链霉菌株Streptomyces sp. FXP04对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了明确链霉菌株Streptomyces sp. FXP04对水稻的促生效果,以前期筛选到的链霉菌株Streptomyces sp. FXP04为供试菌株,采用发酵液浸种和菌液喷洒土壤的方法,研究了该菌株生长稳定期的发酵液和菌液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果如下,培养皿试验中,Streptomyces sp. FXP04发酵液原液和LB培养液原液（对照）都抑制种子萌发,1/50倍发酵液显著促进种子萌发,而1/10倍和1/100倍发酵液对种子萌发没有显著影响。盆栽试验中,1/50倍和1/100倍的Streptomyces sp. FXP04菌液都促进了水稻种子萌发,增加了水稻幼苗株高、主根长、干重、根总长度、须根数、根表面积和根总体积,并且1/50倍菌液的促生效果和1/100倍菌液无显著差异。研究结果表明,链霉菌株Streptomyces sp. FXP04对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用,可作为水稻的候选促生菌株开展后续研究和应用。     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌Thhyl的促生与定殖力研究

采用种子萌发及盆栽试验测定菌株Thhyl对番茄的促生长作用。结果表明：菌株培养液浓度在40％以下对番茄种子萌发具有强的促生作用,大于40％时对番茄种子萌发具有抑制作用;菌株培养液比菌株胞外分泌物对种子的萌发促生作用好;菌株Thhyl培养液对幼苗平均鲜重和干重增长率均达到120％以上;对幼苗的平均株高增长62．01％;对幼苗的平均根长增长率为44．14％;对幼苗的平均茎粗增长率为50．00％。以抗利福平（300μg／mL）的拮抗病原茵双抗性为标准,测定菌株Thhyl的内生及定殖性。采用浸种和叶片涂抹2种方法,结果证明菌株Thhyl能在番茄体内定殖,其中叶片涂抹法在植株体内的定殖量较浸种处理多。     

促生潜力玉米种子内生细菌分离鉴定及发酵条件优化

旨在从玉米种子中分离鉴定具有促生功能的内生细菌，为菌肥研发提供菌种资源和技术支持。以玉米种子为试材，用平板涂布和三区划线法分离、纯化获得玉米种子内生菌，滴灌试验筛选促生菌株，采用单因素和正交试验优化发酵条件，通过盆栽滴灌试验验证菌株的促生效应。试验分离获得一株促生效果相对较强的菌株，编号为SYL4，初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。SYL4最佳培养条件：蛋白胨1.5%，玉米粉0.5%,CaCO₃0.25%，接种量5%，转速200 r/min，温度34℃，培养时间48 h。滴灌优化发酵液使得玉米幼苗根长、叶长分别增加12.86%、9.4%，根重、叶重分别增加6.52%、6%。本研究分离获得一株具促生潜力的内生菌SYL4，优化后的发酵条件提高玉米幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)活性，有效促进玉米幼苗生长。     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌Thhy1的促生与定殖力研究

采用种子萌发及盆栽试验测定菌株Thhy1对番茄的促生长作用。结果表明：菌株培养液浓度在40%以下对番茄种子萌发具有强的促生作用,大于40%时对番茄种子萌发具有抑制作用;菌株培养液比菌株胞外分泌物对种子的萌发促生作用好;菌株Thhy1培养液对幼苗平均鲜重和干重增长率均达到120%以上;对幼苗的平均株高增长62.01%;对幼苗的平均根长增长率为44.14%;对幼苗的平均茎粗增长率为50.00%。以抗利福平（300 μg/mL）的拮抗病原菌双抗性为标准,测定菌株Thhy1的内生及定殖性。采用浸种和叶片涂抹两种方法,结果证明菌株Thhy1能在番茄体内定殖,其中叶片涂抹法在植株体内的定殖量较浸种处理多。     

不同种类盐胁迫对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用水培法研究比较了 Na_2CO_3和NaHCO_3两种碱性盐,NaCl和Na_2SO_4两种中性盐和混合盐对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,盐碱处理下水稻种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗高、根长、侧根数和根系细胞质膜透性等均较CK极显著降低(P0.01)。其中,Na_2CO_3和NaHCO_3以及混合盐胁迫处理水稻种子的发芽指标和生长指标均极显著低于NaCl和Na_2SO_4处理(P0.01)。其中,以Na_2CO_3处理对水稻种子发芽的抑制作用最大,其发芽率仅8.0%,发芽势为0,发芽指数仅3.0。NaHCO3处理其次,发芽率为14.5%,发芽势为1.7%,发芽指数为6.9。Na_2CO_3和NaHCO_3以及混合盐胁迫处理水稻幼苗的苗高,主根长和侧根数等均极显著低于NaCl和Na_2SO_4处理(P0.01)。3个处理均无侧根萌发。不同种类盐处理水稻幼苗根系细胞质膜透性均极显著高于CK (P0.01),以Na_2CO_3细胞质膜透性最高,极显著高于其他盐处理(P0.01)。所有盐处理幼苗和根系K~+/Na~+比值均极显著低于CK(P0.01),其中Na_2CO_3、NaHCO_3和混合盐处理根系K~+/Na~+比值分别仅为0.05,0.07和0.13,均显著低于CK、NaCl和Na_2SO_4处理(P0.05)。可见,Na_2CO_3和NaHCO_3加重了伤害与其对水稻根系细胞膜的伤害和K~+吸收受到抑制有关。碱性盐主要通过影响水稻侧根萌发来影响水稻幼苗生长。     

Na2CO3胁迫对水稻种子萌发的影响

以新疆自育水稻品种为材料,用不同浓度Na_2CO_3和当地盐碱土模拟盐胁迫,对水稻种子进行萌发试验,测定不同处理下种子萌发和幼苗生长的各项指标,研究不同浓度(0、1.5、3、4.5、6、7.5、9g·L-1)盐胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响。结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、苗高、根长、根数等性状均随着盐浓度升高呈下降趋势,低浓度的盐溶液对水稻种子萌发有促进作用,高浓度盐溶液显著抑制水稻的生长发育。高浓度条件下,Na_2CO_3对水稻种子萌发的抑制能力显著高于当地盐碱土。     

桉树化感效应下Si对植物种子萌发的影响

采用完全随机试验设计方法,研究桉树叶水浸提液对水稻、黑麦草、玉米、绿豆4种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,探索外源硅(Si)对4种受体植物受桉树化感胁迫的缓解机制。试验结果表明:(1)在桉树叶水浸提取液处理下,对绿豆的化感作用不显著,对水稻、玉米和黑麦草种子的发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生长则表现为显著的抑制现象,其中桉树叶水浸提取液对根长抵制作用大于芽;随着桉树叶水浸提取液浓度的增大,4种受体幼苗的根系活力持续下降。(2)加入外源Si能较好地缓解4种受体植物对桉树的化感效应,表现为发芽情况、伸长量、生物量都明显提高,根系活力增强。不同受体植物受桉树化感作用的影响及Si对桉树叶水浸提液胁迫的缓解作用有差异。     

硝基苯胁迫对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

在试验水培条件下,研究不同浓度硝基苯对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明：硝基苯明显抑制水稻萌发过程中的根伸长生长,发芽率变化不明显;受硝基苯胁迫,水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量随硝基苯浓度增加而降低,过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量均随浓度的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,25 mg/L硝基苯处理时过氧化物酶活性及丙二醛含量为最大值.     

NaCl浸种对水稻种子发芽的影响

研究不同浓度的NaCl溶液浸种对水稻种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。以0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%等4种浓度的NaCl溶液浸种24 h,以蒸馏水(CK)为对照,测定水稻‘空育131’种子的发芽指标与幼苗生长状态。实验结果表明：随着NaCl浓度的升高,水稻种子发芽能力受到抑制的程度增大,水稻种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数均呈下降趋势,各个处理浓度浸种对幼苗影响不显著。研究表明水稻种子萌发能忍耐的NaCl处理浓度为0.5%以下,高于0.5%的NaCl对水稻发芽起显著抑制作用。     

一株党参根际促生长菌的促生长特性及其挥发性物质对农作物生长的影响

探讨植物根际促生菌DM11的促生长特性及所产挥发性物质(VOCs)对农作物生长的影响。采用形态、生理生化指标、BIOLOG系统和16S rDNA序列对DM11进行鉴定；通过顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法分析其所产VOCs；利用二分格培养皿法研究VOCs对黄瓜和番茄生长的影响及拮抗作用；并测定菌株促生长特性及对苗的促生长作用。DM11鉴定为塞维瓦尔假单胞菌，具产生长素、嗜铁素、解磷、固氮、耐盐等促生长特性；所产VOCs对黄瓜、番茄生长和诱导系统抗性（ISR）相关指标有促进作用；VOCs种类4种，主要成分1-十一烯对2种农作物具促生长作用，并抑制3种供试病原真菌的生长；黄瓜、番茄幼苗接种DM11后，叶片数、苗高分别增长15.94%、11.63%、7.50%、6.55%。DM11菌株及其所产VOCs具有开发为生物菌剂的潜力。     

植物根际促生菌对大蒜的促生、抗病作用研究

为了研究不同剂量的植物根际促生菌(PGPR)对大蒜生长时期的促生和抗病作用,以盆栽种植的大蒜种子为试材,用计数法计算其发芽率和常规测量法测定其株高;再用土壤温湿度检测仪测定种植所用土壤养分含量。与CK组相比,实验组B（施用4 g菌肥）铵态氮提高117.60%,有效钾提高593.15%,实验组C（施用6 g菌肥）速效磷提高238.77%;而实验组C的大蒜的发芽率提高15.17%,幼苗株高提高20%,叶绿素含量提高11.04% (P<0.05),这说明了PGPR对大蒜生长有促进作用。大蒜根腐病菌与植物根际促生菌的拮抗试验结果表明在30℃暗培养下,菌肥浓度为10^-2时有害微生物指数下降25%,表明其抑菌效果显著。本研究结果表明PGPR对大蒜促生作用显著,同时具有一定抗病效果,在农业发展中具有潜在的经济价值。     

节水灌溉条件下氮肥密度互作对双季晚稻丰源优299肥料利用率的影响

为构建水稻高产高效节水栽培技术模式,通过大田小区试验,研究了在节水灌溉条件下施氮量和栽植密度对双季晚稻丰源优299肥料利用率的影响。结果表明：施氮量、栽植密度及氮密互作对水稻氮磷钾素吸收和肥料利用率的影响均显著。随着施氮量的增加,水稻植株氮素与磷素吸收量呈先增长后减少的趋势,吸钾量呈现出先增加后减少再增加的趋势。随着密度的增加,植株总吸氮量与总吸钾量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,总吸磷量呈现逐步增加的趋势。低氮处理的氮肥贡献率、土壤氮素依存率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力最高,显著高于中氮处理;高密处理提高了氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥贡献率。水稻经济产量与茎叶氮磷钾素吸收量呈极显著正相关,与氮肥贡献率呈极显著正相关。因此,合理的施氮量和栽植密度组合（N₁T₃）能够形成水稻高产高效的群体结构,提高肥料利用率,进而提高水稻生产效益。     

Effect of Different Methods and Timings of Stand Establishment on Performance of Rainfed Lowland Rice Under 0–50 cm Water Depth

About one-third of the total rice is grown under rainfed lowland conditions, mostly m south and south-east Asia. Crop productivity in this ecosystem can be improved by adopting suitable management practices as drainage of excess water is not feasible in the catchment and coastal areas. Field experiments were conducted using a long-duration (165 days), photosensitive, semi-tall (150 cm) rice cultivar Utkalprabha established through direct sowing or transplanting on different dates under 0–50 cm water depth at Cuttack, India, during 1989–91. Direct sowing was done in lines in dry soil from 10 May onward using 400 seeds/m² and continued at 10 day intervals until June. Transplanting was done after accumulation of water in the field from July until 15 August with seedlings raised in nursery seed-beds with or without fertilizer application (100 kg N and 8.7 kg P and 16.7 kg K/ha) and tillers removed from the direct-sown crop. Seedling emergence varied significantly from 127–212/m, irrespective of sowing date and was dependent on rains received after sowing. However, the early sown crops in spite of poor germination, performed well due to better establishment and tiller production before water rose to higher depths in the field. There was a decreasing trend in grain yield, particularly when the sowing was delayed beyond end of May. The loss in yield with delayed sowing in June was due to poor crop stand which could not be compensated for by applying 50 % more seed (600/m²) and N fertilizer (60 kg N/ha). Removal of some of the tillers (100–130/m²) from crops sown on 30 May with 600 seeds/m² for planting on an equivalent plot area did not cause any adverse effect on the performance of mother crop. The anticipated shortfall in yield due to lower panicles/m² with clonal tiller separation was compensated for by the resulting increase in panicle weight. The performance of transplanted crops depended greatly on the water depth at or soon after planting. In 1990, planting on 15 July in 30 cm water depth helped in relatively better establishment and grain yield at par with sowing on 10 May. However, in 1991, when there was a sudden and rapid increase in water level to higher depths (50 cm) immediately after planting, the early planted crops produced only a negligible yield (0–1.2 t/ha). Highest yield was obtained from the crop planted with clonal tillers followed by that raised with fertilized and unfertilized nursery seedlings. Clonal tillers were taller (90 cm) and had more dry weight (1.78 g) compared with nursery seedlings (50–80 cm and 0.25–0.91 g). Therefore, the clonally propagated crop established well and acclimatized faster in the similar flooded environment, resulting in significantly higher grain yield particularly under late planted conditions. The results suggested early sowing by the end of May and transplanting with clonal tillers uprooted from the direct-sown crops for higher productivity of rice under uncontrolled excess water conditions.     

种子引发对水分胁迫下水稻发芽及幼苗生理性状的影响

不同基因型稻种经水引发及聚乙二醇(PEG)渗透胁迫引发处理均能降低稻种丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进可溶性总糖(SS)降解,加快稻种内部糖代谢进程,提高相溶性溶质脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量,也有利于提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,引发效果较明显。且适度PEG引发稻种的效果明显好于水引发,杂交籼稻在PEG浓度为20%的条件下引发效果最优,而常规粳型水稻在PEG浓度为10%~15%的引发条件下效果较好,但超出最高PEG引发浓度的阈值,会对稻种产生危害,影响其正常萌发。引发处理后的稻种对不同程度水分胁迫程度的响应表明,适当强度的引发处理利于激发稻种物质代谢、利于各水稻品种的萌发、幼苗形态指标及保护性酶等生理指标的显著提高,而严重的水分胁迫均不利于稻种萌发;表明引发处理虽能提高水分胁迫条件下种子活力,但稻种激发自身对外界萌发环境的协调能力有限,且不同品种间存在明显差异,籼稻优于粳稻。     

Water Relation, Photosynthetic Ability and Growth of Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to Salt Stress by Application of Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Choline

Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as an alternative way to improve its salt‐tolerant ability. The aim of this research was to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt‐stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on solidified Murashige–Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt‐stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to high efficiency of photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching of PSII as well as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation with in rice seedlings.     

锰素对水稻幼苗生长及生理效应的影响

锰是水稻生长发育必需的微量元素。笔者以水稻幼苗为材料,探讨锰素对水稻苗期生长及生理效应的影响。采用水培方法,通过设计缺锰及锰过量,对水稻植株相关农艺性状及生理生化指标进行测定。结果表明,水稻在幼苗期对锰胁迫反应敏感。水稻株高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均有不同程度下降,MDA含量升高,POD活性降低;水稻幼苗叶片受损程度大小依次为1000 Mn＞100 Mn＞-Mn。缺锰或锰过量均会对水稻幼苗生长产生不利影响,应合理施用锰素。     

不同钾肥品种对辣椒生长和产量的影响

研究不同钾肥品种对辣椒生长和产量的影响，为辣椒的合理施肥、高效种植提供理论依据。在盆栽土培试验条件下，以氯化钾和硫酸钾为钾肥肥源，基于不施钾肥(CK)、施氯化钾(K1)和施硫酸钾(K2)3个不同处理，对辣椒植株株高、茎粗、根茎叶生物量等农艺性状及产量进行了测定，供试辣椒品种为‘正鸿189’和‘艳椒425’。结果表明：与CK组相比，施用氯化钾和硫酸钾能促进辣椒株高、茎粗、根茎叶的生物量，促进了辣椒生长发育，‘正鸿189’K1和K2总生物量较CK分别增加19.26%、25.88%，‘艳椒425’K1和K2总生物量较CK分别增加49.22%、73.93%。2种钾肥均增加了辣椒种子数量、增加了单果重、促进辣椒结实率，从而增加辣椒产量，‘正鸿189’K1与K2处理较CK产量分别增加6.43%、10.46%，‘艳椒425’K1与K2处理较CK产量分别增加(P<0.05) 20.23%、22.49%。2个品种辣椒相比，‘艳椒425’对钾肥更敏感。本试验条件下，辣椒对氯不敏感，在正常施用氮、磷肥条件下，施用硫酸钾在促进辣椒生长、产量的提升方面均优于氯化钾，要实现辣椒高产优质以硫酸钾处理为宜。     

Stimulation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedling Vigour by Smoke-water and Butenolide

The newly identified smoke‐compound butenolide (3‐methyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one) can improve seedling vigour. This study highlights the effects of smoke‐water and butenolide on shoot and root elongation of a local rice variety. Smoke‐water (1 : 500) and butenolide (10^?8 m ) treatments significantly increased shoot length. A low concentration of butenolide (10^?10 m ) promoted maximum root length and seedling weight, which were significantly different from the control. Butenolide‐treated (10^?8 m ) seedlings had a significantly greater number of lateral roots than untreated seedlings. The vigour index of smoke‐water (1 : 500) and butenolide‐treated (10^?8 m ) rice seeds was significantly higher than that of untreated seeds. These findings suggest the possible use of butenolide for promoting vigorous seedlings in rice.     

水稻稀播少本插高产技术的研究

本文是根据秧田播种量和每丛插秧本数联因试验的结果,证明在肥水管理水平较高的条件下,稀播少本插比密播多本插具有明显的增产作用。指出稀播少本插在水稻高产形成中的作用点在于增大穗形,而少本插又是形成大穗的主导因素。从群体的某些生理生态着手,阐明了稀播少本插的高产机理:秧苗素质优良和本田个体生育健壮是稀播少本插