淀粉特性及其表面结合蛋白与裸燕麦籽粒硬度的关系研究

籽粒硬度可以反映麦类籽粒胚乳质地,与其碾磨性能和食用加工品质密切相关。为了探究裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)籽粒淀粉特性及其表面结合蛋白与籽粒硬度的关系。本文以5份软质和5份硬质裸燕麦种质为材料,测定总淀粉、支链和直链淀粉含量,观察淀粉粒特性和粒度,对淀粉颗粒表面结合蛋白进行质谱鉴定。结果表明:成熟籽粒中淀粉颗粒的形状有圆形、椭圆形和不规则形,淀粉粒的数量、体积和表面积均呈现单峰分布;淀粉粒大小可分为小(粒径<6μm)、中(6～40μm)和大淀粉粒(粒径>40μm),裸燕麦籽粒主要由小和中淀粉粒组成;硬度不同的裸燕麦籽粒中淀粉的粒度分布不同,软质裸燕麦小淀粉粒的数量和体积百分比高于硬质,中、大淀粉粒的数量和体积百分比低于硬质;软质裸燕麦小和中淀粉粒的表面积百分比高于硬质,大淀粉粒表面积百分比低于硬质;裸燕麦籽粒硬度与支链淀粉含量呈正相关。软质裸燕麦14 kD蛋白在淀粉颗粒表面的含量高于硬质裸燕麦,该蛋白条带经HPLC/MS共鉴定到41种蛋白,包括Vromindoline蛋白和燕麦α淀粉酶胰蛋白酶抑制剂等。综上所述,裸燕麦籽粒淀粉含量、粒度分布和淀粉表面结合蛋白均与籽粒...     

小麦籽粒硬度测定方法的研究

小麦籽粒硬度是其物理性状和品质的一项重要指标,它与籽粒的化学成分及结构有密切关系。硬度关系到小麦籽粒品质的分级,在商业,加工和营养标准中,没有任何其它特性象籽粒硬度那样被普遍应用。Simmonds等(1973)认为,淀粉和蛋白质基质间的粘着作用可以解释籽粒硬度。     

新疆不同冬小麦籽粒性状与磨粉品质研究

本研究选用新疆60个不同硬度类型冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究其籽粒特性、磨粉品质及二者的关系。结果表明:不同硬度类型冬小麦品种中,硬质小麦籽粒硬度值最高为66.64;混合型小麦千粒重和粒径最大,分别为43.37 g和3.02 mm;软质小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量最高,为16.68%。3种不同硬度类型小麦品种的籽粒硬度和面粉a值变异系数分别>10和>25。相关分析表明,混合型小麦中的籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白及软质小麦中籽粒性状与磨粉品质均关系密切。因此,在冬小麦品种籽粒和磨粉品质改良中要注重提高籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白质含量,降低灰分,同时还应改良面粉色泽。     

CIMMYT新型人工合成小麦Pina和Pinb基因等位变异

六倍体人工合成小麦由硬粒小麦（Triticum turgidum subsp. durum）与粗山羊草（Aegilops tauschii Coss.）杂交产生,是研究小麦进化过程中基因变异的重要材料。以国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）提供的57份由野生二粒小麦（T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides）与粗山羊草杂交产生的新型人工合成六倍体小麦为材料，用单籽粒特性测定仪和Pina、Pinb特异性PCR引物对其籽粒硬度变异以及控制籽粒硬度的主效基因Pina和Pinb的分布情况进行了研究。结果表明，这些材料的SKCS硬度值变异较大，从10.5到42.6，其中15~30的占78%。共有Pina-D1a、Pina-D1c、Pinb-D1h和Pinb-D1j 4种等位变异型，基因型为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1j的8个，占14%；基因型为Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h的49个，占86%。方差分析表明，基因型Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1j与Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h对籽粒硬度的影响差异不显著，但父本粗山羊草和母本野生二粒小麦以及二者间的互作对籽粒硬度有显著影响，说明除Pina和Pinb外，还有其他微效基因影响籽粒硬度的形成。     

四川圆锥小麦地方品种（兰麦）品种特性分析

分析了１６份四川圆锥小麦９Ｔ．ｔｒｕｇｉｄｕｍ）地方品种的品质特性,结果表明：籽粒粗蛋白质含量平均值为１０．６８％（变幅９．６０％－１２．９８％）赖氨酸含量平均值为０．３５％（变幅０．３２％－０．４１％）,沉淀值的平均值为９．０１ｍｌ（变幅８．０－１７．０ｍｌ）硬度平均值为１２．９秒。     

四川圆锥小麦地方品种(兰麦)品质特性分析

分析了16份四川圆锥小麦（T．turgidum）地方品种的品质特性,结果表明：籽粒粗蛋白质含量平均值为10．68％（变幅9．60％～12．98％）．赖氨酸含量平均值为0．35％（变幅0．32％～0．41％）,沉淀值的平均值为9.91ml（变幅8.0～17.0ml）．硬度平均值为12．9秒（变幅12．2～13．5秒）。16份圆锥小麦的粗蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量和沉淀值都很低,是优质糕点、饼干等专用小麦育种的优良亲本材料。     

播量、行距对裸燕麦籽粒品质的影响

以裸燕麦青引3号莜麦(Avena nudaL.cv.QingyinNo.3)为材料,研究了播量和行距对籽粒产量及籽粒品质的影响.结果表明,播量和行距对籽粒产量、β-葡聚糖含量,也对籽粒粗蛋白和粗脂肪及β-葡聚糖产量均有显著的影响.播量和行距也对裸燕麦籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量有影响.在播量120kg/hm2和行距20 cm处理下,裸燕麦籽粒、粗蛋白和粗脂肪及β-葡聚糖产量均达最高值.裸燕麦籽粒粗蛋白质Yp(kg/hm2)和粗脂肪Ye(kg/hm2)及β-葡聚糖产量Y(kg/hm2)可用其与N(kg/hm2)和P(P2O5,kg/hm2)肥间的二元二次回归方程估测.     

稻谷籽粒压缩特性的实验研究

研究了含水率对稻谷籽粒压缩特性的影响,通过Brookfield质构仪对不同含水率的稻谷籽粒(含水率10.63%、12.25%、13.71%、15.18%、16.53%w.b)在Z轴(短轴)上的压缩特性进行测定,得出含水率对稻谷压缩特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:随着压缩形变的增加,稻谷籽粒受到的压力逐渐增加,当到达破裂点时达到最大值,随之急剧减小。随着含水率的增加,稻谷籽粒的压缩最大破坏力、最大破坏能、表观接触弹性模量逐渐减小,压缩最大破坏应变逐渐增加。     

中国冬播小麦品种淀粉特性的遗传变异分析

研究淀粉特性的遗传变异有助于小麦面条品质的改良。分析了260份国内冬播小麦品种（系）和5份澳大利亚优质面条小麦品种的Waxy蛋白亚基组成和淀粉特性的遗传变异及其与籽粒硬度的关系。结果表明,除峰值时间外,国内小麦品种（系）的籽粒硬度和淀粉特性等性状都表现出较大的变异,籽粒硬度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度和稀澥值等性状     

中国黄淮麦区小麦籽粒硬度Puroindoline基因等位变异检测

籽粒硬度是小麦品质性状改良的重要目标之一,研究黄淮麦区核心种质资源小麦籽粒硬度基因型分布规律,能够为中国小麦品质改良和种质资源利用提供信息。以来自中国黄淮麦区的244份小麦核心种质为材料,采用单籽粒谷物特性测试仪和特异引物的PCR扩增对其SKCS硬度及其基因型进行鉴定。结果表明,黄淮麦区小麦核心种质资源以硬质类型为主,占总参试材料的56.6%,其硬质麦基因型共有Pina-D1b、Pina-D1r、Pina-D1s、Pina-D1l、Pinb-D1b、Pinb-D1p、Pinb-D1ac、Pinb-D1e、Pinb-D1t和Pinb-D1u共10种单倍型,其分布比例分别为2.1%、5.3%、4.5%、0.8%、25.8%、15.7%、0.4%、0.4%、0.8%和0.8%。可以看出,Pinb-D1p在参试材料硬质麦中占据主导地位,PINA蛋白缺失类型也有广泛的分布。不同来源小麦品种籽粒硬度基因型分布表明,山西、河南、云南和新疆小麦品种籽粒硬度基因型较为丰富。不同类型小麦品种籽粒硬度基因型分布表明,农家种小麦籽粒硬度基因型更为丰富。在各Puroindoline变异类型中,拥有PINA-null类型的小麦品种SKCS籽粒硬度显著高于拥有Pinb-D1b和Pinb-D1p类型的小麦品种。本项研究表明黄淮麦区核心种质资源具有丰富的籽粒硬度主效基因变异类型,结合先前研究中认为的PINA-null类型的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质均劣于Pinb-D1b类型,但拥有相对较好的印度薄饼加工品质,因此品质育种过程中可依据育种目标有选择的利用黄淮麦区小麦核心种质资源。     

Effect of temperature on the expression of the naked grain character in oats

Summary The effect of temperature on the expression of the naked grain character in oats was studied in a growth room experiment which compared eight naked oat genotypes grown at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C. Expression of grain nakedness and temperature level were positively associated and a genotype x temperature interaction was shown.     

不同施氮量对裸燕麦产量品质及叶面硒肥效率的影响

为研究N肥对于裸燕麦产量和品质及硒吸收的影响,从而为冀北坝上裸燕麦高产优质富硒栽培技术提供一定的理论指导。以裸燕麦品种‘坝莜1号’为试验材料,分别在三叶期和拔节期施6个不同量的尿素,并且所有处理在三叶期和拔节期2 个时期、抽穗期和成熟前10 天2 个时期分别喷施相同量的2个型号硒肥。成熟期田间取样,室内测定裸燕麦的经济性状、产量构成、子实产量和生物产量。采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定籽粒粗蛋白含量;采用索氏提取法测定籽粒粗脂肪含量;利用酸水解法测定籽粒粗淀粉含量;利用原子荧光光度计测定籽粒硒含量。随着施N量的增加,裸燕麦的生育期有逐渐延长的趋势,裸燕麦的小穗数、穗粒重、穗数、穗粒数、籽实产量和生物产量以及籽实粗蛋白含量都有先增加后降低的趋势。施N肥增加了裸燕麦对硒肥的吸收,两年均是在三叶期施尿素210 kg/hm2拔节期施尿素240 kg/hm2时籽粒硒含量最高;N肥对于裸燕麦的穗长、粗淀粉、粗脂肪含量没有显著影响(P＞0.05);两年对于裸燕麦的株高和千粒重影响不同,2013 年不同处理对于裸燕麦的株高和千粒重影响都不显著,而2014年有增加的作用。     

Grain color stability and classification of hard white wheat in the U.S.

Variability in grain color of hard white wheat was investigated incultivars grown over two years in Nebraska and Kansas and related tovariation observed in grain hardness, kernel weight, kernel size, and proteincontent and to color of ground meal and flour. Grain color was scoredsubjectively, through visual evaluation, and objectively through use of acolorimeter. Of the 543 hard white wheat samples examined byUSDA-GIPSA grain inspectors, 15.5% were scored as visually darker thanthe 1990 grain color standard established as a minimum for hard whitewheat classification. The remaining samples were scored as having graincolor essentially equal (28.2%), or visually `whiter' (56.4%), than thecolor standard. Distributions of colorimeter L, a, and b values suggest thatthe colorimeter had difficulty in capturing the subtleties of visual ratings.There were significant decreases in kernel hardness and grain proteincontent among samples that scored visually `whiter' than the colorstandard. Grain color, measured either visually or by colorimeter, was nota reliable indicator of either ground meal color or flour color. As such, itmay provide little indication of grain quality, end-product color, orprocessing value to the milling and baking industries.     

两种灌溉方式下保水剂用量对裸燕麦产量和品质的影响

保水剂和滴灌是两种节水措施,在小麦、玉米和番茄上广泛应用。燕麦是一种对水分敏感的作物,籽粒产量和品质受水分影响较大,目前这方面研究较少。本文在大田条件下,采用裂区设计,研究了传统灌溉和滴灌两种灌溉方式下4个保水剂用量(0、30、60和90 kg hm^-2)对裸燕麦白燕8号籽粒产量、籽粒品质、籽粒矿质元素含量和饲草品质的影响。结果表明,传统灌溉处理的籽粒产量比滴灌处理高14.78 %,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和β-葡聚糖含量比滴灌处理分别降低1.22%、2.73%和3.36%,差异显著(P < 0.05)。滴灌处理下籽粒中钙、镁、钾、锌、铁含量均显著高于传统灌溉,锰含量差异不显著。滴灌处理的相对饲用价值为122.38%~135.67%,显著高于传统灌溉(118.75%~134.44%)。保水剂用量对裸燕麦籽粒产量有显著影响,滴灌条件下施用保水剂比不施保水剂增产2.95%~12.14%,传统灌溉条件下施用保水剂比不施保水剂增产1.1%~5.0%。60 kg hm^-2保水剂有利于裸燕麦大多数品质性状的提高,以及矿质元素的吸收利用。     

Variation at glutenin subunit loci,single kernel characterization and evaluation of grain protein in East African bread wheat varieties

Wheat breeding programs worldwide aim at developing cultivars that meet end user quality attributes demanded by producers, processors, and consumers. Selecting from breeding populations created from well characterized parental germplasm provides the best opportunity of identifying cultivars that combine the best alleles and grain phenotypes for the desired technological applications. In this study, 216 bread wheat lines associated with Ethiopian and Kenyan breeding programs including a few founder lines were profiled for high molecular weight glutenin subunits and low molecular weight glutenin subunits by SDS-PAGE. Additionally, total crude protein, relative puroindoline content by SDS-PAGE, kernel diameter, kernel weight and kernel hardness by SKCS were determined. Extensive allelic variation at the glutenin subunit loci was found, with Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 having highest diversity across subpopulations. Relative to wild type cultivar ‘Alpowa-1-soft’, the founder line BW21 had the lowest puroindoline content. The frequencies of soft and very soft wheat classes were lowest in the Ethiopian subpopulation and highest among the Kenyan lines. Accordingly, 12 lines considered to have optimal combinations of glutenin subunit alleles and kernel characteristics were highlighted and recommended for cultivar improvement.     

裸燕麦核心种质的抗氧化特性

为了解裸燕麦种质资源的抗氧化特性及其抗氧化作用的物质基础,选用和检测了120份国内外裸燕麦种质。其DPPH清除能力及总酚、生物碱和β-葡聚糖含量的变幅分别为4.34~179.98 mg L^-1、250.99~807.88 mg kg^-1、25.21~347.55 mg kg^-1和0.59%~9.69%,表现出明显的基因型差异,不同来源地和不同种质类型裸燕麦的抗氧化能力和生物碱含量差异较大。采用K-mean cluster快速聚类法将其聚为6大类群,分别由20、39、2、22、12和25份种质组成。燕麦籽粒抗氧化能力与其总酚、生物碱含量呈极显著(P＜0.01)正相关,但与β-葡聚糖含量无显著相关性。表明裸燕麦抗氧化能力与其籽粒中所含的总酚和生物碱类物质密切相关。本研究还筛选出一批高抗氧化的燕麦种质资源,有望用于高抗氧化性燕麦品种的培育。     

CIMMYT普通小麦籽粒硬度等位变异的检测

籽粒硬度主要由5D染色体短臂的一对主效基因Ha控制,研究籽粒硬度等位变异有助于提高小麦的磨粉和食品加工品质。本试验对国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的138份历史品种和代表性高代品系的硬度基因型进行了研究。在用SDS-PAGE鉴定Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a时,用10%甘油代替水配制分离胶,用PDA代替甲叉配制分离胶和浓缩胶,增强了PINA和PINB两种蛋白带型的分辨率。结果表明,与其他国家硬质麦中Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型偏多的特点明显不同,CIMMYT硬质小麦中puroindoline a（PINA）蛋白缺失类型（或称Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）较多,为118个,占85.5%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a（野生型）为11个,占8.0%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型有9个,占6.5%。其中,PINA缺失对小麦籽粒硬度的影响最大,与其他2种基因型硬度值之间差异达5%显著水平。先前研究结果表明,PINA蛋白缺失类型的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质均劣于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,因此,建议CIMMYT多引进一些其他硬度变异类型的小麦种质,如Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型等,以改善其硬度基因型过度单一的局面,从而减少PINA蛋白缺失带来的不利影响。同时,也提醒我国以其他用途如抗病、抗旱等为目的,引种CIMMYT小麦时,还应充分考虑PINA蛋白缺失对磨粉和加工品质的不利影响,以更合理引进和有效利用CIMMYT种质资源。     

Leaf Area Duration of Oat at High Latitudes

Contribution of leaf area duration (LAD) to grain yield during the short growing season characteristic of northern latitudes may differ from the marked impact it has at lower latitudes. Three experiments (exps) were carried out at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60° 13′N) to compare associations between main shoot and tiller LAD with grain yield, yield components and morpho-physiological traits characterizing plant stand structure. This was done using correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) for data from trials conducted during 1993–1995. Exp I included three N fertilizer rates (80, 120, 160 kg N ha^?1), three seeding rates (250, 500, and 750 seeds m^?2), and tall, moderate, semi-dwarf, and dwarf oat lines. Exp II incorporated two N fertilizer rates (80 and 120 kg ha^?1), three seeding rates (400, 600, and 800 seeds m^?2), and naked and hulled oat lines, and exp III, foliar applications of plant growth regulators [control, chlormequat chloride (CCC), and ethephon], and dwarf, naked, and conventional oat lines. LAD for main shoots and tillers [calculated as ∫ LAI d T, where T is cumulated degree days from seedling emergence to yellow ripening (dd °C)] and 12 morpho-physiological traits were measured. Oat was not able to benefit from high main shoot LAD if drought occurred at grain-fill, but in the absence of severe drought or if it occurred at pre-anthesis, high LAD favoured yield formation. Tiller LAD had a negative impact, if any, on grain yield in cases of an inverse relationship between tiller LAD and yield components on main shoots was recorded. Use of low seeding rates resulted in improved ability of total LAD to contribute to dry-matter production, but was not associated with grain yield. Low seeding rates enhanced formation of high tiller LAD, which was not able to compensate for grain yield reduction caused by fewer main shoots. Foliar application of CCC and ethephon tended to increase the proportion of LAD production by tillers at the expense of grain yield, which can be attributed to lower post-anthesis precipitation. Oat types differed in main shoot and tiller LAD. Disadvantageous characteristics of naked oat, such as low single groat weight, were not associated with insufficient main shoot LAD. High tiller LAD in naked lines and the Minnesota-adapted dwarf line that was not associated with high tiller grain yield in naked lines, in particular, indicates that tiller growth was enhanced at the expense of grain yield production. Application of N fertilizer at various rates did not have any effect on LAD.     

裸燕麦种质资源AFLP标记遗传多样性分析

用20对AFLP引物组合对281份栽培裸燕麦(Avena nuda)进行遗传多样性分析,共得到1137条带,其中260条为多态性带,引物的平均多态性百分率为22.96%,平均多样性信息指数(PIC)为0.0326.以地理来源分组,不同来源的组群Simpson指数在1.235～1.495之间,Shannon指数范围为0.1558～0.4437,组群内变异贡献率为83.45%,组群间变异占16.55%.组群大小与多态性位点数、组群内变异贡献率、Simpson指数及Shannon指数显著相关.内蒙古和山西资源多样性丰富,东北地区资源独特,西部地区资源遗传结构单一,东欧组群与中国内蒙古组群遗传关系最近.国内组群的遗传多样性水平高于国外组群.地方品种与育成品种相比,组群内变异贡献率较高.建议在遗传多样性丰富地区进一步收集裸燕麦资源,并加强对材料少、代表性较差的地区,如中国西北和西南地区的裸燕麦地方品种的收集,以丰富我国的裸燕麦基因源.