棉属三染色体组(A、D、G)杂种的细胞遗传学研究

对棉属 A、D、G三个染色体组合成的三元杂种 [陆地棉× (亚洲棉×比克氏棉 ) ]及反交和回交后代 ,四元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )× (陆地棉×夏威夷棉 ) ]进行了细胞学研究。结果表明 ,三元杂种 F1以及回交后代 BC4 F1分离出的不育株、四元杂种 F1不育的主要原因是花粉母细胞减数分裂异常 ,主要表现为 :大部分染色体为单价体 ,仅有少量配对成二价体 ,后期 两极分配不均匀 ,出现多极分离现象 ,并有落后染色体出现。末期出现大量多分孢子和不正常的四分孢子 ,从而不能形成正常的花粉粒。三元杂种回交后代 BC4 F1中的部分可育型 ,花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,大部分染色体都能联会配对 ,仅个别为单价体 ,因而形成的花粉粒仅部分正常。 BC4 F1的可育型花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,染色体配对正常 ,表明育性恢复 ,结实正常。此外 ,四元杂种花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,在后期 形成了染色体“桥”     

4D缺体小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

利用自花结实的４Ｄ缺体小麦作母本，与中２、中５及中１００１等八倍体小偃麦杂交，获得的杂种Ｆ１植株除４Ｄ缺体×中５育性极低外，其余组合略低于普通小麦×八倍体小偃麦的自交结实率。杂种Ｆ１体细胞２ｎ＝４８。４Ｄ缺体×中２的Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂ＭＩ染色体配对的平均构型为１８．８１（１５－２２）Ⅱ＋０．５７（０－３）Ⅲ＋０．１１（０－２）Ⅳ＋８．２３（６－１０）Ⅰ。观察结果同时表明：（１）单价体的分布在每个ＰＭＣ中以８为众数；（２）单价体之中的两个在多数的ＰＮＣｓ中能形成次级联合配对，说明４Ｄ与４Ｅ染色体具有部分同源关系；（３）杂种Ｆ１多数花粉母细胞中多价体的出现表明八倍体小偃麦中Ｅ染色体组具有促进部分同源染色体配对的基因。     

栽培大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）与纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliar…

采用幼胚培养技术，获得了栽培大麦与纤毛鹅观草之间的属间杂种。研究了杂种Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１的形态和细胞学特点。结果表明：杂种形态介于双亲之间，不同生育阶段其主要特征分别倾向双亲这定。在结实率和主要经济性状上Ｆ２和ＢＣ１较Ｆ１有相当大的提高，但生育期进不大。根尖染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂构型分析表明：Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１均为混倍全。Ｆ１平均染色体数为２２．１４条，其中以２８条染色体的细胞所占比例较高     

三元杂种及回交后代的遗传性状和细胞学研究

三元杂种[陆地棉×(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)]的回交后代BC4F1发生疯狂分离,在各个性状上都表现出特殊的变异类型,在育性上分离出三种类型可育株,部分可育株,不育株。对这三种类型和三元杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂的观察表明,三元杂种F1及回交后代的不育株减数分裂表现异常,大多染色体不能联会配对,以单价体的形式存在,且有落后染色体、三价体、四体环的出现,在末期形成了不正常的四分孢子和多分孢子,这是不育的主要原因;部分可育株,大部分染色体联会配对成棒状二价体,个别为单价体;可育株染色体配对正常,能形成可育的花粉粒。     

陆地棉单体和端体细胞学行为与鉴定技术

报道了陆地棉单体和端体的细胞学鉴定时的染色体构型表现及其鉴定技术方法，并就陆地棉花粉母细胞减数分裂研究的取样、染色体制片和两种细胞学材料的传递等进行了讨论。     

phlb基因在中国春Tal kr phlb基因综合体与Agropyron intermedium杂…

本文对中国春Ｔａｌ ｋｒ ｐｈｌｂ基因综合体，Ｔａｌ中国春与Ａｇ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ杂种Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体配对情况进行了比较研究。证明ｐｈｌｂ基因可以诱导普通小麦与Ａｇ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ间部分同源染色体配对，交换，从而有可能以染色体易位的方式把Ａｇ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ中的有益基因转移到普通小麦中。在Ａｇ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（葡萄牙），Ａｇ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（     

四种栽培棉合成的四元杂种F1细胞遗传学研究

用(亚洲棉×草棉)F1进行染色体加倍,再与(陆地棉×海岛棉)F1进行杂交,产生亚洲棉、草棉、陆地棉和海岛棉四元杂种.对四种栽培棉的四元杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂各时期染色体行为观察结果表明,四元杂种F1的减数分裂异常,染色体丢失现象普遍,部分染色体不能联会配对,以单价体的形式存在,并出现三价体、四价体、五价体等多价体,在减数分裂的末期形成大量的不正常多分孢子,导致四元杂种F1高度不育.然而,四元杂种F1减数分裂中大多染色体仍能配对,形成环状或棒状二价体,并有较多的三价体、四价体、五价体等多价体,表明四种栽培棉种之间的亲缘关系相对较近,可以通过遗传重组产生综合四个栽培棉种性状的新种质.     

诸葛菜与甘蓝型油菜的核质杂种形成机制

对甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜的杂种的花粉母细胞的减数分裂的观察表明，染色体组分割现象在该杂种中广泛存在。对染色体组分割现象的分析表明，核质杂种的形成机制在于“染色体组分割现象”。同时还分析了“诸葛菜”核在不同质情况下的行为。     

陆地棉、亚洲棉与比克氏棉杂种F1及回交后代的育性研究

三元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )×陆地棉 ]及其反交的回交后代在性状上发生疯狂分离 ,在育性上分离出 3种类型 :可育型、不完全可育型、不育型。对这 3种类型及三元杂种F1减数分裂及其花粉的形成过程观察表明 ,三元杂种F1及回交后代的不育型 ,不育的根本原因在于减数分裂中期染色体不能正常配对 ,引起部分染色体滞后及染色体不均等分配 ,从而产生多分孢子和微核 ,最终导致不育花粉的产生 ;不完全可育型 ,大部分染色体联合配对成二价体 ,仅个别为单价体 ,这些单价体在后期随机向两极分离 ,产生的二分孢子有的正常 ,有的不正常 ,进而形成的花粉粒仅个别正常 ;可育株染色体配对正常 ,因而形成的花粉粒可育     

陆地棉三体的诱发,鉴定,研究和利用：IV.第19染色体三体的发现及鉴定

本文首次报道了一个新的陆地棉三体（Ｆｔｒ－６）的发现，并对其形态，减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体构型进行了研究，同时，通过其与一套易位系杂交Ｆ１花粉母期细胞染色体构型的细胞学检测，证明Ｆｔｒ－６可能是第１９染色体的三体。     

Hybrids of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Thinopyrum scirpeum (4x) and Thinopyrum junceum (6x)

Hybrids were obtained by crossing Thinopyrum scirpeum (4x) and T. junceum (6x) onto Triticum aestivum cv, ‘Chinese Spring’. An average meiotic pairing of 24.44^I+ 5.07^II+ 0.14^IIIin the ‘Chinese Spring’×T. scirpeum hybrid (ABDE₁E²) is attributed to two similar genomes from T. scirpeum (E₁E₂E₃E₄). An average meiotic chromosome pairing in the other hybrid (ABDJ₁J₂E₃) was 31.70^I+ 3.80^II+ 0.90^III and is attributed to autosyndetic pairing between the three genomes of T. junceum.     

中国春小麦(6x)×苏联球茎大麦(4x)属间杂交的研究初报

本试验选用抗病性较强的球茎大麦(2n=28)为父本,以普通小麦(2n=42)为母本,进行属间杂交,授粉24小时后,在母本柱头上滴赤霉酸,促使幼胚生长,以中国春单体5B 为母本杂交,获得了少量结实的杂交种子;以中国春为母本的,则结合离体培养杂种幼胚,以获得属间杂种。杂种自花不育,而以中国春单体5B 与之回交,获得三株回交一代杂种(B相似文献   

Assessment under short-day conditions of genetic materials derived from three potato breeding strategies: 4x-4x (intra-Tuberosum), 4x-2x (FDR 2n-pollen), and 4x-4x (diplandrous tetraploid)

Families and cultivars derived from three breeding strategies [the conventional 4x-4x (intra-Tuberosum), the interploid 4x (Tub)-2x (Phureja-haploid Tub), and 4x (Tub)-4x (diplandrous tetraploid-DTO)] were evaluated under short-day conditions in Brazil. Two 4x-4x (intra-Tub) cultivars (`Bintje' and `Delta') were used as standards. The 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) strategies were equivalent for all traits but they presented superior performance when compared to the 4x-4x (intra Tub) scheme(as a group) for total tuber yield (TTY), commercial yield (CY), and plant vigor (PV). No differences among breeding schemes were observed for three other traits: eye depth (ED), plant uniformity (PU), and haulm maturity (HM). As a group, the 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) strategies were similar to the two standard cultivar for all traits but HM. However, eight families [six 4x-2x (FDR) and two 4x-4x (DTO)] had significantly superior performance for TTY when compared with the standard cultivars. For CY, the best 4x-4x (DTO) and the best 4x-2x (FDR) families outyielded `Bintje' by161% and 128%, respectively. No major differences were observed between breeding schemes for TTY and CY when comparing families derived from one single cultivar (`Chiquita') as 4x female parent. However, superior families, based upon multi trait selection criteria, could be obtained only with the 2n-pollen-based strategies. It was possible to select high yielding 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) families with favorable trait combinations (e.g., high yielding with ED scores similar to the standards). Individual DTO clones selected within these families may represent outstanding parental materials for crosses with tropical-adapted commercial cultivars. This initial comparison of progenies and cultivars derived from these breeding strategies suggests that 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) schemes could be viable alternatives to the conventional 4x-4 × crosses also in tropical/subtropical areas of the world. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seed set,size, and development after 4x × 2x and 4x × 4x crosses in citrus

Summary As triploids produce seedless fruits the best production is investigated. Comparative studies of embryogenesis, seed set, size, and germination were carried out following 4x×2x and 4x×4x crosses. On the average, both crosses yielded similar numbers and proportions of fully developed seeds per fruit. Seed development and germination took place precociously in 4x×2x seeds as compared to 4x×4x ones. The size of 4x×2x seeds was about 1/6 to 1/3 the size of 4x×4x seeds; thus, they were distinguishable from one another on the basis of size. Similarly, it was found that 3x and 4x seeds could be identified based on size following 4x×2x+4x crosses. It was concluded that 4x×2x crosses would be more successful than 2x×4x crosses for producing triploids.     

甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。     

栽培大豆和野生大豆的Glyma13g21630基因多样性分析

利用Sanger方法对49份野生大豆,46份地方品种和38份选育品种的Glyma13g21630基因测序,采用DNAStar、Mega、DNAsp和Tassel软件分析Glyma13g21630的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点在不同类型大豆群体的分布规律。结果表明,在133份供试种质中检测到多态性位点29个,包括22个SNP和7个InDel,多态性频率分别为1SNP/138 bp和1InDel/434 bp。Glyma13g21630基因序列中多态性位点的分布不均匀,其中内含子3和5为变异富集区,其他区域变异较小。单倍型分析表明,Glyma13g21630在野生大豆和栽培大豆中的多态性位点数目逐渐减少,分布范围也越来越窄;连锁不平衡分析表明,野生大豆的7个高频SNP位点中有42.86%处于极显著的连锁不平衡状态;Ka/Ks>1,说明野生大豆在向栽培大豆的进化中,某些位点受到正向选择,多态性显著降低。Glyma13g21630基因在大豆由野生向栽培驯化的过程中因正向选择作用而固定了有益变异,表现出瓶颈效应。     

Cytometric and morphometric identification of diploid, tetraploid and pentaploid plants derived from Actinidia arguta (2n = 4x) crossed with A. deliciosa (2n = 6x)

Interspecific crosses between Actinidia arguta (In = 4x) and A. deliciosa (2n = 6x) were carried out in order to transfer cold resistance from a wild to the cultivated kiwifruit species. Of the 65 progenies obtained and analysed by flow cytometry, 16 were diploid, one was tetraploid and 48 were, as expected, pentaploid. Morphologically, the diploids can be distinguished from the pentaploids by their longer lamina. The existence of 5x progenies confirms the existence of gene flow between A. arguta and A. deliciosa, whereas the existence of 2x and 4x progenies provides evidence for parthenogenesis within the Actinidia genus following an interspecific cross. The study demonstrates the utility of flow cytometry for genomic analysis of progenies derived from interspecific crosses. Possible uses of both sexual and parthenogenetic progenies in the breeding and genetics of kiwifruit are discussed.     

Somatic hybrids between Gossypium hirsutum L. (4×) and G. davidsonii Kellog (2×) produced by protoplast fusion

Somatic hybrids were obtained from electrofused protoplasts derived from embryogenic suspension cultures of tetraploid cotton (G. hirsutum L. cv. Coker 201) and embryogenic callus of diploid wild cotton G. davidsonii. The regenerants were initially identified as hybrids by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis. Subsequently, observation on chromosome counting, morphology and SSR (simple sequence repeat) confirmed the hybrid status. Cytological investigation of the metaphase root-tip cells of the regenerated plants revealed there were 74 to 84 chromosomes in the plants, close to the expected 78 chromosomes. SSR analysis revealed the regenerated plants contained specific genomic fragments from both fusion partners, further confirmed their hybridity. The morphology of the plants was intermediate between the two fusion partners. The regenerants were difficult to develop into mature plants because their roots browned and they wilted from the stem apex before forming 3 to 5 true leaves. The hybrid plants were transferred to soil by grafting in vitro onto rootstocks.     

A maternally inherited DNA marker,descended from Solanum demissum (2n = 6x = 72) to S. tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48)

A Mexican hexaploid wild potato species, Solanum demissum (dms), was only used as a female in previous breeding programs. The resulting clones with dms cytoplasm produced abundant, but non-functional pollen. A 170 bp DNA fragment, named Band 1, was originally detected in the F₁ hybrid between dms and S. tuberosum. In this study, the sequenced region was extended to 1,032 bp; nevertheless, it did not show any homology to known sequences. This extended region harboring Band 1 was, without introns, all transcribed to mRNA and was maternally inherited from dms to S. tuberosum through backcrosses. Three dms accessions, 168 accessions of 38 cultivated and closely related wild species, and 158 varieties and breeding lines were surveyed, which demonstrated that Band 1 was specific to dms and varieties and breeding lines with dms cytoplasm. Thus, Band 1 is a useful marker to distinguish dms cytoplasm, which enables us to design efficient mating combinations in breeding programs.     

甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。