarf 89 (d89). Using a large F₂ population derived from a cross between the d89 and a japonica rice variety, Taigeng16, the D89 gene was fine mapped into a 62.13 kb physical distance on chromosome 5, where eight open reading frames were predicted. Sequence analysis indicated that only one bp substitution (A-G) was found in LOC_Os05g26890 between M804 and the d89 mutant. The rice GA insensitive dwarf mutant DWARF1 gene was in this locus. The modeling analysis showed amino acid threonine to alanine mutation was likely to make the alpha helix short, and led to the G protein deactivation.     

太空诱变红小豆后代农艺性状变异研究

本研究2005年利用第21颗返回式卫星搭载小豆品系95-0进行太空诱变处理,回收后种植,对后代农艺性状的变异规律进行观察研究并进行突变体的选择。研究结果表明,与留地对照相比,太空诱变对小豆的出苗有抑制作用,并且引起了幼苗的畸变如叶缺失、错位等现象,SP3代第二叶变异频率3.42%。太空诱变处理后小豆多种农艺性状的变异系数明显增加,并且正负向变异类型都有,表明太空诱变是创造小豆变异的有效途径。在SP2和SP3代进行选择,获得了19株剑叶形突变体、7株高株突变体、102株矮株突变体、5株粒色突变体、24株大粒突变体、70株小粒突变体和27株综合性状优良的单株,这为小豆育种提供了优良的材料和新种质,也为小豆分子遗传学研究提供了有价值的突变体。     

Gamma-ray radiation induced dwarf mutants of turf-type bermudagrass

To generate new breed lines of bermudagrass and reduce management costs of turfgrass, gamma-ray irradiation was used for induction of dwarf mutants from a native bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) germplasm. Three dwarf-type mutant lines (7-9, 10-5 and 10-12) were isolated from 3000 irradiated stolons. The data from 3-year greenhouse tests and 2-year field tests indicated that the dwarf mutant lines had lower canopy height, shorter internodes and shorter leaves. The line 7-9 had a similar turf coverage rate to the wild-type control, while the lines 10-5 and 10-12 had a slower turf coverage rate than the wild-type control. Under drought stress, all three dwarf mutant lines maintained higher relative water content and lower ion leakage than the wild type in the greenhouse tests. The field tests showed that the dwarf mutant lines had lower leaf firing during a progressive drying of soil. Our results indicated that bermudagrass mutants induced by gamma radiation exhibited dwarf characteristics and improved drought resistance, which was probably associated with unbalance of plant hormones in vivo .     

一个新的水稻D1基因等位突变体的遗传鉴定与基因功能分析

株高是影响水稻产量的一个重要性状。本研究从水稻稻瘟病普感品种丽江新团黑谷(LTH)经甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变群体中分离出一个遗传稳定的小粒矮化突变体LTH-m3。该突变体是赤霉素(GA)和油菜素内酯(BR)相关突变体,它对外源GA(GA₃)不敏感,对外源BR(eBL)的敏感性较野生型显著降低。遗传分析、基因克隆和转基因互补实验确认,该突变体是一个新的d1基因等位突变体,其D1基因在第6个外显子与内含子接合处发生单碱基突变(G²⁵²² →A²⁵²²),导致第6外显子被选择性剪切及Gα蛋白翻译提前终止,从而造成LTH-m3小粒矮化突变表型。进一步的研究表明,该突变体D1基因突变引起SD1和SLR1等基因表达的显著改变,因而影响植株细胞内GA和BR反馈调节功能和信号传递。突变体LTH-m3弥补了LTH植株过高、茎秆软和极易倒伏等缺陷,可作为LTH的改良系在今后水稻稻瘟病研究中加以利用,其功能突变基因的鉴定为深入研究水稻Gα蛋白的功能及激素信号途径提供了新的材料。     

小麦矮秆突变体的鉴定及其突变性状的关联分析

矮秆突变体是小麦育种和株高遗传研究的重要基因资源。通过‘云麦53’成熟种子的EMS (Ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变及诱变植株连续自交,获得了33个M3代候选突变体。通过诱变亲本与M2和M3代候选植株的株高差异分析,筛选到26个矮秆突变体,其株高变幅为(13.61±0.11)~(44.08±1.73) cm。基于8个矮秆基因的12个特异性标记检测发现, 26个矮秆突变体至少携带2个矮秆基因标记位点。除株高外, 26个矮秆突变体还携带穗长、小穗密度、节间数和平均节间长4个不同突变性状。26个矮秆突变体可聚为5个亚类,第1亚类的小穗数和小花数最少;第2亚类的株高最矮,穗长和平均节间长最短,小穗密度最高;第3亚类突变体的节间数最少。株高与平均节间长和节间数呈极显著相关,偏相关系数分别为0.94、0.58,但与穗长、小穗数、小花数和小穗密度4个性状无相关性。26个矮秆突变体的株高与平均节间长和节间数关联遗传,携带不同的突变基因组合,可用于小麦矮化育种,以及株高、穗长和小穗密度等性状的遗传机制研究。     

2个水稻矮杆突变体的遗传分析

为了研究水稻矮杆突变体的遗传规律,通过将2个矮杆突变体mini-plant（mp）和矮糵丛生突变体分别与‘明恢63’、‘明恢86’等进行正反交杂交组合,经过田间的性状调查与卡方测定,发现F1代中2个矮杆突变体均为隐性遗传,在F2分离群体中,2个矮杆突变体的遗传规律符合孟德尔的常染色体单基因隐性遗传。因此,可以推断2个水稻矮杆突变体都是由常染色体上的隐性单基因控制。