ELLIPSOMETRIC SPECTROSCOPY OF ELECTROCHROMISM OF POLYANILINE FILMS

The electrochromism of polyaniline films, which is prepared by electropolymer-ization from aniline in acidic aqueous solution onto platinum,is investigated in 330-700nm through in-situ ellipsometric technique. The results indicate that the ellipsometric peak of the reduced state(-0. 2V) of the film appears at 390-400nm and the oxidized state(0. 55V) at 500-530nm. The elec-trochromic reaction from the reduced "yellow" state to the oxidized "green" state is suggested via intermediate state whose ellipsometric peak appears at 466-470nm.     

微波法制备玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物

摘要：【研究目的】以玉米淀粉为原料,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,丙烯酸甲酯为单体,采用微波技术进行接枝反应,探讨引发剂浓度、单体浓度、接枝时间对接枝共聚反应的影响规律,用电镜观察形态。【方法】通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳条件。【结果】微波功率选用解冻档位,单体浓度为1.5mol/L,引发剂的浓度为3.20×10-3mol/L,接枝时间以（30s+30s）形式6min,接枝百分率达到40.8%;通过电镜扫描对比观察,丙烯酸甲酯接枝到淀粉颗粒上。【结论】采用微波法可以制备玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物。     

丙烯酸接枝共聚改性淀粉的制备及其表征

采用接枝改性的方法,制备出淀粉—丙烯酸接枝共聚物。以接枝效果为综合考察指标,经正交试验得到淀粉接枝物合成的最佳工艺条件为:淀粉与丙烯酸的质量比为1∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为1.5h,硝酸铈铵浓度为11mmol/L。对制品进行红外光谱和X衍射等表征方式分析发现,接枝后的淀粉结晶度减小,吸水率升高。     

Preparation of Electrochromic and Transparent Film of Polyaniline

The preparation method of transparent film of electrochromism polyaniline on the glass supporter is studied by a dipping polymerization. The electric and optic properities of the resulting film are measured as a function of oxidant,dopant,reaction time and temperature.The optimum technology term is obtained in the normal atmospheric temperature.The experimental result is testified by fuzzy set theory.     

酶法制备复合氨基酸钙工艺的研究

初步研究了酶法分步水解鸡块、鸡骨来制备复合氨基酸钙的工艺,讨论了酶水解的最佳条件以及复合氨基酸溶液与游离钙的最佳螯合工艺条件,确定酶水解的最佳工艺条件为:第一步添加胰蛋白酶200u/g,pH值为7,酶解温度为50℃,固液比为1∶6,时间为2h;第二步添加木瓜蛋白酶1200u/g,pH值为7.0,酶解温度为70℃,固液比为1∶6,时间为4h,水解度可达32.29%,钙溶率为25.3%。螯合最佳工艺条件为:pH值为8.0,酶解温度为70℃,配体摩尔比(AA/Ca)为1∶2。     

控释肥包衣剂的制备及理化性质研究

为了获得控释肥包衣剂的制备条件、探明其理化性质,以2种树脂为成膜材料,探讨了成膜材料复合比、成膜材料用量、增塑剂用量、乳化剂用量等单因素对控释肥包衣剂制备效果的影响,运用正交实验L9(34)确定了控释肥包衣剂制备的最佳条件;并对其pH、粘度、成膜时间、成膜性、衣膜水溶性、包衣均匀度、包衣脱落率等理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,控释肥包衣剂的最佳制备条件：树脂JZ与BZ复合比1:1.5,成膜材料用量12%,增塑剂用量0.8%,乳化剂用量1.0%,色素用量0.08%,乙酸乙酯用量86.12%。理化性质测定结果显示：pH 5.21,粘度为21.1 MPa/s,成膜性良好,衣膜不溶于水,成膜时间为6 min,包衣均匀度95%,包衣脱落率<8%,表明所制备的控释肥包衣剂理化性质良好。     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨胀蛭石/腐殖酸钠复合 高吸水性树脂的溶胀和缓释性能研究

【研究目的】以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、腐殖酸钠(SH)和膨胀蛭石(EVMT)为原料,在水溶液中通过共聚反应合成聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨胀蛭石/腐殖酸钠复合高吸水性树脂(P(AA-AM)/EVMT/SH);【方法】考察在不同种类盐溶液中的溶胀行为、反复吸水性能、在土壤中的实际保水效果和SH的缓释性能;【结果】在EVMT含量为30%和SH含量为10%时,树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸水倍率分别达到426和45g/g;树脂的吸水能力随着外界盐溶液浓度的增大而降低,在相同的浓度下,对吸水倍率的影响趋势是PO43->Cl->SO42-和Na+> Ca2+> Fe3+;含有1.0%树脂的土壤在20天后含水量仍有最初的24.6%。【结论】与P(AA-AM)/EVMT相比,引入SH制备的P(AA-AM)/EVMT/SH不仅具有更好的反复吸水性能,而且还具有缓释腐殖酸钠的功能。     

PAA-AM/SH/MMT多功能保水剂的溶胀和保水性能研究

以丙烯酸（AA）、丙烯酰胺（AM）、腐殖酸钠（SH）和膨润土（MMT）为原料,采用水溶液聚合法合成了聚（丙烯酸－丙烯酰胺）/腐殖酸钠/膨润土复合多功能保水剂（PAA-AM/SH/MMT）。开展了复合多功能保水剂吸水速率、不同pH溶液和重复使用的溶胀行为以及在实际土壤中保水效果的研究。结果表明：与单独引进SH或MMT相比,在PAA-AM体系中同时引入SH和MMT所制备的多功能保水剂,不仅具有较快的吸水速率,而且具有良好的反复使用性能和较好的保水性能。     

乙醇加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮工艺优化研究

本试验旨在研究加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的最优提取工艺。采用单因素试验设计研究加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的适宜反应时间、反应温度、液料比和乙醇浓度,上述4个因素均分别设置为5个水平,以总黄酮提取量为评价指标筛选最佳反应条件;在此基础上采用正交试验设计研究最优提取工艺,对筛选确定的最佳提取工艺进一步进行重复验证试验和工艺放大验证试验。结果表明：单因素试验筛选获得最佳乙醇浓度为70%,最佳反应时间为2.5 h,最佳料液比为1:30,最佳反应温度为70℃;正交试验确定加热回流法提取构树叶总黄酮的最优提取工艺为：乙醇浓度70%、反应时间2.5 h,料液比1:30,反应温度80℃;重复验证试验和工艺放大验证试验得率分别为23.11 mg/g和23.13 mg/g。本工艺稳定性和可操作性良好,适用于构树叶总黄酮的提取。     

荔枝胚胎发育不同品种诱导焦核的研究

为了研究植物生长调节剂对荔枝胚胎发育不同品种诱导焦核的效果,以大核品种‘黑叶’和部分焦核品种‘灵山香荔’为试验材料,研究不同浓度MH(maleic hydrazide)以及MH与2,4-D、BONA、CPPU等植物生长调节剂处理对焦核率及产量的影响。结果表明,以MH为基础的植物生长调节剂对荔枝胚胎发育不同品种均可诱导提高其焦核率,但MH浓度过高会对产量等性状产生副作用,适宜诱导荔枝焦核的MH浓度为600~800 mg/L。在不同植物生长调节剂组合实验中以MH+2,4-D处理诱导焦核效果最好,但植物生长调节剂对不同品种焦核诱导效率不同,‘灵山香荔’焦核诱导率可达89.77%,而‘黑叶’荔枝只有8.79%。     

花生蛋白溶解性和乳化性的研究

采用碱性提取和等电点法分离出花生蛋白并研究了花生蛋白粉的功能特性,探讨了不同蛋白浓度、pH值、温度和离子强度对其溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响。当pH值在4.5-5.5范围内为其等电点,此时花生蛋白的溶解性最低;在0-1mol/L浓度范围内,NaCl和CaCl2可以提高花生蛋白的溶解性;当温度超过60℃时,为花生蛋白溶液大幅度变性的临界温度,其溶解度下降;花生蛋白的质量分数达到6%时,对乳化性和乳化稳定性几乎没有什么影响,NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L时乳化性能最好。     

优化蒽酮比色法测定甜玉米中可溶性糖的含量

以甜玉米为试材,通过对蒽酮浓度、蒽酮-糠醛显色反应温度和时间的探讨,研究优化蒽酮比色法测定甜玉米中可溶性糖含量的反应条件。结果表明,蒽酮比色法适宜的测定条件为:蒽酮的最佳浓度15 mg/mL,显色反应温度80℃,加热时间15 min。在此条件下葡萄糖标准品浓度与吸光度之间具有良好的线性关系(y=15.954 x+0.097 6,R2=0.999 2)。采用此优化条件测定甜玉米籽粒中可溶性糖含量,其测定结果具有良好的重复性(RSD为0.47%)和准确度(平均回收率为101.92%)。     

巨大型蒲公英绿原酸提取工艺研究

以巨大型蒲公英为原料,采用乙醇浸提法从蒲公英中提取绿原酸,以绿原酸的含量为指标,对提取工艺中的物料比、反应温度、反应时间、乙醇浓度等因素进行考察,研究结果表明绿原酸最佳工艺为：料液比1∶17,乙醇浓度80%,提取温度60 ℃,提取时间1.5 h。     

外源DNA导入冬瓜条件的优化及其运用

针对冬瓜(Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.)缺乏抗性种质资源的现状,本文开展了冬瓜抗枯萎病种质资源创新研究.采用花粉管通道法将高抗枯萎病的黑籽南瓜DNA导入优质冬瓜材料,以外源DNA剂量、pH值、注入时间、注入方法以及冬瓜品种为因素,通过正交设计,设计处理组合,筛选和优化外源DNA导入冬瓜条件.结果表明:以子房注射法、授粉后24 h、导入浓度为1.2 mg/mL DNA溶液(pn 7.5)的处理,对冬瓜坐果率的影响最小.利用此方法将高抗冬瓜枯萎病的黑籽南瓜总DNA导入冬瓜,经病圃田间筛选和6代自交纯化已获得2份稳定的冬瓜新材料.经苗期人工接种和病圃田间自然抗病鉴定,其抗病性明显提高.所获抗病材料的品质与受体无明显差异.其中1份抗枯萎病材料已运用于育种实践,培育出了抗病、优质粉皮冬瓜"广利1号",目前该品种每年推广面积700 hm2以上.     

Perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging. Part II. Implementation and numerical solution of a mathematical model

The present article describes the numerical implementation of a space-and-time dependent mathematical model of perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging for respiring commodities as Part II of a study in which the mathematical model is described in Part I. The model includes species transport of CO₂, H₂O, N₂, and O₂ through the Maxwell–Stefan equations, velocity and pressure through Darcy's law and the Navier–Stokes equations, and temperature of the gas mixture and the commodity through the energy equation. Numerical solutions of the coupled system of equations were obtained using the finite-element method. To illustrate the capabilities of the general approach, simulations of a package of strawberries have been presented, for which experimental results are available in the literature. Comparison of the measurements and the model predictions were fair, considering the uncertainty of the available information. The sensitivities of the solution to the respiration rate model, respiration rates, porosity, package aspect ratio, relative humidity, transpiration coefficients, storage temperature, CO₂ solubility and volume of ambient storage area considered were examined. The steady-state concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ in the package were found to be very sensitive to the value of respiration rate, but much less so to changes of other input parameters within the ranges considered. The steady-state commodity temperature depended on the aspect ratio of the package. Including the CO₂ solubility in the commodity did not affect the steady-state gas concentrations, but it increased the time required for the CO₂ concentration to reach equilibrium in the package. It was shown that neglecting the ambient space beyond the perforation overpredicted the steady-state O₂ concentration. Approximately 80% of the resistance to diffusion was found to occur within the perforation, with the remainder equally divided between the spaces beyond each end of the perforation.     

Condition monitoring and mistake precaution system for power strap based on photoelectric detection

Thermal environment is analyzed based on the field measurements of indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity of a typical Tibetan traditional dwelling in a village of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu province in winter and summer. Results show that the combination of local factors such as history, geography, climate, unique local-style dwelling houses building structure and monomer structure. The structure (envelope)of traditional Tibetan dwelling has a good thermal performance. Passive methods should be used to build thermal environment constructions. Further improvement for indoor thermal comfort conditions through comprehensive and energy-saving heating are needed.     

Study on Optimum Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks

In this paper,the flow velocity fields,suspended solids concentration fields and flow-through curves in rectangular sedimentation tanks with different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are simulated in detail using a developed mathematical model given in Reference 2.According to the numerical results,the influence of different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio on the operating efficiency is analyzed.Finally,the rational reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are presented.     

芹菜素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的研究

为了获得芹菜素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的最佳制备工艺,对其包合工艺进行研究。以包合率为指标,考察投料比、乙醇浓度、包合时间及包合温度对包合的影响,并采用正交试验优化最佳工艺。结果表明,溶液搅拌法是最佳包合方法,且投料比对包合效果的影响最大。芹菜素与羟丙基-β-环糊精的最佳包合工艺是：芹菜素与羟丙基-β-环糊精的摩尔比为1:3,乙醇浓度为50%,包合温度为50℃,包合时间为1 h时,达到最好包合效果,此时按最佳工艺条件制备包合物的包合率为42.8%。通过对不同包合方法和不同包合条件进行探索,得到一条适合芹菜素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的最佳制备工艺,为芹菜素的应用开发提供一点理论基础。     

阿拉伯胶的性质研究

探讨阿拉伯胶的一些主要性能。试验表明,阿拉伯胶的溶解性较好;随着阿拉伯胶浓度的增加,黏度亦增大;pH值变化时,阿拉伯胶黏度几乎保持恒定;同时阿拉伯胶有较好的保持香气的能力。     

甲壳中甲壳素／壳聚糖的提取及壳聚糖——淀粉合成薄膜的研制

文章介绍了以节肢动物的外壳以及低等植物的细胞壁中提取甲壳素的方法。甲壳素脱乙酰基即可制取壳聚糖。由于壳聚糖具有良好的成膜，拉丝性能，且壳聚糖无毒，无味，再进一步用壳聚糖与淀粉按一定比例混合，糊化，制成可食性淀粉－－壳聚糖合成薄膜。实验结果表明，当二者以１：１比例混合时，糊化后制得的合成薄膜具有良好的柔韧性和水溶胀性，本文初步探讨了壳聚糖－－淀粉合成薄膜的性质及其在食品工业和其他行业中的应用。