三江平原玉米品种的种质基础分析

通过对黑龙江省三江平原1999—2004年6年间种植面积在1万hm2以上的玉米杂交种的种质基础的分析,说明三江平原所应用自交系以国外的兰卡斯特及地方种等血缘为主,应用的亲本材料过度集中,造成玉米种质遗传基础日趋狭窄。因此玉米育种工作应加强基础材料的创新,从而拓宽种质资源,解决玉米育种种质资源缺乏,遗传基础狭窄的问题。     

玉米种质资源的背景与利用

此文综述了国内外玉米种质资源的遗传背景与利用途径方面的研究进展,包括玉米的杂种优势群及杂优模式,及其在育种中的灵活应用,以及各种类型原始材料的利用方法。表明种质资源是玉米育种的前提和基础,深入认识和合理选择种质资源,可以显著提高育种效率,加快育种进程。同时认为,在玉米育种原始材料的选择和构建中,不能仅仅局限于杂种优势群和杂种优势模式,还要根据不同类型的种质资源,以及个人的育种目标和思路加以合理利用。     

农作物种质资源及其数据库研究进展

农作物种质资源又称农作物遗传资源,是作物遗传改良的物质基础。简述了农作物种质资源的重要意义及其国内外研究现状,重点分析了农作物种质资源库管理系统和种质资源数据信息类型,并展望了其发展趋势。认为中国作物种质资源信息系统今后必将得到快速发展,将充分为农作物遗传育种工作提供一个可靠的信息资源平台。     

几种分子标记技术在玉米自交系类群划分中的应用

分子标记技术的开发利用推动了玉米育种的发展,概述了5种常用分子标记SSR、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SNP的原理及特点。综述了分子标记技术在玉米自交系类群划分中的应用。     

异地晒黄烟种质资源的引进与鉴定评价

摘 要：为育成优质、抗病、高产的晒黄烟新品种，从异地引入黑龙江省20份晒黄烟种质资源，通过对其遗传多样性及抗病性的对比鉴定，筛选出适宜本地区的优良亲本。分析结果表明：其中7份优异的种质资源可作为亲本材料进行新品种的选育，其名称为青梗、齐市晒烟、黄烟-1、黄烟-2、高产烟-1、包盖烟-1、南雄烟-2。选取10个不同的数量性状进行对比分析，其香农-威尔指数在4.1~4.3之间，表明各种质资源的表型性状具有较大的遗传多样性。筛选出的优异种质资源极大的丰富了本地育种材料，有利于扩大遗传背景，提高育种效率。     

山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性,本研究对189份山西芝麻种质资源的10个质量性状和8个数量性状进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：189份山西芝麻种质资源的表型性状存在较大的遗传差异,质量性状以主茎茸毛量的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.15,以蒴果棱数的变异系数最高,为63.88%;数量性状以节间长度的遗传多样性指数最高,为2.09,以单株产量的变异系数最高,为47.66%;通过聚类分析,将189份山西芝麻种质资源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ可作为选育八棱、高秆品种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为矮秆、短节间特异材料,类群Ⅲ为高产选育目标材料,综合性状较好,可直接作为优异亲本加以利用,类群Ⅳ包含一批单花、高产特异材料。     

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究现状

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源是甜菜种质资源中具有褐斑病抗性基因并且能稳定传递给子代的种质资源,是甜菜抗褐斑病育种工作的物质基础,也是农业可持续发展的战略资源。甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源研究的主要内容包括对甜菜品种的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用以及抗性遗传基因的克隆及利用。为了使人们更加清晰的了解甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究状况。本文综述了甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用及分子方面的研究,并对我国未来种质资源的研究作出展望。以期为以后甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究提供方向。     

甘薯优异种质资源安全保存及在制种关键技术上的应用

甘薯种质资源是育种工作的物质基础,配制杂交组合是选育新品种的关键部分。总结了省时省力安全保存种质资源,及利用品种资源合理配制杂交组合以达到理想育种效果的技术,为甘薯育种提供科学依据。     

春小麦克丰2号的遗传基础及其在育种中的应用

分析了克丰2号的遗传基础与在小麦育种中的利用,从而探讨了种质资源的创新与利用。优异种质春小麦品种克丰2号由黑龙江省农业科学院小麦研究所根据生态育种理论,利用国内外亲本,采用阶梯式复合杂交选育而成,具有配合力高、丰产、多抗优质等突出特点。黑龙江省多家育种单位以克丰2号为育种亲本,采用不同育种途径,先后育成了15个小麦品种在生产上推广应用。     

Assessing the breeding potential of day-neutral converted racestock germplasm in the Pee Dee cotton germplasm enhancement program

The primitive, upland cotton landrace collection represents one of the untapped genetic resources in cotton breeding programs. Efforts to utilize these resources have been slow, but the development of day-neutral converted germplasm lines offers tremendous potential for broadening the genetic base in upland cotton. Using topcross hybrids involving elite germplasm from the unique Pee Dee germplasm enhancement program, we evaluated the breeding potential of a select number of day-neutral converted racestocks. The mean performance of parental lines and F₂ topcross hybrids along with genetic effect estimates indicate that day-neutral converted germplasm lines decreased agronomic performance while increasing fiber quality performance. Results suggest that crosses between day-neutral converted racestocks and elite Pee Dee germplasm lines result in new allelic combinations associated with improved fiber quality performance that interact in a non-additive way. However, it appears that converted racestocks transmit negatively correlated alleles for agronomic performance and fiber quality. These negatively correlated allelic combinations present a major challenge for cotton breeding programs. Future efforts that incorporate DNA based selection methods to identify and fix introgressed segments from converted racestocks and their offspring should enhance the use of the genetic variation present in the primitive racestock germplasm accessions.     

洋葱种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对32份洋葱种质资源的遗传多样性进行了分析。从31个ISSR引物中筛选出4条扩增产物条带清晰、多态性高的引物,在32份资源样品中共扩增出39条带,其中31条带为多态性位点,平均每个引物扩增的多态带数为7.75条,多态性条带比率（PPB）为79.48%。资源间的遗传相似系数在0.552~0.960之间,具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。ISSR聚类分析表明,在L取值为D=0.68时,可将32份洋葱资源分成5类：第一类包括18份种质资源,主要以Yellow Sweet Spanish系统为主;第二类包括1份种质资源,为Bejo Daytona;第三类包括3份种质资源,为Yellow Globe系统;第四类包括9份种质资源,为Yellow globe danvers系统;第五类包括1份种质资源,为Yellow Danvers system系统。较好地揭示了洋葱种质资源间的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,可为洋葱遗传育种和杂交亲本选择提供科学依据。     

芦笋种质资源与育种技术研究进展

文章简述了近年来芦笋种质资源的引种情况,不同芦笋种质资源相关农艺性状以及在国内不同生态区的适应性研究。总结了芦笋主要育种技术,包括选择育种、杂交育种、多倍体育种、全雄育种和分子标记辅助育种等的研究成果及进展。笔者认为今后芦笋种质资源创新和育种技术研究工作可重点从2个方面寻求突破：（1）加强芦笋优良种质资源的引进和创新利用;（2）开展多元化育种,高效推进抗茎枯病、优质和高活性成分等优良新品种的选育。     

黑龙江省水稻种质资源农艺性状鉴定与筛选

依据《水稻种质资源描述规范和数据标准》调查标准,对黑龙江省水稻地方品种123份、国外引进品种68份和黑龙江省选育品种82份进行农艺性状精准鉴定,对273份不同类型水稻农艺性状指标进行等级分类,筛选综合性状优异材料为地方品种共7份、国外品种13份、选育品种13份,其将对黑龙江省水稻育种事业发展起到积极的促进作用。     

亲子鉴定技术在玉米杂交组合组配中的应用研究

玉米杂交组合组配鉴定工作是玉米育种工作中十分重要的技术环节,需要消耗大量的人力、物力和财力,如何使玉米育种工作者从繁重的杂交组合组配、鉴定工作中解放出来,集中精力进行玉米自交系的选育,提高玉米育种效率值得研究。本试验以BA为母本,以H28、昌7-2、9502、P138、齐319、吉853、京2101、京343、京832为父本组配了9对同母异父玉米杂交组合,利用DNA指纹技术,将亲子鉴定技术应用到玉米杂交组合组配和鉴定工作之中。结果表明,将亲子鉴定技术应用到玉米杂交组合组配和鉴定之中,省时省力、结果准确可靠,是完全可行的。     

菠萝蜜研究进展

菠萝蜜是一种集鲜果食用、药用、林木为一身的优良果树,就近10年来对菠萝蜜价值的研究、种质资源的起源、分类与保存、生物学特性,以及栽培生理、引种和品种选育、育苗技术、病虫害防治、采后保鲜和储藏加工等方面的研究做了系统的综述,并就今后菠萝蜜研究的重点提出建议,认为应重视种质资源收集、保存,和品种选育以及栽培技术的研究。     

Utilization of exotic germplasm in Nordic barley breeding and its consequences for adaptation

Summary Utilization of exotic germplasm is one way to broaden genetic variation in breeding populations. This approach has recently been adopted in Sweden and Finland, where experimental barley populations has been established for research and pre-breeding purposes. The aim of the project is threefold: (1) to increase overall genetic diversity of Nordic barley breeding material; (2) to develop breeding material which possesses a high level of resistance for various barley diseases; and (3) to study effects of exotic germplasm on adaptation and agronomic performance. Both the Finnish and the Swedish barley populations include the same exotic material i.e. unadapted landraces from different parts of Asia and wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) accessions. Locally adapted high-yielding barley lines were included in the populations. The establishment of these populations involved six crossing generations in order to promote recombination and enhance the break-up of linkage blocks. The paper discusses the third aim of the project. Studies on agronomic performance and adaptation showed that (1) agronomically valuable genotypes can be constructed through recombination using exotic germplasm for Nordic conditions, (2) that incorporation of exotic material is most successful when made in a local genetic base and (3) that exotic germplasm has an effect on adaptation.     

Genetic diversity among parental lines of Indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China based on coefficient of parentage

Genetic diversity constitutes the raw material for plant improvement, and provides protection against genetic vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. Diversity of parental lines of indica hybrid rice in China is not well‐characterized. The major objective of this study was to quantify genetic diversity of Chinese parental lines of hybrid rice via coefficient of parentage (COP). All 100 parental lines of hybrid rice widely used in hybrid breeding and commercial production during 1976–2003 were studied by COP analysis. The mean COP for the 100 parental lines was low (0.056), indicating a potentially high degree of diversity in Chinese hybrid rice breeding. Forty‐nine percent of all pairs of parental lines were completely unrelated by pedigree data. The low mean COP for the parental lines was attributed to a continual incorporation of exotic germplasm (wild rice, japonica and javanica etc.) into the genetic base over time, to the introduction of foreign germplasm from the Philippines (International Rice Research Institute), Korea, the United States, Thailand, and Guyana as breeding stock. The mean COP from 1976 to 1990 was twice as much as that from 1990 to 2003. Cluster analysis was an effective method to discriminate diversity, ten clusters were identified, and maintainer lines, restorer lines and other parental lines with special genetic background were clearly grouped. In addition, restorer lines were further divided into 11 sub‐clusters, which basically was in agreement with hybrid rice breeding. Among ten provinces, Hunan, Sichuan and Fujian were outstanding for breeding 54 of 100 parental lines in hybrid rice production, and the genetic diversity of parental lines in Fujian, Sichuan,Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangsu were all narrower than that in Hubei, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. The result of coefficient of parentage analysis for 100 parental lines may promote the management of parental diversity and hybrid rice breeding in China.     

茶树资源核心种质研究进展

茶树是中国具有传统优势的经济作物之一,具有丰富的遗传多样性。能否快速、精确地从大量的茶树种质资源中筛选出适合育种的优异基因,是决定茶树育种成功与否的重要因素。为了提高茶树新品种的育种效率,更好地为科研和生产服务,建立茶树资源的核心种质就成了当务之急。笔者回顾了核心种质的概念及研究概况,总结了国内茶树核心种质的研究现状,概括了茶树核心种质的构建步骤及方法,分析了茶树核心种质的有效性检验方法,发掘了构建茶树核心种质中存在的问题,并就如何更好地构建茶树核心种质进行了展望。     

Agronomic performance of crosses between Nordic and exotic barleys

Exotic germplasm may be useful for the improvement of agronomic performance of barley breeding material. This study was conducted in order 1) to evaluate if it is possible to improve performance of Nordic barley breeding material by utilizing exotic germplasm sources (unadapted landraces and H. spontaneum), 2) to evaluate incorporation of exotic germplasm into a genetic base widely adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the extreme Scandinavian north as well as to the base adapted to the conditions of the south of this geographical region, and 3) to evaluate whether an index composed of several traits corresponded to 'breeder's phenotypic evaluation' of the progenies. Earliness, straw length, number of ears/plant, yield/plant, seed shattering, persistence of awns and an index computed from these traits were studied in Swedish and Finnish 4-way crosses along with their adapted parents. Most of the crosses headed earlier than their adapted parents and none of the crosses outyielded the adapted parents. The most favorable frequency distributions for the index were found in the crosses with only cultivated barleys as parents. Transgressive segregates were also found in progenies with H. spontaneum parents. Incorporation of exotic barleys was most successful into the local genetic base. Comparisons between indices and breeder's phenotypic evaluation suggested reconsideration of evaluation methods early in parent development.