不同浸提、干燥方式对GABA速溶红茶中GABA含量的影响

为了研究不同浸提、干燥等工艺条件对优化GABA速溶红茶制备的问题,以‘金萱’品种的GABA红茶为原料,蒸馏水作为提取溶剂,以GABA含量为主要评价指标,采用正交试验优化GABA速溶红茶浸提参数,研究提取温度、提取时间和茶水比对GABA速溶红茶粉中GABA含量等的影响;在确定最佳浸提工艺条件基础上,分析喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥工艺对GABA含量的的影响,并确定制备GABA速溶红茶茶粉的最佳制备工艺条件。结果表明,在GABA速溶红茶浸提过程中,浸提温度对提取效果的影响最大,浸提温度与总固形物提取率具有极显著关系(P＜0.01)。经正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度90℃,提取时间15 min,茶水比1:15,在此最佳浸提工艺条件下,经冷冻干燥后获得GABA含量高达10.11 mg/g的GABA速溶红茶。     

香葱粉喷雾干燥工艺优化

以新鲜香葱为原料,采用喷雾干燥法制备香葱粉,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法筛选出喷雾干燥得率最佳的参数。结果表明,喷雾干燥制备香葱粉的最佳工艺条件为:料液浓度30%,进口温度140℃,热空气流量0.32 m~3/min,此条件下喷雾干燥香葱粉得率为30.9%,得到的香葱粉淡绿色,分散性好,并保留了香葱特有的气味。     

西番莲粉喷雾干燥工艺研究

采用酶解西番莲汁为原料,以麦芽糊精为助干剂,通过喷雾干燥法制备了西番莲粉,研究麦芽糊精添加量、进风温度、进料流量和进料浓度对西番莲粉产率、VC含量和含水率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化了西番莲粉喷雾干燥工艺参数。结果表明,西番莲粉喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数为:麦芽糊精添加量60%(按照喷雾干燥前料液总固形物含量计算),进风温度170℃,进料流量9 mL/min,进料浓度30%,此条件下西番莲粉的产率50.47%,VC含量58.88 mg/100 g,含水率4.8%。制得的产品具有西番莲特有的果香,研究为西番莲的产品多样化提供新的方法和思路。     

喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉及其冲调性分析

以红枣为原料,通过发酵工艺制备枣浆,采用喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉,以速溶枣粉的润湿时间和分散时间为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化速溶枣粉制备工艺。结果表明,喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉最佳工艺条件为:进风口温度130℃,进料流量1.27 m L/h,料液浓度22.31%,此条件下制备枣粉的润湿时间为44.12 s,分散时间为8.23 s,外观呈浅棕红色,具有红枣特有香气,冲调性良好。     

螯合剂辅助提取核桃青皮原花色素研究

采用螯合剂辅助提取核桃青皮原花色素,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计进行工艺参数优化。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数40％,提取温度50℃,提取时间80 min, EDTA质量分数0.1%。在此条件下,核桃青皮原花色素的提取率为31.992 mg/100 g。     

响应面法优化兰州百合皂甙提取工艺

以兰州百合为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化兰州百合皂甙的最佳提取工艺条件,考察提取温度、乙醇体积分数、液固比和回流时间对其皂甙提取率影响.结果表明,4个因素对兰州百合皂甙提取率影响的大小依次为提取温度＞回流时间＞乙醇体积分数＞液固比.确定的最佳工艺条件为提取温度70℃,乙醇体积分数80％,液固比10∶1,回流时间3h,在此条件下兰州百合皂甙的提取率可达到54.90％.     

响应面法优化灵芝蛋白质提取工艺

以灵芝蛋白质的提取率为指标,考察液料比(V/W)、时间、温度及p H值对提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析方法确定灵芝蛋白质的最优提取工艺。结果表明,灵芝蛋白质最佳提取工艺条件为液料比(V/W)120∶1,温度50℃,p H值10,时间60 min,沉淀p H值3,在此优化工艺下灵芝粗蛋白的实际提取率达39.7%。     

水茄叶片总皂苷超声提取工艺的研究

为提高水茄叶片总皂苷的提取率,本试验优化水茄总皂苷的提取工艺。以水茄叶片总皂苷提取率为评价指标,通过单因素试验考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间和提取温度对提取率的影响;在单因素试验的基础上,进行响应面试验设计,对水茄叶片总皂苷的超声辅助提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80.30%,料液比1:15.06 (g/mL),提取时间95.56 min,提取温度62.29℃,在此条件下,水茄叶片总皂苷的理论提取率为38.82%,且响应面模型拟合性良好、预测性良好、操作可信。响应面法优化的水茄叶片总皂苷超声提取工艺稳定可行。     

灰树花子实体中水溶性多糖提取工艺优化研究

以水为浸提液,通过单因素试验研究了颗粒度、浸提温度、浸提时间、水料比、醇沉度等因素对灰树花子实体多糖提取率的影响,并采用正交试验对提取工艺进行优化。试验表明,水料比对灰树花子实体多糖提取率的影响最大,其次是浸提时间,浸提温度影响最小。通过对提取条件的优化,结合收益、成本等综合因素选出最佳优化工艺为:浸提温度90℃,浸提时间5 h,水料比25∶1。验证试验显示,在最佳工艺条件下提取的多糖提取率达13.4%。     

鲜米糠中蛋白质的提取工艺研究

以新鲜米糠为原料,采用碱法、酸法、盐法分步对米糠蛋白进行复合提取。在提取过程中,以蛋白质提取率为指标,确定料液比、pH值、温度、时间对米糠蛋白提取率的影响,通过正交试验确定这3种方法各自提取蛋白的最佳工艺,最后依次采用碱提、酸提、盐提的最佳工艺条件分步对米糠蛋白进行提取。结果表明,碱法提取新鲜米糠蛋白最佳工艺条件:时间2.5 h,pH值12,温度30℃,料液比1∶11,提取率为34.49%;酸法提取新鲜米糠最佳工艺条件:时间3 h,pH值0.05,温度35℃,料液比1∶11,提取率为25.88%;盐法提取新鲜米糠蛋白最佳工艺条件:NaCl浓度0.6 mol/L,温度35℃,料液比1∶11,提取率为15.66%。复合法提取新鲜米糠蛋白总提取率达60.12%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.