嗪草酮高效降解菌N1发酵培养基优化研究

旨在研究嗪草酮高效降解菌N1菌株的培养基最优组成配方,为降解菌提供最优发酵条件,从而为降解菌扩大生产提供理论依据。应用正交试验设计对培养基组分进行优化。结果表明,单因素试验中最优碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和酵母粉,最优添加量为0.3%和0.1%。对降解菌生长有促进作用的无机盐有K₂HPO₄、NaCl、KH₂PO₄、MgSO₄·7H₂O。嗪草酮高效降解菌N1的最佳发酵培养基组成为：pH 7.0,K₂HPO₄ 0.15%,蔗糖0.3%,酵母粉0.15%,NaCl 0.1%,KH₂PO₄ 0.05%,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.04%。     

不同钾源对马铃薯钾营养积累、转运及产量因子的影响

为探究不同钾源条件下马铃薯各生育期钾营养积累转运及产量差异，以中晚熟品种延薯4号为材料，设置不施钾(CK)、基肥1/2 KCl+追肥1/2 KCl(K₁)、基肥1/2 K₂SO₄+追肥1/2 K₂SO₄(K₂)、基肥1/2 K₂SO₄+追肥1/2 KCl(K₃)、基肥1/2 KCl+追肥1/2 K₂SO₄(K₄)、基肥1/4 KCl-1/4 K₂SO₄+追肥1/4 KCl-1/4 K₂SO₄(K₅)6个处理。结果表明，营养器官钾积累量在膨大期最高，叶片、地上茎、根和地下茎钾积累量最高的分别为K₄、K₅、K₃、K₃，但块茎中钾积累量最...     

酿酒酵母培养条件及发酵培养基的优化

为了确定酿酒酵母的最适摇瓶发酵培养条件及最适培养基,采用单因素试验及L₉(3³)正交试验研究影响酿酒酵母生长的关键因素,包括培养温度、培养时间及摇床转速;采用单因素试验及L9(34)正交试验优化发酵培养基并进一步筛选出关键因素。结果表明：优化的培养条件为培养温度29℃,摇床转速160 r/min,培养27 h,优化的发酵培养基配方为葡萄糖20 g/L,酵母粉10 g/L,KH₂PO_{4sub> 1.5 g/L,MgSO4 1 g/L。结论：影响酿酒酵母生长的关键因素为摇瓶培养时间及培养基中葡萄糖浓度。}     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件及其优化研究

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件及确定适宜固态发酵培养基,以芽孢数为指标,采用固体发酵方法,研究了培养基组成、固液比、接种量、pH、培养基装量和发酵时间等发酵条件对芽孢数的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：适宜的发酵条件为：麦麸58%、沸石粉34%、豆饼粉5.35%、葡萄糖2%、KH₂PO₄0.5%、MgSO₄?7H₂O0.15%、pH 7.56、固液比1:1.1、装量50.39g/250mL三角瓶、接种量4.16%、发酵时间4d。在此条件下,芽孢数达到6.48×10₁₀cfu/g。     

二氯喹啉酸降解菌的培养基优化

为了获得二氯喹啉酸降解菌在实验室条件下的最佳基础盐培养基,为该菌的大量繁殖提供理论依据,笔者从农药厂废水处理池的淤泥中富集分离筛选出一株二氯喹啉酸降解菌(Z2),经过鉴定该菌属于粪产碱菌属。通过单因素试验测定A_OD600值确定了该菌最适繁殖的碳源和氮源,正交试验得出该菌的最佳基础盐培养基。结果表明：最适碳源与氮源分别为柠檬酸钠和酵母浸粉,最适浓度分别为0.2%和0.6%;最佳基础盐培养基为：柠檬酸钠 0.2%,酵母浸粉 0.7%,NaCl 2%,CaCl₂ 0.006%,FeCl₃ 0.0003%,K₂HPO₄ 0.05%,KH₂PO₄ 0.07%。在优化后的基础盐培养基中Z2能够大量繁殖,为该菌在二氯喹啉酸污染的土壤中进行修复奠定了基础。     

滴水量对中熟超高产大豆氮磷钾吸收分配和产量的影响

为揭示中熟超高产大豆N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分吸收分配规律。田间研究了975 m³/hm² (W1)、 1575 m³/hm² (W2)、2175 m³/hm² (W3)、2775 m³/hm² (W4) 4种滴水处理对‘新大豆27号’N、P₂O₅、K₂O吸收的影响。结果表明,增加花荚期滴水量,明显增加花荚期叶、茎中N、P₂O₅、K₂O百分含量和积累量,并大幅度提高籽粒产量;明显提高N、P₂O₅、K₂O的收获指数、每生产100 kg籽粒所需N、P₂O₅、K₂O量和K₂O的比例。籽粒产量在6082.6~6404.7 kg/hm²,每生产100 kg籽粒需积累N 6.4~6.6 kg,P₂O₅ 1.4 kg,K₂O 4.6~5.2 kg。适宜的滴水量大幅度提高了花荚期N、P₂O₅、K₂O积累速率和K₂O的比例是产量增加的重要原因。     

盐碱胁迫下外源H2O2对毛白杨生理特性的影响

研究外源H₂O₂对盐碱胁迫下毛白杨生理特性的影响规律,为提高毛白杨盐碱地造林效果提供理论依据。在盆栽条件下,设置营养液（对照,H1）、营养液+NaHCO₃+NaCl(H2)、营养液+NaHCO₃+NaCl+H₂O₂(H3)、营养液+H₂O₂(H4)4个处理,3次重复。结果表明,H2与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨超氧阴离子、过氧化氢、MDA含量及相对电导率,H3与H2相比显著降低了超氧阴离子、过氧化氢含量,相对电导率和MDA含量降低不显著,H4与H1之间无显著差异;H2与H1相比显著提高了SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性,提高了AsA和GSH含量,H3与H2相比提高了毛白杨保护酶活性和H₂O₂清除系统活性,H4与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨AsA含量;H2与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨可溶性糖含量,H3与H2相比降低了可溶性糖含量;H1与H2相比、H3与H2相比均提高了毛白杨可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量。综合分析认为,外源H₂O₂会激发毛白杨生理响应机制并缓解盐碱胁迫效果显著。     

不同处理对本氏针茅种子萌发影响的研究

采用低温层积以及4种不同质量浓度的化学试剂（GA3、CaCl₂、NaOH、H₂O₂）浸种的方法,研究不同处理对本氏针茅种子萌发的影响。结果表明:GA₃和CaCl₂浸种对本氏针茅种子萌发没有显著的影响,而低温层积处理、NaOH和H₂O₂浸种能显著提高本氏针茅种子的发芽率和发芽势。其中10 g/L NaOH浸种,种子萌发效果最好,萌发率达77%。影响本氏针茅种子萌发原因可能与种皮障碍有关。     

一株高产纳豆激酶菌株的ARTP诱变育种及培养基的优化

旨在提高纳豆激酶发酵水平，扩大其作为新型的纤溶药物的生产应用。利用常温室压等离子体(ARTP)技术对一株产纳豆激酶的野生菌株P进行诱变；筛选获得一株具有稳定遗传性能的纳豆激酶优势突变株P501，纳豆激酶活力比野生菌株提高了1.02倍，通过单因素实验、响应面实验对P501产纳豆激酶的发酵培养基进行优化，得到最佳发酵培养基为：葡萄糖30 g/L、玉米粉40 g/L、豆粕粉30 g/L、Na₂HPO₄3 g/L、K₂HPO₄0.3 g/L、MgSO₄0.6 g/L、CaCl₂0.63 g/L、丝氨酸0.07 g/L、豆油0.61 g/L，经过验证实验，纳豆激酶活力最高为9691 Fu/mL，较基础发酵培养基提高了6.68倍。     

不同中性盐胁迫对甜菜幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究不同中性盐胁迫对甜菜危害的差异,选择中性盐NaCl和Na₂SO₄及二者的混合盐（NaCl:Na₂SO₄=2:1）对甜菜幼苗进行中度（140mmol/L Na⁺）和重度（280mmol/L Na⁺）胁迫,分析2种中性盐胁迫对甜菜光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响。采用室内水培方法,分析不同盐胁迫下甜菜幼苗的光合色素含量、光合参数及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,中性盐胁迫下甜菜幼苗的光合色素含量及光合作用相关指标降低,降低幅度表现为Na₂SO₄>混合盐>NaCl,表明Na₂SO₄胁迫对甜菜光合作用的影响最大,混合盐次之,NaCl最小;与对照组相比,盐胁迫后的甜菜抗氧化酶活性升高,上升幅度也表现为Na₂SO₄>混合盐>NaCl。综上可知,Na₂SO₄对甜菜幼苗的毒害作用远大于NaCl,该结果为不同盐碱地区甜菜筛选种植及生产布局提供了理论依据。     

烤烟苗期含硒量和根际硒形态的研究

以烤烟品种NC89为试材, 通过天然含硒和低硒土施硒处理的盆栽试验,对烤烟苗期含硒量和根际-根外土壤硒的存在形态进行了分析。结果表明,烤烟苗期根系含硒量高于地上部,并随天然含硒和施硒量的增加而增加,且与施硒量呈极显著的正相关。天然含硒土中,残渣态硒（Res-Se）占2/3以上,而低硒土施硒下,KH₂PO₄-Se所占比例最大。无论天然含硒土还是施硒低硒土,水溶性硒（H₂SO₄-Se）所占比例均不到1%,而根际土壤总硒、KH₂PO₄-Se和NH₃·H₂O-Se的含量均高于根外土。土壤施硒处理的NH₃·H₂O-Se占总硒的比例高于根外土壤,而Res-Se所占比例低于根外土。由此可见,烤烟能够富集土壤中的硒,天然含硒土和低硒土施硒的硒形态分布不同,施硒土壤硒的有效性高于天然含硒土,烤烟根际硒的有效性高于根外土,烤烟根际通过促进有机态硒的形成而减少土壤矿物对硒的固定来提高土壤施硒的有效性。     

喷施叶面肥对辣木品质的影响

笔者研究不同叶面肥及其浓度对辣木营养品质的影响,旨在为辣木的田间栽培管理提供科学依据。对辣木分别喷施0.5%、1%磷酸二氢钾、0.5%自制叶面肥以及等量清水作为对照,探讨叶面肥对辣木各营养指标的影响。结果表明,喷施叶面肥对辣木品质有显著影响,喷施磷酸二氢钾可以显著提高辣木营养品质,0.5%磷酸二氢钾肥效最佳,可溶性糖、维生素C、蛋白质和黄酮含量分别对比照增加14.06%、55.73%、9.54%和8.25%,0.5%自制叶面肥处理的辣木维生素C与对照相比增加50.38%,其余指标均显著低于0.5%磷酸二氢钾。喷施0.5%磷酸二氢钾对改善辣木品质效果最佳,可运用于辣木田间栽培管理。     

盐胁迫条件下外源Ca2+对蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的调控

研究了Ca²⁺ 对NaCl胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的影响。结果表明,100 mmol L^-1 NaCl可明显诱导气孔开放,该现象可被10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 显著抑制。为探讨盐胁迫下Ca²⁺对K⁺和Na⁺跨膜运输的调控机制,我们利用膜片钳技术记录全细胞K⁺ 电流发现,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,加入10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂胞外处理,显著抑制质膜K+内向及外向通道电流,这种抑制可被1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺ (Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)缓解。非盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 胞外处理也能显著抑制质膜内向K⁺通道,但明显激活其外向通道,加入1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺并不能被缓解。用H₂O₂专一的荧光探针二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(H2DCF-DA)单细胞分析保卫细胞内H₂O₂含量变化显示,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 处理明显诱导H₂O₂在保卫细胞中积累;100 mmol L^-1 NaCl和10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂单独处理并不能诱导H₂O₂积累。推测Ca²⁺在盐胁迫下可能先诱导H₂O₂在胞内积累,进而激活质膜Ca²⁺通道,迅速提高胞内Ca²⁺浓度以抑制Na⁺通过质膜K⁺通道跨膜内流,同时调节Na⁺外流,两种效应共同作用促使气孔关闭,减少盐胁迫下水分的过度散失。上述结果将为Ca²⁺调控作物抗盐机制研究提供新的思路。     

棉花黄萎病生防芽孢杆菌 Z-5 菌株发酵培养基的优 化简

 在农用微生物菌剂中芽孢杆菌菌剂产品多采用芽孢作为有效成分,因此产芽孢条件的优化对棉花黄萎病生防细菌的工业生产有着重要意义。本文通过单因素试验分析了8种碳源、8种氮源和6种无机盐对Bacillus malacitensis Z-5菌株芽孢产量的影响,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计确定了影响芽孢产量的主要因素,用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法确定主要影响因素的最佳条件。结果表明,单因素试验筛选出3种碳源（玉米粉、麸皮、葡萄糖）、3种氮源（豆饼粉、花生饼粉、酵母粉）和2种无机盐（MnSO₄·H₂O、CaCl₂）;Plackett-Burman试验确定Z-5菌株生产芽孢最适碳源、无机盐和氮源分别为玉米粉、MnSO₄·H₂O和豆饼粉,最陡爬坡路径法获得此3种因子的最适浓度范围为：玉米粉1.0%~2.0%、MnSO4·H2O 0.05%~0.09%、豆饼粉为1.0%~2.0%。响应面法得到芽孢产量与玉米粉、MnSO4·H2O和豆饼粉含量的回归方程。最终确定优化培养基组合为玉米粉1.66%、豆饼粉1.30%、MnSO₄·H₂O 0.07%、NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O 0.2%、Na₂HPO₄·2H₂O 0.4%,优化后芽孢产量达到1.9⁷×10⁹ mL^-1,与理论值基本相符。     

Improving the Performance of Wheat by Seed Priming Under Saline Conditions

Salinity is one of a major threat in harvesting good wheat stand on sustained basis. In this study, potential of seed priming techniques to improve the performance of wheat varieties (SARC‐1 and MH‐97) in a saline field was tested. For priming, wheat seeds were soaked in aerated solution of ascorbate (50 mg l^?1; ascorbate priming), salicylic acid (50 mg l^?1; salicylicate priming), kinetin (50 mg l^?1; kinetin priming) and CaCl₂ (50 mg l^?1; osmopriming) for 12 h. For comparison, seeds were also soaked in simple water (hydropriming); in addition, untreated seeds were also taken as control. Seed priming treatments substantially improved the stand establishment; osmopriming (with CaCl₂) was at the top however. Likewise maximum fertile tillers, grains per spike, 1000‐grain weight, grain yield and harvest index were observed in plants raised from seeds osmoprimed (with CaCl₂) followed by ascorbate priming in both the varieties tested. As an index of salinity tolerance, seed priming treatments also improved the leaf K⁺ contents with simultaneous decrease in Na⁺ concentration, osmopriming being the best treatment. Similarly, maximum total phenolic contents, total soluble proteins (TSP), α‐amylase and protease activities were observed in osmoprimed (with CaCl₂) seeds followed by ascorbate priming. Economic analysis also indicated that osmopriming is more viable with maximum net return and benefit‐to‐cost ratio. In conclusion, different seed priming treatments in wheat seeds improved the salinity tolerance nonetheless osmopriming (with CaCl₂) was the most effective treatments to get higher grain yield and net return in both wheat varieties whereas kinetin was the least effective.     

冠菌素对棉花幼苗盐害的缓解效应

 以转基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)中棉所45为材料,通过水培试验研究了冠菌素对盐胁迫下棉花萌发出苗和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫严重抑制棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长,且对地上部的抑制程度大于对根系的抑制。盐胁迫对棉花萌发出苗和幼苗生长的抑制程度能被0.01 μmol·L^-1 的冠菌素缓解。苗期盐胁迫21 d内,冠菌素处理的棉花根、茎和叶的生物积累量较未施加冠菌素的盐处理增加1倍;活体组织化学原位检测结果显示,低浓度冠菌素处理降低盐胁迫诱导的主根H₂O₂含量。上述研究结果说明低浓度的冠菌素能提高棉花萌发出苗和苗期的耐盐性。     

Relationship Between Productivity and Phosphate Requirement as a Parameter of Selection in Medicago rigidula (L.) Allioni

Among one hundred lines of Medicago rigidula (L.) Allioni, fifteen (5 high-producing, HP, 5 intermediate-producing, IP, and 5 low-producing, LP) were chosen as experimental material because of their different dry-matter production when grown at 0.5 mg L^-1 of P₂O₅ in hydroponic solution (critical level). The aim of this work was to evaluate the response to selection with respect to dry-matter yield (DMY), made at 0.5 mg L^-1 of P₂O₅ and to check if superior lines could also be isolated when plants were grown at 20 and 200 mg L^-1 of P₂O₅. Results show that HP lines were also superior with respect to DMY (g/plant) at the higher phosphorus concentrations. Highly-productive line selection in M. rigidula can also be achieved when plants are grown at a critical level of phosphorus in the nutrient solution. Phosphate content in the dry matter produced and phosphatase activity were also analysed. Plants of the more-productive lines were characterized by lower phosphate content per unit dry matter and by a higher phosphatase activity.     

Enhanced anther culture efficiency of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) through modification of the culture media

The production of microspore-derived green plants from anther culture of indica rice is generally very low compared with japonica cultivars. A modified anther culture medium, consisting of a higher KNO₃ content (31 mm ) and casein hydrolysate (CH, 500 mg/1) but without ammonium salts, was tested in comparison with a medium consisting of the widely-used N6 medium nitrogen background, using four indica × indica F₁ hybrids as test materials. Green plant regeneration frequency was at least three-fold higher in the microspore-calli derived from the former medium than in those derived from the modified N6 medium. More than 700 microspore-derived plants were raised in the field. Another study was carried out using indica × japonica and indica × javanica F₁ hybrids. The results indicated that a medium with higher (3.5 mm ) ammonium sulphate may induce a higher frequency of anthers with microspore-calli but not necessarily lead to a larger number of green-plant regenerating calli. Subsequently, using the indica cv. ‘IR-43’ as the test material, use of a lower level (1.75 mm ) of (NH₄)₂SO₄, in addition to KNO₃ (31 mm ), was found to be better than CH (500 mg/l) for anther-response as well as green plant regenerability of the derived microspore-calli. Nitrate-nitrogen or ammonium-nitrogen alone elicited poor response. Twenty-five media involving combinations of KNO₃ (20–34 mm ) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1–3 mm ) were tested for their effects on anther response. Combinations involving KNO₃ (31–34 mM) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (2.0–2.5 mm ) were found superior not only for achieving greater anther response but also, for subsequent green-plant regeneration. This contrasts with the 28 mm of KNO₃ and 3.5 mm of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the widely-used N6 medium developed for japonica rice. Other than potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, and potassium phosphate to some extent, the levels of other inorganic salts tested did not make any significant difference to the process of anther response. Based on these results, modified media with three levels of ammonium sulphate were tested for anther culture efficiency of indica × japonica and indica × javanica derivatives (F₃s). Microspore-calli derived from a medium of a lower (1.75 mm ) level of (NH₄)₂SO₄ showed a higher regeneration potential overall than those derived from a higher (3.5 mm ) level. A revised medium has been suggested, on the basis of these results, for the realization of improved anther culture efficiency and, consequently, improved feasibility of using doubled haploids in genetic and breeding research with indica rice.     

养殖水体溶氧平衡的实验分析及泛塘成因再探讨

在江汉平原荆州市分别在植物培养箱和自然条件下模拟高密度养殖水体,利用多参数水质监测仪,采用完全开放式对养殖水体溶氧、水温等要素的变化进行自动连续观测,结合养殖水域中溶解氧动态平衡方程分别计算出水-气界面溶氧速率、水呼吸耗氧速率、草鱼呼吸耗氧率及光合作用产氧量;并对低溶氧条件下草鱼生存时间等进行实验监测。结果显示：鱼塘水呼吸耗氧率1.22~1.83 mg/(L·h);在水体溶氧在1.5 mg/L以上时,草鱼的代谢呼吸耗氧率为78.6~210.0 mg/(L·h);在高密度养殖塘内水呼吸是鱼呼吸耗氧4倍以上。阴到多云天气下光合作用产氧量为3.47~4.33 mg/(L·h),大于鱼呼吸与水呼吸量之和,但阴雨天光合作用产氧量不能维持鱼塘良好的溶氧环境。草鱼在0.1~0.4 mg/L低溶氧环境中有浮头出现,但能存活长达到5天时间。分析还表明：缺氧引起浮头,也造成底层H₂S、CH₄有毒物质增加,雨水进入鱼池形成水上下层对流,水体上部有毒物质浓度升高是泛塘死鱼的主要原因。