吉林省高粱肓种现状、问题及对策

吉林省的高粱育种工作从20世纪90年代开始,至今已取得了跨越式进步.中熟中矮秆的吉杂90通过审定并在生产中推广,中晚熟的吉杂83、吉杂97、四杂25也已通过审定并开始投产.其中四杂25从90年代末至今一直是吉林省的主栽品种,单品种面积占吉林省高粱栽培总面积的70%左右.进人21世纪,吉林省高粱育种又取得了丰硕成果,相继育成并通过审定了凤杂4、吉杂122、吉杂123、吉杂124、吉杂127、吉杂210等优良杂交种并在生产中推广,同时还育成了吉林省首个优质米高粱杂交种吉杂305,具有高产、综合抗性强、适口性好等优点.     

高淀粉高粱杂交种吉杂123的选育与应用

吉杂123是吉林省农科院作物育种研究所以不育系晋长早A为母本,以恢复系吉R 105为父本组配而成的高粱杂交种。该杂交种具有高产、抗性强、综合性状优良,适应性广等特性,一般产量为9.0～12.0 t/hm2。2009年初通过吉林省品种审定委员会审定。     

不同水(陆)稻品种(系)干旱胁迫效应分析评价

为了扩大水稻抗旱资源的应用,提高水稻抗旱育种效率,对来自17个不同国家105份水(陆)稻品种(系)进行干旱胁迫效应评价。采用了同异分析法,在干旱胁迫下,株高、单株有效穗、穗长、每穗实粒数、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株谷重8项农艺及经济性状,进行了综合评价分析。结果表明:105份水(陆)稻品种(系),分析评语"差"的有60个品种,占57.1%;"一般"的评语共有22个品种,占21%;"较好"和"好"的评语各有10个品种,占9.5%;"优良"的只有4个品种,占3.8%,分别为IR77298-14-1-2-13、IR77298-5-6-18、CACHO PRETO、IR77298-5-6-11,均为籼稻品种。由此得出,籼稻品种抗旱性明显高于粳稻品种,抗旱同异评语的级别与每穗实粒数、结实率、单株谷重3个性状密切相关。     

高梁优良恢复系吉R 105的选育与利用

吉R105是采用地理远缘杂交和姊妹交的方法选育成的配合力高、恢复性强、综合性状好、抗性强、适应性广的优良恢复系。该系主要含有亨加利高梁亲缘。利用吉R105配制出许多杂交种,其中辽杂22、吉杂121、本梁2号已通过国家高梁品种鉴定,吉杂122和吉杂123已通过吉林省高梁品种审定。     

高粱龙杂1号高产栽培技术

高粱龙杂1号高产栽培技术王黎明(黑龙江省农业科学院作物育种研究所哈尔滨市150086)张育松(哈尔滨市动力区农林局)龙杂1号高粱杂交种是黑龙江省农科院作物育种研究所以不育系ｌ1A为母本,恢复系158为父本杂交而成。该品种综合性状优于同杂2号,具有产量……     

玉米穗长一般配合力多位点全基因组关联分析和预测

穗长是一个重要的农艺性状,与产量密切相关。一般配合力(general combining ability, GCA)是评价优异自交系的重要指标。因此,解析穗长GCA的遗传基础,制定相应的育种策略对玉米杂交种产量的提高具有重要意义。本研究以123个玉米自交系和8个测验种按照North Carolina II遗传交配设计组配的537个F1杂交种为试验材料,在2个环境下进行表型鉴定,利用玉米5.5 K液相育种芯片鉴定的11,734个SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms)对2个环境以及综合环境穗长GCA进行多位点全基因组关联分析(multi-locus genome-wide association study, MGWAS)和基因组预测。利用7种MGWAS共检测到11个穗长GCA显著关联SNP标记(P <8.52E-07),单个位点解释GCA变异介于8.06%～28.23%之间。不同MGWAS共定位的SNP位点有5个。位点7＿178103602在周口和综合环境利用mrMLM(multi-locusrandom-SNP-effectmixedlinea...     

酿造高粱新杂交种吉杂98的选育

1选育过程吉杂98是吉林省农业科学院以4190A为母本,以自选恢复系吉R123为父本,于1999年组配而成。4190A是从(1105B×麦辽B)×TAM428B的后代选系转育成的不育系;吉R123是1991年用复交品系319-4与稳定恢复系吉R132杂交,从后代中精心选择出的大穗、中秆、株型好、配合力高的恢复系。该杂交种2000-2001年在吉林省农科院高粱育种圃进行产量比较和杂种观察,2002-2003年参加吉林省高粱中晚熟组区域试验,2003-2004年参加全省高粱中晚熟组生产试验,同年进行抗病鉴定和品质分析;2005年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该杂交种属中晚熟、高…     

不同分析方法在黑龙江省玉米联合体 试验中的应用及比较分析

为了给综合评价玉米新品种(系)提供依据和方法,本试验采用方差分析法、灰色关联度法、DTOPSIS法和同异分析法对2019年黑龙江省玉米联合体试验的15个品种(系)进行综合分析评价、优劣排序,并对4种分析方法进行了比较研究。结果表明:方差分析法与灰色关联度法和同异分析法的秩相关系数分别为0.829和0.661,相关达极显著水平,与DTOPSIS法显著相关(0.557),说明4种分析方法都能反映玉米品种的优劣表现;方差分析法较其他3种综合分析方法,分析产量单一性状,综合能力差;在离散程度越大说明分析方法越准确的区分度检验中,区分度由大到小依次为DTOPSIS法(0.6371)、灰色关联度法(0.2838)、同异分析法(0.2152)、方差分析法(0.0579),由此可以看出本试验条件下DTOPSIS法综合评价效果更适合用来评价玉米新品种。     

高淀粉高粱杂交种吉杂127的选育

<正>吉杂127是由吉林省农业科学院作物育种研究所以自选不育系吉2055A为母本、以自选恢复系吉R117为父本,于2005年组配而成。2009年12月通过国家高粱品种鉴定委员会鉴定。该杂交种产量潜力大,稳产性好,适应性广;淀粉含量高(粗淀粉含     

优质酿酒高粱新杂交种吉杂99

吉杂99是以A2型不育系TAM428为母本，以复交自选系吉R107为父本组配而成的优质酿酒高粱新杂交种。2005年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定和鉴定，该品种高产、稳产、大穗、大粒、后熟快、抗逆性强、适应性广、对光温反应不敏感。     

苗期和灌浆期干旱-复水对高粱光合特性和物质生产的影响

本研究以高粱吉杂305和吉杂127为试验材料,研究苗期和灌浆期干旱-复水过程对高粱光合特性和物质生产的影响。结果表明,在苗期和灌浆期干旱胁迫下,2个高粱品种的光合作用受到了明显的抑制,其中净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、电子传递效率（ETR）和相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）均出现了不同程度的下降,且吉杂305降幅低于吉杂127,而干旱使初始荧光（Fo）升高,且吉杂127升高幅度较大。2个时期干旱-复水后,吉杂305光合指标均有所恢复且与对照比较差异不显著,而吉杂127恢复程度有限,除苗期Pn、Ci,灌浆期Gs等指标外,其余光合指标与对照比较差异显著。经历2个时期干旱-复水导致高粱各器官的干物质量、单株子粒产量、单株生物产量和收获指数降低,吉杂127各产量指标的降幅均高于吉杂305,抗旱指数较低。     

基于主成分和SOM聚类分析的高粱品种萌发期抗旱性鉴定与分类

采用人工气候箱内培养皿培养,PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫环境,在萌发期以80、120、150和175 g L–1PEG-6000水溶液处理31个高粱品种,旨在根据高粱品种萌发期对不同干旱胁迫程度的响应,筛选出具有抗旱能力的高粱品种并探讨高粱萌发期抗旱性鉴定的方法。通过主成分分析法(PCA)和神经网络自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析法对各高粱品种进行抗旱性综合分析与评定。PCA结果表明,相对芽长、相对根长和相对萌发抗旱指数载荷量最大,将其作为萌发期高粱抗旱性筛选的主要评价指标,并对31个高粱品种抗旱性排序。通过SOM聚类分析将31个高粱品种按抗旱性强弱分为5类,吉杂305等4个品种为高度抗旱品种,HL5等4个品种为抗旱品种,辽杂10号等8个品种为中等抗旱品种,锦杂103等7个品种为干旱敏感品种,锦杂93等8个品种为高度干旱敏感品种。研究认为,相对芽长、相对根长和相对萌发抗旱指数等可以作为高粱品种抗旱性鉴定的重要指标;SOM聚类分析可作为品种抗旱性分类的重要方法。     

A3 CMS在甜高粱育种中的可行性研究

以5个高粱不育系、6个甜高梁杂交种和甜格雷兹为材料,通过对茎秆含糖量和鲜重的测定分析,研究利用A3CMS选育不育化甜高粱杂交种的可行性。结果表明：同核异质不育系在茎秆含糖量方面差异不显著,同核异质杂交种在茎秆产量上差异不显著,但茎秆含糖量差异显著,A3杂交种的含糖量明显优于A1杂交种。认为,利用A3CMS选育不育化甜高粱杂交种是可行的。     

Genetic analysis of threshability in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

The ease with which seeds are detached from panicles is one of the early domestication traits. Genotypes with sticky panicles are hard to thresh, and whenever threshed, the grain tends to remain attached to the glume which reduces market value and processability. This study was conducted to determine the genetic mechanisms underlying the threshability trait in sorghum. Four seed parents and eleven pollinators differing for threshability were intercrossed in Design II mating scheme and the resulting hybrids and the parents were grown in four environments. Threshability was estimated as the ratio of seed yield to panicle weight (TW) and proportion of seeds without sticky glumes (TG). Variation was significant among the entries, inbreds and hybrids with GCA for TG and TW varying markedly. Mean TG for inbred and hybrids of low threshable genotypes was not markedly different indicating that threshability trait is under the control of additive genes with dominant or partially dominant effects. Segregation analysis indicates that the TG trait may be under the control of few major genes with approximately one to three loci affecting the trait.     

高粱种子对萌发温度的响应分析与耐低温萌发能力鉴定

萌发期的低温是限制种子萌发的一个重要非生物胁迫因子,高粱种子耐低温萌发能力是保证高粱出苗整齐、建立良好群体的基础,因此研究高粱品种对不同萌发温度的响应特征具有重要的理论和应用价值。本试验用来源于不同地区的30份高粱品种,在25℃、20℃、16℃和12℃人工气候箱中进行萌发试验,测定不同温度下高粱品种的发芽势、发芽率、芽长、根长、芽重、根重等萌发指标,分析不同高粱品种的萌发差异;通过主成分分析和聚类分析,对不同高粱品种萌发期耐低温特性鉴定和分类,结果表明,随着萌发温度的降低,高粱芽和根的生长均受到抑制,但根与芽的重量和长度比均增加,说明萌发过程中芽比根对低温更加敏感。30个高粱品种的6个萌发指标相对值之间存在一定相关性。主成分分析表明,相对芽长、相对根长和相对发芽率分别在3个主成分中载荷较大,可作为高粱萌发期耐低温的主要鉴定指标。30个高粱品种按萌发期耐低温能力可分为四大类,辽粘3号极不耐低温,济粱1号等18个品种对低温敏感,冀酿1号等5个品种对低温不敏感,赤杂101等6个品种对萌发期低温具有较强的耐性。     

Compensation in grain weight and volume in sorghum is associated with expression of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the inheritance of resistance to sorghum midge and compensation in grain weight and volume in panicles of sorghum hybrids and their parents under uniform infestation (40 midges per panicle for two consecutive days). Sorghum midge damage ranged from 8.2 to 82.4% in the maintainer lines (B-lines) of the females parents (A-lines), and 9.0 to 67% in the male parents (restorer lines). Hybrids involving resistant × resistant parents were highly resistant, while those involving resistant ×susceptible and susceptible × resistant parents showed moderate susceptibility. Susceptible × susceptible hybrids were susceptible. Compensation in (percentage increase) grain weight and volume in midge-infested panicles of midge-resistant parents and their F₁ hybrids was greater than in midge-susceptible parents and hybrids. General combining ability effects for midge damage, and grain weight and volume were significant and negative for the midge-resistant females (ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020), whereas those for the midge-susceptible females (ICSA 42 and 296A) were significant and positive. However, the reverse was true in case of compensation in grain weight and volume. Inheritance of compensation in grain weight and volume and resistance to sorghum midge is controlled by quantitative gene action with some cytoplasmic effects. Resistance is needed in both parents to realize full potential of midge-resistant hybrids. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of Drought Tolerance of Maize,Sweet Sorghum and Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids

In drought‐prone environments, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids are considered worthy alternatives to maize for biogas production. The biomass productivity of the three crops was compared by growing them side‐by‐side in a rain‐out shelter under different levels of plant available soil water (PASW) during the growing periods of 2008 to 2010 at Braunschweig, Germany. All crops were established under high levels of soil water. Thereafter, the crops either remained at the wet level (60–80 % PASW) or were subjected to moderate (40–50 % PASW) and severe drought stress (15–25 % PASW). While the above‐ground dry weight (ADW) of sweet sorghum and maize was insignificantly different under well‐watered conditions, sweet sorghum under severe drought stress produced 27 % more ADW than maize. The ADW of sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids significantly lagged behind sweet sorghum at all levels of water supply. The three crops differed markedly in their susceptibility to water shortage. Severe drought stress reduced the ADW of maize by 51 %, but only by 37 % for sweet sorghum and 35 % for sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids. The post‐harvest root dry weight (RDW) in the 0–100 cm soil layer for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids averaged 4.4, 6.1 and 2.9 t ha^?1 under wet and 1.9, 5.7 and 2.4 t ha^?1 under severe drought stress. Under these most dry conditions, the sorghum crops had relatively higher RDW and root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layers than maize. The subsoil RDW proportion (20–100 vs. 0–20 cm) for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids amounted to 6 %, 10 % and 20 %. The higher ADM of sweet sorghum compared with maize under dry conditions is most likely attributable to the deep root penetration and high proportion of roots in the subsoil, which confers the sorghum crop a high water uptake capacity.     

不同高粱品种萌发期抗旱性筛选与鉴定

萌发期是高粱表现抗旱性的关键阶段之一。选用54份高粱品种(组合)为供试材料,采用人工气候箱培养,以水势为–0.4MPa的PEG-6000水溶液模拟干旱胁迫环境,萌发10 d后测定发芽势、发芽率、萌发抗旱指数等8个萌发性状。基于主成分分析的综合因子得分函数能够对萌发期高粱品种的抗旱性综合评定,各品种(组合)综合因子得分(Y值)经聚类分析后,将54份高粱品种(组合)按萌发期抗旱性的强弱分为四大类,13218A×20982R是一个抗旱性极强的杂交组合,吉杂133等13个品种(组合)为抗旱品种(组合),苏马克等23个品种为干旱敏感品种,辽杂35等17个品种为高度干旱敏感品种。萌发抗旱指数、发芽率和根长等性状可作为高粱品种萌发期抗旱性鉴定的主要指标。     

Drought tolerance in sorghum by pollen selection using osmotic stress

A pollen selection study for drought tolerance using Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) as a selective agent was conducted in sorghum. Ten genotypes of sorghum suitable for post rainy season were crossed to cytoplasmic male sterile line 104A and three genotypes to 116A producing 13 hybrids. Two sets of 13 hybrids with and without pollen selection were produced. PEG at 36 per cent was applied to stigma and stylar tissue one hour before pollination for pollen selection (selective fertilization) and no treatment for control (nonselective fertilization). Hybrids thus produced through selective and non-selective fertilization were tested in moisture stress environment during post rainy season. The hybrids obtained through selective fertilization produced significantly higher mean grain yield compared to hybrids obtained through non-selective fertilization. The results indicate that selective fertilization through in vivo pollen selection using PEG as selective agent was effective in improving moisture stress tolerance of the progeny in sorghum genotypes studied. Further, the pollen selection also had influence on plant height, panicle length, panicle width, panicle weight and grain mass. Thus,the pollen selection had a significant effect on grain yield through its components and developmentally related traits. Pollen selection for osmoticstress tolerance in sorghum influences the growth and vigour of the plants resulting in superior progeny in moisture stress environment. The analysis of individual crosses indicated that pollen genotype selection was able to favour performance of the progeny. However, the pollen selection had positive effect in majority of the hybrids and the study demonstrates the transmission of the selected trait from pollen generation to progeny. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用SSR荧光标记构建20个高粱品种指纹图谱

为建立高粱种子纯度及真实性鉴定技术体系,构建高粱栽培品种DNA指纹图谱数据库是必要的。利用SSR荧光标记技术筛选出36对SSR荧光标记引物,构建我国高粱杂种优势利用以来中晚熟区主推的20个品种的SSR指纹图谱。36对SSR引物共扩增出235个等位基因,平均每个等位基因检测到多态性位点7个,多态性位点变化范围为2~12个。20个高粱品种36个SSR位点的遗传多样性指数和多态性信息量的变化范围分别为0.3490~0.8813和0.3144~0.8696,平均值分别为0.6976和0.6571。从36对SSR引物中筛选到多态性丰富的2对引物作为高粱品种鉴定的特征引物,2对SSR特征引物组合可区分所有供试品种。20个高粱品种的SSR指纹图谱互不相同,可以作为各品种特定的图谱,为品种鉴别提供依据。