Present Situation and Countermeasure of Water Pollution in Yulin River, Yubei District, Chongqing

Yulin River is the major secondary stream of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. According to the requirement of "The Prevention Plan of Water Pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Upper Areas (2001-2010)", the water environment pollution in Yulin River valley should be controlled. In this paper the reason of the water pollution is analyzed through investigation and evaluation on the present situation of Yulin River in North Chongqing area, and then a proposal on the prevention and cure measure of water pollution of Yulin River is presented.     

Development and Apllication of an Intergrated Emergency Lightening System for Water Pollutant Accident Management in the Three Gorges Basin

An integrated water pollution management system for the Three Gorges Reservior Area (TGRA) titled as WPMIS_ER_TGRA was developed as an information based techenical tool for emergency response on water pollutant accident.ArcGIS Engine, a Geographic Information System (GIS) Module Warehouse, was used as programme developing platform, and Visual Basic (VB) as programming language.The mathematical models for hydraulic and water quality simulation were developed and integrated in the system and programmed as a DLL file via VB.WPMIS_ER_TGRA owns a new function of emergency lightening at watershed scale as well as the normal water environmental information management functions.The system was applied for emergency water pollution management by a dummy ship capsizal in Yangtze River.It was found that WPMIS_ER_TGRA could model the transfer and diffusion of the accident pollutants in rivers, quickly forecast the pollution situation and identify the influencing area and their changing with time in a few minutes just after the accident happened.     

Assessment and Suggestion on Management System of Vehicle Exhaust

This paper analyzes the deep reasons why the benefits are always poor though China has controlled the vehicle exhaust for more than ten years, as well as a successful experience of the developed countries. Contrasting the deficiencies of the previous Air Pollution Control Law and advantages of the present Air Pollution Control Law , the paper indicates the organization structure and management system of the EPA are not entirely eligible for the tasks though the new law entitles environmental administrations to strengthening the exhaust control. It calls for that, according to principle that a structure results in a function, China must establish the management system of vehicle emission control in metropolises as soon as possible. So we can implement this law and improve urban air quality that has deteriorated due to vehicle exhaust. This paper puts forward organization form, functions, tasks and effect of this system.     

Application of Micronucleus Technique in Testing River Pollution in the Qinhuang River,Binzhou City

To figure out water pollution of the Qinhuang River in Binzhou City,broad bean root-tip micronucleus technique was applied to test water quality,water sample from different sampling points was taken to detect the contamination of broad bean root tips,so as to reflect water pollution using the pol ution indexes.The results showed that water in the Qinhuang River was polluted in different degrees,and water pollution grew more serious from the upper to the lower reaches.Water pollution sources include domestic sewage and solid waste,thus pollution discharge into the river must be strictly controlled to restore the polluted water and the ecological functions of waterscapes.     

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution and Its Tactics of Preventing and Curing

农业非点源污染是生态环境建设中遇到的关键问题之一,正日益受到重视。笔者分析了农业非点源污染的现状,指出化肥和农药的不合理施用是农业非点源污染的主源;畜禽粪便和“白色污染”也不可忽视。提高全民环保意识,加强农业非点源污染的监测,科学控制化肥农药等农用化学物质的施用,合理处置各类粪便,综合治理“白色污染”,发展无公害有机农业,是防治农业非点源污染的有效策略。     

雍菜对受灭多威污染养殖水体的净化及对鱼类生长的影响

灭多威属高毒农药,其可经地表淋溶等途径污染养殖水体。为了研究雍菜对水体中灭多威及其他水质指标的净化效能以及对罗非鱼生长的影响,以灭多威、罗非鱼、雍菜和室内养殖系统为试材,根据《水和废水监测分析方法》中的方法测得水质指标数据,以液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)测得水体中灭多威浓度,以试剂盒测定谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量（DTNB法）、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性（WST-1法）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性（紫外法）。研究结果表明,罗非鱼的生长速度随着水体中灭多威浓度的上升而降低。受灭多威污染可致罗非鱼肝脏氧化压力增大,SOD、CAT和GSH的活性发生变化。雍菜可通过机体吸收有效降低养殖水体中灭多威的含量,对受灭多威污染水体中TN、NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N、NO₂ ^--N等具一定的净化作用,并可减轻罗非鱼肝脏的氧化应激。研究显示,水体种植雍菜可有效减轻灭多威对水体的污染,保证鱼类的生长。     

彰武水库水环境质量评估

为了明确彰武水库环境质量状况,依照功能区对水质的要求和2009—2015年的实测水质数据,通过单因子水质标识指数法、综合污染指数法、有机污染指数法来评估其水环境状况,结果表明：（1）TN是该水库的主要污染因子,仅有4个月份能满足水质要求,其年均单因子水质标识指数都大于6;其次是TP,有53个月份水质超标,其年均单因子水质标识指数除2013年外均超标。（2）根据综合污染指数,该水库仅有5个月份水质合格,其他月份则处于污染状态,其中有39个月份为重度污染,这导致其年均和水期污染指数在污染与重度污染之间变化。（3）依据有机污染指数,有7个月份水质为基本合格,其他月份水质在较好与良好之间变动,没有发生有机污染;其年均和水期有机污染指数在较好与良好之间变化,有向水质恶化方面发展的趋势。     

菜地氮素循环途径及其环境效应综述

菜地生态系统氮肥投入量大,氮素循环强度高,损失途径多,损失量大。氮素除被作物吸收外,易造成土壤硝酸盐累积,引起土壤质量下降,进而通过剖面淋洗、地表径流和硝化、反硝化等途径损失,造成地下水硝酸盐污染、地表水富营养化以及大气污染．同时土壤中过量的硝酸盐累积引起蔬菜对硝酸盐过量吸收,造成蔬菜硝酸盐超标。水体和蔬菜硝酸盐超标对人体健康存在直接的负面作用。然而菜地复种指数高,在今后仍是增加农民收入的重点产业。菜地大量氮肥的施用引起的环境问题日益突出。综述了氮素循环途径及其环境效应。     

密云水源地水环境承载力系统动力学模拟与预测

水环境承载力作为人类活动与水环境系统的联系界面,是判断社会经济与水环境系统是否协调的尺度。针对密云地水环境承载力系统的复杂性,利用系统动力学的动态分析优势和政策实验室功能,建立水环境承载力系统动力学模型,构建指标体系,并结合层次分析法和水环境承载力量化方法,对2008-2020年水环境承载力进行模拟与预测,分析不同优化策略下水环境承载力变化特征。结果表明：（1）现状延续策略下,2008-2020年水环境承载力呈逐年略微下降的趋势;（2）开源、节流和治污、减排2种优化策略均能有效提高的水环境承载力,并且前者的提高幅度大于后者,而区域外调水措施则不能从根本上改善水环境承载力;（3）本地开源、节流措施与治污、减排措施结合后,可以大幅提高水环境承载力,是实现经济活动与水环境协调发展的最佳策略,进一步提出了该区域生态经济协调发展的策略和措施。     

低纬高原湖泊农业面源污染防治研究进展

摘 要：农业面源污染是各种导致水体污染的最主要的因素之一,在总体水污染中所占的比例不断增加,农业也逐渐成为水体富营养化最主要的污染源,其主要的污染物质是氮、磷营养元素,由于其具有随机性、污染物排放及污染途径的不确定性、污染负荷的时空差异性大等特征,长期以来控制农业面源污染成为水体污染防治的重点和难点。作者从氮、磷的流失方式、途径、形态和流失特征,影响氮、磷流失的主要因素及农业面源污染控制等三个方面,重点综述了低纬高原湖泊流域的农业面源污染及其防治的研究进展,具有重要的科研指导意义。     

煤矿废水对岩溶区水源及土壤污染、危害与评价

为了研究煤矿废水对地下水、表水、土壤污染及危害状况以及可能对农作物污染程度的评价,通过对研究区的地下水、地表水进行全面调查分析后,对受煤矿废水污染的水源、土壤进行重金属含量及相关项目的检测分析及质量评价。结果表明：未污染的地下水（泉水）水质良好,受煤矿废水直接污染的3、9、17号地下水域及表水水质很坏,除Pb、Cr、Hg外,Cu、Cd、Zn、Ni、As、pH值、SO42-项目全部超出当地地下水背景值,最大达89倍(Cd),质量评级为重度污染。污染水源按饮用水标准,判别出超标项目主要为Cd、Ni元素及pH,最高达9.8倍(Cd),质量评级为重度危害;按农田灌溉用水标准,判别出超标元素为Cd,高达4.4倍,质量评级为重度危害;按土壤环境质量二级标准判别出土壤中污染的元素为Cd,高达10.5倍,质量评级为重度危害、对农作物重度污染。     

改进的灰色关联分析法在渭河宝鸡段水质综合评价中的应用

为了量化评价渭河宝鸡段水质现状,并对污染趋势进行分析,为水环境保护及管理提供依据,应用改进的灰色关联法,在试验数据和监测结果基础上,对BOD5、CODCCr、CODMn、NH3-N、TP、TN 6个水质指标进行定量计算和评价。结果表明,渭河宝鸡段水质现状总体良好,评价断面水质达到或超过相应功能区水质标准,其中林家村断面达到Ⅱ类水质标准,胜利桥、卧龙寺桥和常兴桥断面的水质可达到Ⅲ类水质标准,虢镇桥、蔡家坡桥的水质较差,为Ⅳ类水质。同时,评价结果还表明,有机污染是水质好坏的限制性因子。采用改进的灰色关联度分析法,具有准确性、客观性的特点,对渭河宝鸡段水质评价效果良好。     

三峡库区次级河流污染现状与对策研究

沉水植物金鱼藻和黑藻在治理三峡库区次级河流水体污染具有广阔前景,对保护三峡水库的水环境贡献很大,在库区水体中可以发挥强大的环境生态功能。本文通过分析三峡库区次级河流的环境问题,预测了金鱼藻和黑藻在库区的应用前景,即防止水体富营养化、有机物污染、重金属污染、抑制藻类生长,以及维持生物多样性、生态完整性和稳定性。     

Water Pollution and Counter-Measures in the Three Gorges Dam Area

Water pollution in the Three Gorges Dam Area has resulted mainly from the haphazard drainage of industrial waste water and domestic sewage and free toss of rubbish along the Yangtze River. When the dam begins to store water in march, 2003, the environment in the dam area have to face a greater threat. Through the analyses of the reality, characteristics, causes, etc, and analysis of the water pollution in the dam area, there is enough reason to firmly believe that to control and wipe out water pollution here the first thing to be done is ban the haphazard drainage of waste water and the free toss of rubbish and make an effective combination of preservation, disposal and control of waste material. In addition, people's conseiousness of environmental protection should be promoted.     

Environmental Impact Modeling of Urban Sprawl in Beijing, P. R. China

City expansion is a major driving force altering local and regional hydrology and increasing non point source (NPS) pollution. To explore these environmental consequences of urbanization, long term runoff and NPS pollution were assessed in Beijing, P. R. China. The assessment was based on land use types, soil hydrology, and long term precipitation data. The environmental impact model L THIA was used. The outcomes indicate that the area likely would be subjected to impacts from urbanization on runoff and some types of NPS pollution. Urban sprawl will increase runoff volume considerably and significantly increase losses of COD and certain heavy metals such as Pb, Zn in runoff. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning and decision making efforts to protect and remediate water and habitat quality in the Beijing area. The techniques described herein can be used in other areas.     

1990—2016年东平湖水位变化及其对水质的影响

根据1990—2016年东平湖主要水文站的实测水文数据,采用Spearman秩相关系数法,分析了东平湖水位以及主要水质指标的年际变化特征,阐述了东平湖水位与水质的相关性,并探讨了南水北调东线工程实施后长期的高位蓄水状态下东平湖湖泊水质的可能变化情况。结果表明:1990—2016年东平湖年平均水位呈波动上升趋势;湖水位变化与TP、高锰酸盐指数浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为 -0.685和-0.550;与COD浓度呈负相关,相关系数为-0.389,相关性较弱;TN浓度主要受大汶河入湖污染量的控制;南水北调东线工程在一定程度上改善了东平湖的水质,但并未根治其水环境问题。建议通过合理调控东平湖水位高度、降低湖区人类活动强度等措施来管理湖泊水质,以期满足南水北调水质要求、实现东平湖乃至黄河下游湖泊生态系统的可持续发展。     

Water use efficiency of crops cultivated in the Mediterranean region: Review and analysis

Improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) of field crops in the Mediterranean region is an imperative imposed by the critical situation of water resources of the region, as well as by the demographical increment. This review reports the experimental data concerning WUE of 16 species cultivated in the region. The species include cereals, leguminous, horticultural and industrial crops. This review however underlines that WUE data of fruit trees are lacking, despite they represent one of the main productions of the Mediterranean agriculture.

In this region, the large range of WUE values observed, for the same species, can be ascribed mainly to: (i) fertilizers and water management (water regime, mineral supply and water quality); (ii) plant factors (species, variety and sensitivity of growth stage to the stress); and (iii) environmental factors (climate, atmospheric pollution, soil texture and climate change). The conclusion highlights the actual gap concerning WUE in the Mediterranean region. This gap will constitute a field of research designated to ameliorate WUE of agriculture in this region.     

模糊综合评价法在北碚主要支流河流水质评价中的运用

摘要：本文以重庆市北碚区的三条主要支流河流璧北河、磨滩河、黑水河为研究对象,运用模糊数学综合评价模型对5个监测断面和11个污染因子进行了综合评价。评价结果表明,5个断面水质具有明显的季节变化,并表明黑水河流域地表水质总体状况最好,除了偏岩断面2月份为Ⅲ级水质外,均处于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,符合功能水环境质量标准;而磨滩河的水质最差,甚至出现了劣Ⅴ级水质,可见其污染严重,需要治理;璧北河水质较好,2月份为Ⅳ类水质,5月份为Ⅲ级水质,8月份的河水水质较好,为Ⅱ类。评价结果为污染控制提供了科学依据。     

节水灌溉方式下作物需水量和灌溉需水量研究综述

中国是一个严重缺水的国家,农业用水浪费严重,发展节水农业势在必行。作物生长需水量与灌溉需水量密切相关,作物生长需水量估算方法各异,并以彭曼公式为主,该公式与参照作物需水量（ET0）和作物生长系数（Kc）有关。计划灌溉需水量是节水灌溉管理的一个重要因素,其定额方式各有利弊,仍然以农田水量平衡方程为主要评估手段。     

水稻田重金属污染的治理方法

有必要了解重金属污染的现状、危害及其治理策略。根据水稻田的重金属污染情况,选用符合能在水稻田中减轻重金属污染的实施方法：控制重金属污染源,筛选重金属低吸收的水稻品种,利用土壤改良剂,种植超富集植物,种植转基因植物。实施方案有利于提高水稻的产量及其品质,间接有利于人类身体健康。目前选育出来的低积累水稻品种还比较少,需要选育出更多品种;超富集植物的选择,要从能修复单一重金属污染向能修复复合重金属污染转变,才能适应污染地的复杂情况;转基因植物可利用空间还有待开发;归根结底要重视重金属污染,控制污水灌溉。