以珍汕97B和9311为背景的导入系构建及其筛选鉴定

以我国主要推广的优良杂交稻亲本（珍汕97B和9311）为受体亲本,以从国际合作网络所征集的品种资源150多份为供体材料,进行了大规模杂交、3-4次回交,1～2次自交,培育珍汕97B和9311为背景的近等基因导入系近5000多份。通过对导入系材料进行品质、耐盐、耐旱、磷高效、氮高效利用等性状的筛选鉴定,获得了大量目标性状的导入系。通过对品质性状导入系的基因型分析,定位了影响粒型的15个染色体区段（或基因）。同时,构建了一套来源于粳稻日本晴的单片段导入系群体。创建的近等基因导入系（群体）为目标基因的发掘、新品种的培育提供重要的材料基础。     

水稻籼型不育系萌发期和幼苗期的耐盐性评价

为了鉴定水稻籼型不育系在不同生育阶段的耐盐性,筛选出适合耐盐杂交水稻新组合测配的强耐盐不育系,笔者分别在萌发期、幼苗期对8个水稻籼型不育系进行耐盐性鉴定,以耐盐品种FL478、盐敏感品种IR29为对照。结果显示：盐胁迫对水稻种子的萌发起到抑制作用,抑制效应随盐浓度的提高而增强,10 g/L NaCl浓度胁迫能较好反映水稻不育系萌发期耐盐性的差异。‘沪旱7A’、Y58S在萌发期的耐盐性最好,与FL478均属于1级,具极强的耐盐性;‘荃9311A’的盐害级别为3级,具强耐盐性。盐胁迫对水稻幼苗的生长也起到明显的抑制作用,8 g/L NaCl浓度胁迫下的枯叶率性状能较好反映水稻不育系幼苗期耐盐性的差异,‘沪旱11A’与耐盐对照FL478耐盐性相仿。     

棉花导入系耐盐性鉴定及耐盐基因QTL定位

【目的】筛选棉花耐盐、抗盐种质。【方法】以148份陆地棉背景的海岛棉染色体片断导入系为研究对象,利用苗期植株相对生长量进行耐盐性鉴定。【结果】148个导入系材料的平均盐害系数为61.22%,耐盐性差异较大;以2个亲本的盐害系数为界线,将盐害系数分成3组,盐害系数0~29.35%的占23.65%,29.35%~71.70%的占39.19%,71.70%~100%的占37.16%。【结论】通过对耐盐性状的QTL(Quantitative trait locus)定位,检测到了23个耐盐相关的QTL,其中12个耐盐QTL分布在A05、A12、D05和D11染色体上,说明从陆地棉背景的海岛棉染色体片段导入系中进行耐盐材料筛选是可行的,对特定染色体的筛选会具有更高的效率。     

利用水稻回交群体定位氯酸钾抗性基因

氯酸钾抗性是区分籼粳分化的指标之一。本研究以珍汕97（ZS97）和日本晴（Nipponbare）所构建的回交群体BC4F2为材料，用2‰浓度的氯酸钾溶液对芽长约5mm的幼芽持续处理24h后，根据其发芽数和具次生根苗数筛选获得6份对氯酸钾抗性的导入系，用BC5F1进一步验证发现其中3份株系存在抗性分离。这3份株系平均含有两个外源导入片段，背景回复率平均为95．4％。结果表明，在水稻第1、6、11、12染色体上存在4个氯酸钾抗性基因。     

从回交导入群体中筛选耐盐和抗旱水稻植株

盐害和干旱已经成为水稻产量的限制因子。培育耐盐和抗旱水稻品种的前提是高效筛选携带耐盐和抗旱基因的单株。本研究以黄华占为轮回亲本,来源于不同国家的46个品种为供体培育的BC2F2群体为材料,进行苗期耐盐和生殖生长期抗旱筛选。尽管供体和受体本身不具备耐盐性和抗旱性,但导入后代普遍出现耐盐和抗旱的超亲分离,表明供体品种普遍存在提高导入后代耐盐和抗旱的有利"隐蔽基因"。与耐盐性表现相比,导入后代出现抗旱株的组合数和每个群体中筛选出的抗旱株数均显著多于耐盐性,表明抗旱"隐蔽基因"更广泛分布在不同籼粳水稻品种中,而且抗旱性可能比耐盐性具有更广泛的适应机制。研究表明,培育回交导入系加以适当的选择压是发掘耐盐和抗旱"隐蔽基因"的有效方法。     

大豆耐盐性遗传的研究

利用耐盐品种与盐敏感品种配制杂交组合，根据后代耐盐性的分离表现，研究大豆耐盐性的遗传方式。耐盐×耐盐组合F1、F2及F3代仍表现耐盐；敏感×敏感组合F1、F2及F3代均表现对盐敏感；耐盐×敏感及其反交组合，F1代表现耐盐，F2代耐盐和敏感植株分离比率为3∶1。F2代耐盐株衍生的F3代品系中，纯合耐盐株系和耐盐性分离株系的     

恢复系752近等基因导入系构建与初步利用研究

利用国际水稻所提供的127份核心种质资源作为供体亲本,与我所育成的籼型优良恢复系752为受体亲本作杂交与回交,构建了3300份近等基因导入系。初步研究结果表明,在近等基因导入系中可以筛选到许多有利基因如抗稻瘟病、耐低氮、耐低磷和耐旱性等;且其中95％的导入系对野败籼型不育系具有良好的恢复能力,表现出较强的杂种优势。因此,利用核心种质资源改良当地的优良亲本,可以培育出符合生产目标的水稻优良新品种。     

外源AsA对盐胁迫下水稻叶绿体活性氧清除系统的影响

研究了外源AsA对盐胁迫下不同耐盐性水稻品种Pokkali（耐盐）和Peta（盐敏感）叶绿体中活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫下,外源AsA能提高不同耐盐性水稻品种叶绿体中SOD、APX、GR活性,增加叶绿体内AsA和GSH含量,减少H2O2和MDA含量,提高叶绿体中活性氧的清除能力。在盐胁迫或同时加入AsA条件下耐盐品种Pokkali叶绿     

玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性鉴定

为了完善玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性的鉴定评价标准,筛选耐盐性强的玉米种质资源,解析玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性遗传机制,为玉米萌发期耐盐性育种提供理论依据和技术支撑。对390份玉米自交系耐盐性相关的10个生理指标进行测定,利用主成分分析确定为5个综合指标,即7d发芽率、芽干重、芽鲜重、根干重和根长,可作为玉米萌发期耐盐性鉴定指标。根据隶属函数分析确定各材料的耐盐综合评价指数,并通过聚类分析将材料萌发期耐盐性分为6个等级,其中高度盐敏感型材料298份,中度盐敏感型材料49份,盐敏感型材料27份,耐盐型材料9份,中度耐盐型材料5份,高度耐盐型材料2份。     

水稻耐盐基因遗传及耐盐育种研究

水稻是一种对盐浓度中度敏感的作物,耐盐性状是受多基因控制的数量性状,易受环境条件等影响,目前定位的耐盐QTL主要为苗期耐盐相关的,其中以第1、2、6和7染色体上居多.耐盐品种的选育方法主要为系统选育法,将杂交选育和胁迫组织培养、转基因等生物技术相结合,选育耐盐性强且品质优良的品种.本文阐述了国内外开展的关于水稻耐盐基因遗传及耐盐育种研究动态,并对今后耐盐育种的工作提出了展望.     

NMR Techniques Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Tools to Analyse Oryza sativa Metabolic Content under Stress Conditions

Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and its growth is influenced by several environmental stresses, such as drought and high salinity. In our study, we first investigated the metabolic profile in shoots and roots of two rice cultivars (Arborio and Nipponbare) through ¹H-high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Drought and salt stress experiments on shoot and root growth showed Arborio seedlings to be more sensitive than those of Nipponbare to these abiotic stresses. Moreover, the metabolic content of the same samples was analysed by liquid-state NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis highlighted a significant accumulation of amino acids and sugars in shoots and roots under stress conditions and the existence of clear differences between the two analysed rice cultivars. In particular, Arborio seedlings accumulated a higher concentration of amino acids and sugars than Nipponbare seedlings. Furthermore, we also obtained preliminary data about metabolic changes in rice following infection with the fungus Magnaporthe grisea . This study proves that NMR technique coupled with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful tool to assess a possible correlation between differences in metabolic profile and in tolerance/sensitivity phenotype in rice cultivars.     

水稻资源全生育期耐盐性鉴定筛选

对来自国内外不同地区的550份水稻资源进行全生育期耐盐性鉴定。设置淡水、0.3%和0.5%盐溶液浇灌3个处理,插秧10d后,通过浇灌不同体积的淡水与海水调至设计浓度对水稻进行不同浓度的盐胁迫处理。分别调查了淡水及0.3%盐处理下水稻株高、有效分蘖数、主穗长度、主穗结实率、单株产量、抽穗期6项农艺性状和0.5%盐处理下的水稻耐盐表型。与淡水浇灌相比,全生育期在0.3%盐溶液处理下,550份水稻(100%)株高显著降低;124份(22.55%)水稻有效分蘖数(90份增加, 34份减少)、414份(75.27%)水稻主穗长度(405份变短、9份增长)、145份(26.36%)水稻主穗结实率(84份减少, 61份增加)、375份(68.18%)水稻单株产量(343份减少, 32份增加)存在(极)显著差异;水稻资源的抽穗期无显著差异。主成分分析表明,主穗结实率、有效分蘖数及单株产量3项性状累计贡献77.25%的变异。根据产量耐盐系数筛选了121份耐盐水稻资源(产量耐盐系数≥0.8),在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后,筛选了78份耐盐水稻资源(耐盐表型为3级),其中25份水稻资源全生育期在0.3%盐处理下单株产量耐盐系数≥0.8,在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后的耐盐表型为3级。筛选的耐盐水稻资源为培育耐盐新品种及深入研究耐盐机制提供材料。     

Quantitative trait loci controlling rice seed germination under salt stress

Salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the seed germination stage is one of the major determinants for the stable stand establishment in salinity soil. One population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F_2:9), derived from a cross between a japonica rice landrace tolerant to salt stress and a sensitive indica rice variety, was used to determine the germination traits including imbibition rate and germination percentage under control (water) and salt stress (100 mM NaCl) for 10 days at 30 °C. The multiple interval mapping (MIM) were applied to conduct QTL for the traits. The results showed that seed germination was a quantitative trait controlled by several genes, and strongly affected by salt stress. A total of 16 QTLs were detected in this study, and each QTL could explain 4.6–43.7% of the total phenotypic variance. The expression of these QTLs might be developmentally regulated and growth stage-specific. In addition, only one digenic interaction was detected under salt stress, showing small effect on germination percentage with R² 2.7%. Among sixteen QTLs detected in this study, four were major QTLs with R² > 30%, and some novel alleles of salt tolerance genes in rice. The results demonstrated that the japonica rice Jiucaiqing is a good source of gene(s) for salt tolerance and the major or minor QTLs identified could be used to improve the salt tolerance by marker-assisted selection (MAS) in rice.     

OsWD40过表达水稻根系响应盐胁迫的转录组分析

盐胁迫是影响水稻产量的主要因素之一,开展水稻耐盐机制的研究十分必要。为了揭示OsWD40基因参与耐盐的分子机制,以日本晴和OsWD40过表达水稻株系为材料,用浓度为200mmol/L的NaCl分别处理0、12、24和48h,对其根系进行转录组测序分析。结果显示,比较日本晴和OsWD40过表达株系在盐胁迫相同时间（ST0与NT0、ST12与NT12、ST24与NT24、ST48与NT48）的基因表达量,分别检测到1950、1646、3499和1522个差异表达基因。其中,盐胁迫处理24h的差异表达基因多于0、12和48h处理。对4个比较组的差异表达基因分别进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG代谢通路分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在盐胁迫响应、脱落酸响应和转录调控等GO条目中,富集的重要代谢通路主要是植物激素信号转导,植物MAPK信号传导途径和苯丙烷生物合成、类黄酮生物合成相关的次生代谢途径等。同时,转录因子家族基因,如WRKY、MYB和bHLH等,在各比较组中呈现差异表达。由此推测,苯丙烷生物合成和类黄酮生物合成等植物次生代谢途径在OsWD40过表达水稻根系响应盐胁迫中发挥着重要作用,而且OsWD40可能介导响应脱落酸的基因转录调控,激活下游盐胁迫相关基因的表达。     

水稻染色体片段代换系对氮、磷胁迫反应差异及其QTL分析

利用来源于9311(籼稻)与日本晴(粳稻)杂交后代衍生的遗传背景为9311的染色体片段代换系群体,分析其在大田正常、低氮和低磷条件下的单株有效穗和单株产量的差异。结果表明,低磷、低氮胁迫对单株有效穗和单株产量影响较大。代换系对低磷和低氮的反应存在明显差异。在低氮(磷)水平下共检测到26个单株有效穗和单株产量片段或QTL,以及12个相对单株有效穗和相对单株产量QTL。源于日本晴的等位基因均呈减效作用。低磷和低氮下共同检测到5个导入片段影响单株有效穗或单株产量。而大部分(约81%)QTL只在单胁迫处理下被检测到。表明水稻对磷胁迫和氮胁迫的反应既存在不同的遗传基础,也存在共同的遗传机制。     

Carbon isotope discrimination: potential for screening salinity tolerance in rice at the seedling stage using hydroponics

Rice is a moderately salt‐sensitive crop species and soil salinity is the single most widespread soil toxicity problem lacing rice production. The quantification of salinity resistance poses serious problems in the field because of climatic factors and field heterogeneity. In the present study. rice germplasm obtained from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Philippines, was screened in a naturally lit (11 h daylight) glasshouse‐based hydroponics unit at two salinity levels (4 and 6 dS/m), Phenotypic performance based on survival of tolerant, moderately tolerant and susceptible isogenic lines along with tolerant and susceptible parents was evaluated after 10 and 13 days of salt stress. Plants were harvested after second scoring and carbon isotope discrimination in the leaves (A) was measured. δ¹ ranged from 19.5 to 22.9%, A highly significant negative correlation (r =?0.95. P < 0.001) between δ and visual scoring was observed. Data indicated the potential of using δ as a physiological indicator for salinity tolerance in rice seedlings grown in hydroponics.     

Identification of new QTL for salt tolerance from rice variety Pokkali

Salt stress is an ever-present threat to rice production worldwide. Rice salinity tolerance is complex, both genetically and physiologically. The success and effectiveness in selecting salt-tolerant rice variety require the identification of QTL for the tolerance and closely linked molecular markers. In the present study, a RIL population consisting of 148 lines, derived from a cross between IR29 (salt-sensitive) and Pokkali (salt-tolerant), was used to identify new QTL for salt tolerance and investigate the relationships between salt stress caused injury and the changes in different physiological and morphological traits at the seedling stage. 14,470 high-quality SNP markers generated by the Rice 56K SNP array were converted to 1,467 bin markers for linkage mapping. A high-density genetic linkage map covering 1,680.9 cM was constructed, with the physical to genetic distance ratio being 222 Kb/cM. In total, 23 QTL for different salt tolerance indices were identified, including the previously reported Saltol which is currently used in breeding programmes. Three QTL for salt injury score (SIS) were located on chromosomes 1, 4 and 12, all being closely related to the long-distant Na⁺ transport from roots to shoots. These QTL showed additive effects, thus can be effectively used in breeding programme to pyramid various tolerance genes.     

几个水稻不育系对白叶枯病的抗性

测定了８对不育系（Ａ）和保持系（Ｂ）以及一些杂交稻组合对６个小种的４０株白叶枯病菌的抗性，比较了不同类型不育系对６个小种群的抗性差异。结果表明，冈型、印尼水田谷型和大多数野败型不育系的抗性很差，ＢＴ型的抗性较高。菌株Ａｈ２８对冈４６Ａ和野败珍汕９７Ａ的致病力强。比较了６个恢复系（Ｃ）和８个杂交组合对不同小种的抗性程度。结果显示，杂交稻的抗病性主要受父本（恢复系）核基因的控制，但同时又受不育胞质的影     

Behaviour of Polyphenol Oxidase, IAA Oxidase and Catalase in Germinating Rice in Relation to Salt Tolerance

Activities of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and catalase were compared from endosperms and embryoaxes of germinating rice ( Oryza sativa ) seeds of two sets of cultivars differing in salt tolerance, raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya were characterized by higher polyphenol oxidase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation as compared to salt tolerant cvs. CSR-1 and CSR-3. In endosperms of salt sensitive cultivars the enzyme activity decreased under salinisation whereas in tolerants it increased due to salinity. In vitro studies using desalted enzyme extracts showed a continuous increase in polyphenol oxidase activity with increasing concentration of NaCl (0–1000 mM) in the reaction medium. IAA oxidase activity increased due to salinity in embryoaxes of both sets of cultivars, the effect was greater in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. NaCl when incorporated in the reaction medium caused decrease in IAA oxidase activity. Activity of catalase decreased with increase in salinity with greater decrease in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of oxidative enzymes in germinating seeds of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with lower polyphenol oxidase and IAA oxidase activities and higher catalase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation.