INTEGRATED EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE

The present study was designed to assess the effect of organic materials, i.e., farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and sugar cane filter cake (FC) along with mineral nitrogen on yield and soil organic fertility. Our results indicated that among sole nitrogen (N) sources, highest grain yield was recorded from poultry manure. In the case of integrated N sources, maximum grain yield was obtained from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was highest with the application of poultry manure among sole N sources. Highest grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was observed from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Application of poultry manure as sole N sources resulted maximum increase in soil total N and organic matter when compared with other sole N sources. Among N sources applied in different proportion, maximum total soil N was recorded from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N. We concluded from these experiments that integrated application of N sources in different proportion greatly improves the N economy and enhance crop productivity in low N soils.     

Intercropping and balanced nutrient management for sustainable cotton production

The productivity of cotton is lowest in India and far below that of the world average productivity. Suitable management practices like intercropping and judicious combination of organic and inorganic manures are considered as yield improvement technologies and can avoid environmental pollution. However, which intercrop is suitable for the study area and what combination of nutrients will perform better needs to be investiaged. With this background and to test-verify the same, field experiments were conducted on cotton with split plot design to evaluate cotton based intercropping system along with nutrient management practices for enhancing the cotton productivity. Five intercropping systems viz., sole cotton, cotton + onion, cotton + blackgram, cotton + greengram and cotton + lucerne were included in the main plot. The subplot consisted of combinations of inorganic and organic manures namely, 100% recommended inorganic nitrogen (N), 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through sunnhemp, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through farm wastes, 75% inorganic N + 25% N through weed compost. The results revealed that sole cotton followed by cotton + blackgram intercropping and 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure recorded better growth and yield attributes, higher cotton yield during both the years. Cotton + onion resulted in the maximum cotton equivalent yield of 2396 kg ha^?1 followed by cotton + blackgram (2240 kg ha^?1). Better N use efficiency and post-harvest soil available N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) was also associated with cotton + blackgram intercropping and 75% inorganic N + 25% N through poultry manure. Benefit: cost (BC) ratios were also higher in the same treatment. It could be concluded from these results that the cotton productivity is higher under the sole crop of cotton, however, the cotton equivalent yield is significantly higher with intercropping and these treatments proved that soil fertility status can be sustained with integrated plant nutrient management practices and intercropping systems.     

Effects of different organic materials on forage yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize (Zea mays L.)

The use of organic materials as a source of nutrients on agricultural lands ameliorates soil physical properties as well as being an environmentally friendly way of disposing of their wastes. This study was conducted to determine effects of three organic materials (poultry litter, cattle manure, leonardite) on yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. Poultry litter and cattle manure were applied based on phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N) requirements of the crop whereas leonardite was applied only one dose (500 kg ha^?1) and also combined with three inorganic fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, 50% of recommended inorganic fertilizer dose). According to the results, the highest green herbage yield and nutrient uptake values were observed in LEO-100 whereas N-based treatments significantly decreased yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. The use of organic materials as a combination with inorganic fertilizer in silage maize cultivation is highly beneficial for sustainable forage production.     

Effect of intercrop spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on establishment of Leucaena leucocephala in alley cropping

Abstract

One of the reasons for the low rate of adoption of alley cropping in the humid tropics is the problem of establishing the desired hedgerow trees. A split plot experimental design trial was set up to investigate the effects of 4 levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha^‐1) on the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an intercrop with maize. Maize (Ekona 83TZ SR Y) was planted at 0, 25, 50, and 75 cm from Leucaena hedgerows planted on the same day. Leucaena plants were harvested at 3, 6, and 12 months after planting for biomass yield, N uptake, nodulation and mycorrhization. Results showed that at 0, 25, and 50 cm Leucaena/maize intercrop, there was no effect of N on Leucaena biomass. Leucaena biomass yield at 75‐cm spacing compared favorably with the biomass of Leucaena sole cropped that had received 0, 30, and 60 kg N ha^‐1. Application of 120 kg N ha^‐1 to sole Leucaena increased biomass yield significantly above all the intercrop spacings. Measurement of the solar radiation in the system showed that there was a close relationship between the amount of solar radiation received by Leucaena and its biomass yield. Maize intercropped closer than 75 cm from Leucaena hedges reduced radiation received by Leucaena by 72% at 25 cm compared with 29% at 75 cm. This effect reduced Leucaena biomass yield at 25‐cm spacing by 50%. This study showed that Leucaena can be established in intercrop with maize, but it requires about 75‐cm intercrop spacing with crop and about 120 kg N ha^‐1 for good establishment. Leucaena/maize intercrop at 75‐cm spacing enables Leucaena to receive about 72% solar radiation and larger area to forage for plant nutrients.     

Effect of Mixture of Nitrogen from Poultry Manure and Urea on Mineral Profile of Tomato Grown in KPK-Pakistan

Nitrogen has a role in plant mineral nutrition, and so a better way of supplying nitrogenous fertilizers is demanded to promote plant nutrition and clean environment. The present study was, therefore, designed to maintain plant mineral requirements and control environmental pollution. Tomato cultivars, that is, Falcon and Rio Grande, were supplied with a mixture of poultry manure (PM) and urea in various proportions in 2009 and 2010. All tested factors (N source, cultivar, and year) alone and in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the mineral profile of tomato fruit. Treatment 75:25 resulted in highest uptake of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in cultivar Rio Grande during 2010. Similarly, highest concentration of boron (B) was recorded in Rio Grande fed with 50:50 of PM and urea, respectively. It was concluded that a combination of PM and urea in ratios of 75:25 and 50:50 performed well in achieving the optimal mineral contents in the tomato fruits.     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产，还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响，为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理，及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料，在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK)，100%化肥氮 (CF)，100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM)，100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC)，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下，与CF处理相比，FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高，其中FM处理显著增产13.2%，PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高，两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2，较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%；PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比，FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05)，PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期，FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高，与 CF 无显著差异；在成熟期，FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%，而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外，施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量，与CF处理相比，PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%；FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量，还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异，但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量，有利于土壤培肥，而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢酶和氮素利用的影响

为解决我国西南地区玉米氮肥一次性施用问题,以普通尿素和包膜缓释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与缓释尿素配比试验处理,分别为100%缓释尿素(CRU100),75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(CRU75),50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(CRU50),25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(CRU25)和100%普通尿素(CRU0),以不施氮肥(CK1)和常规施肥(CK2,普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究氮肥一次底施下缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢关键酶、干物质积累、氮积累及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米叶片氮代谢关键酶(谷氨酸合成酶GOGAT和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性,与常规施肥相比,普通尿素与缓释尿素配施可提高叶片GOGAT和GS活性,其中以CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例处理最好。(2)CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例可改善吐丝前、后物质积累和氮素积累,显著提高成熟期物质积累量和氮素积累量。(3)随缓释尿素比例增加,玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量及氮收获指数均呈先升后降的趋势;掺施缓释尿素处理产量较常规施肥处理平均增产4.46%,其中CRU50和CRU75处理产量最高,收获指数和氮肥表观利用率显著高于其它处理。因此,普通尿素掺混50%~75%比例的缓释尿素进行一次底施,既能增加玉米产量,又可实现氮素的高效利用。     

Substitution Effect of Pig Manure for Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

Pot experiments using a ¹⁵N isotope technique were conducted to quantify the substitution effect of pig manure (PM) for chemical fertilizer (CF) nitrogen (N) on N-use efficiency. Treatments include a control, 100% CF N, 100% PM N, and portions of PM N (25?75%) substitution for CF N. With an increase portion of PM, N in wheat and maize plants derived from the CF (%Ndff) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from 76.6 to 35.1% and 79.8 to 40.9%, whereas N derived from PM (%Ndfm) increased from 13.1 to 57.0% and 5.4 to 47.1%. Plant availability of PM N was equivalent to 33% and 28% of CF N for wheat and maize, and 10?17% and 12?20% of PM N were recovered by wheat and maize plants, respectively. The PM N could substitute for 33% CF N. Combinations of PM with CF did not improve N efficiency compared with equivalent rate of CF alone.     

Enhancing Soil Fertility and Wheat Productivity through Integrated Nitrogen Management

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of integrated nitrogen (N) management on soil fertility and crop productivity. Application of N sources in different proportions significantly (P ≤ 0.05) enhanced soil total N, organic matter, grain N uptake, straw N uptake, and grain yield. Maximum grain yield, total soil N (%), and organic matter (%) were recorded from the treatment of poultry manure as compared with other sole N sources. Among integrated application of N sources, 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source produced the greatest grain yield. Maximum total soil N and organic matter were observed in the combined application of 75% poultry manure + 25% mineral N. Maximum grain N and straw N uptake was recorded from the treatment applied with farmyard manure as sole N source. However, among integrated application of N sources, 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source resulted in the greatest grain N and straw N uptake.     

普通、控释尿素配比对玉米物质积累及产量的影响

以普通尿素和包膜控释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与控释尿素配比处理,分别为CRU0—100%普通尿素,CRU1—75%普通尿素+25%控释尿素,CRU2—50%普通尿素+50%控释尿素,CRU3—25%普通尿素+75%控释尿素和CRU4—100%控释尿素,以CK1—不施氮肥和CK2—常规施氮(普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究控释尿素与普通尿素配施对玉米农艺性状、干物质积累分配及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米株高、穗位高和叶面积,与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施可提高株高、穗位高、茎粗和叶面积,其中75%控释尿素处理提高显著。(2)与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施处理促进吐丝期干物质积累,最终增加成熟期总干物质量,其中以CRU2和CRU3处理最好。(3)与常规施氮处理相比,普通、控释尿素配施处理的干物质在叶片和茎秆中的分配比例均较低,而籽粒的分配比例较高,以CRU3处理比例最高。(4)随控释尿素比例增加,玉米产量、千粒重、穗粒数、穗长和穗粗均呈先升后降的趋势;25%,50%,75%,100%的控释尿素比例处理产量较常规施氮处理分别增产3.70%,8.83%,11.23%,5.43%。因此,普通尿素掺混75%比例的控释尿素进行一次底施,既能满足玉米植株生长需求,提高干物质积累,优化干物质分配,又可促进增产。     

不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响

【目的】探讨本地区主要类型有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响,为不同类型有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】2014年10月—2015年9月在山东省中国农业科学院禹城试验基地进行了冬小麦–夏玉米田间小区试验,供试小麦品种为‘济麦22’,玉米品种为‘郑单958’。在常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/季) 基础上,设化肥 (CF)、鸡粪 (CHM)、猪粪 (PM) 和牛粪 (CM) 单施以及化肥分别与3种有机肥配施处理 (化肥氮分别占25%、50%、75%),13个处理;加倍施氮量下,有机肥和化肥单施 (DCF、DCHM、CPM、DCM) 4个处理;1个不施肥处理 (CK),共计18个处理。测定了小麦和玉米产量、N₂O排放通量和NH₃挥发通量。【结果】常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/hm2) 下,单施鸡粪或猪粪的小麦、玉米产量与化肥相当,单施牛粪比化肥处理减产。分别与CF、CHM、PM、CM相比,DCF、DCHM、DPM处理无增产效果,DCM处理玉米表现为增产。猪粪和鸡粪与化肥各配施比例处理的小麦、玉米产量间无显著差异,且均与单施化肥处理相当;牛粪与化肥配施处理的小麦产量随化肥配施比例的提高而提高,玉米产量各配施比例处理间无显著差异。CF处理周年NH₃挥发量为39.63 kg/hm2,是单施有机肥处理的37～53倍;单施化肥处理的NH₃排放系数接近9%左右,单施有机肥处理的NH₃排放系数只有0.2%左右。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年NH₃挥发总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到75%时,周年NH₃挥发总量与单施化肥处理相当。CF处理的周年N₂O排放总量为2.85 kg/hm2,高于单施有机肥处理,三种有机肥N₂O周年排放量由大到小依次为猪粪 (2.51 kg/hm2)>鸡粪 (1.91 kg/hm2)>牛粪 (1.85 kg/hm2) 处理;加倍施用化肥和有机肥的N₂O排放量平均为常规施氮量的1.5倍以上。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年N₂O排放总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到50%时,周年N₂O排放总量达到或超过了单施化肥处理。CF处理N₂O排放系数为0.4%左右,有机肥处理N₂O排放系数为0.3%左右。有机肥处理的NH₃挥发和N₂O排放主要发生在小麦季,化肥处理主要发生在玉米季。加倍施肥均会明显增加NH₃挥发总量和N₂O排放总量,但不影响二者的排放系数。【结论】不同粪肥与化肥配施对作物产量、田间N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的影响有明显差异。推荐施肥量下,鸡粪或猪粪不配施或配施少量化肥 (< 50%) ,牛粪配施75%左右的化肥可实现与化肥相当的作物产量,同时减少农田氮肥气态损失。     

Enhancing phosphorus availability,soil organic carbon,maize productivity and farm profitability through biochar and organic–inorganic fertilizers in an irrigated maize agroecosystem under semi‐arid climate

Biochar amendments offer promising potential to improve soil fertility, soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yields; however, a limited research has explored these benefits of biochar in the arid and semi‐arid regions. This two‐year field study investigated the effects of Acacia tree biomass‐derived biochar, applied at 0 and 10 t ha^?1 rates with farmyard manure (FYM) or poultry manure (PM) and mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizer combinations (100 kg P ha^‐1), on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity, P use efficiency (PUE) and farm profitability. The application of biochar with organic–inorganic P fertilizers significantly increased soil P and SOC contents than the sole organic or inorganic P fertilizers. Addition of biochar and PM as 100% P source resulted in the highest soil P (104% increase over control) and SOC contents (203% higher than control). However, maize productivity and PUE were significantly higher under balanced P fertilizer (50% organic + 50% mineral fertilizer) with biochar and the increase was 110%, 94% and 170% than 100%‐FYM, 100%‐PM and 100% mineral fertilizer, respectively. Maize productivity and yield correlated significantly positively with soil P and SOC contents These positive effects were possibly due to the ability of biochar to improve soil properties, P availability from organic–inorganic fertilizers and SOC which resulted in higher PUE and maize productivity. Despite the significant positive relationship of PUE with net economic returns, biochar incorporation with PM and mineral fertilizer combination was economically profitable, whereas FYM along biochar was not profitable due to short duration of the field experiments.     

不同施肥模式对春玉米产量、水分利用效率及硝态氮残留的影响

通过2年田间试验,研究了减量施氮和减氮配施不同比例控释肥对黄土旱塬春玉米产量、水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响,旨在为黄土高原旱作农业区提供合理的施肥管理模式。试验于2017年4月至2018年9月在黄土旱塬雨养农业区进行,供试作物为春玉米,采用半覆膜种植方式,一年一熟制。试验共设置CK(不施氮肥)、N1C1(控释尿素65%+普通尿素35%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C2(控释尿素50%+普通尿素50%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C3(控释尿素35%+普通尿素65%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1(减氮模式,普通尿素,N200kg/hm^2)、N2(传统施氮模式,普通尿素,N250kg/hm^2)6个处理,测定土壤含水量、收获期土壤剖面(0—300cm)中的硝态氮含量及春玉米产量。结果表明:与N2处理相比,减氮处理(N1)并没有减少作物产量,反而显著增加作物产量(p<0.05),2017年、2018年分别增加9.6%和6.9%,土壤水分利用效率分别提高13.3%和10.2%(p<0.05)。同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与全尿素N1处理相比,2017年配施不同比例控释肥的各处理降低了春玉米的产量和水分利用效率;2018年N1C2处理较N1处理显著增加春玉米的产量和水分利用效率(p<0.05),分别增加7.7%和11.6%。此外,试验2年后减氮模式N1和减氮配施一定比例的控释肥处理显著减少土壤剖面(0—300cm)中硝态氮的残留量(p<0.05),与N2处理相比,N1处理减少了61.2%;同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与N1处理相比,N1C2处理降低了50.8%。     

Impact of integrated management of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and nutritional quality of potato

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different compositions of nitrogen (N) sources on yield and nutritional quality in potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.). The experiment used a factorial arrangement as two factors in randomized complete block design. Factor (A) was nitrogen sources: control, 75% M?+?25%V, 50% M?+?50%V, 100% M, where M plots received nitrogen from mineral fertilizer and V plots received nitrogen from vermicompost. Factor (B) was potato cultivars (Sante and Savalan). In Sante cultivar, 75% M?+?25%V produced the highest total and marketable yield. In Savalan, cultivar application of vermicompost in 75% M?+?25%V and 50% M?+?50%V increased significantly total and marketable yield as compared with 100% M. Application of vermicompost significantly decreases tuber nitrate content and increases nitrogen-use efficiency. In Savalan, cultivar 50% V?+?50%M and in Sante cultivar 75% V?+?25%M can effectively be used for improving yield and nutritional quality of tuber.     

Physiological Indices of Spring Maize as Affected by Integration of Beneficial Microbes with Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and their Levels

This study was designed to observe physiological indices of a spring maize response with the integration of beneficial microorganism, organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and N levels. Field experiments were conducted in three replications during 2014 and 2015 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Different beneficial microbes (BM) (with BM and without BM), organic (farm yard manure, FYM) and inorganic (ammonium nitrate) N ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0), and nitrogen levels (N) (100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1). Beneficial microorganism, 50:50 ratio of organic and inorganic N, and 200 kg N ha^?1 seem better in terms of improving SPAD value, plant height (cm), leaf rea (cm²), and leaf area index (LAI) of spring maize. Therefore, the application of BM, 50:50 ratio of organic and inorganic N, and 200 kg N ha^?1 were recommended for enhancing crop physiology in agro-climatic condition for Peshawar, Pakistan.     

Impact of urea and farm yard manure on nitrate concentration in soil profile and productivity of wheat crop

Abstract

During the last century, concerns about nitrate presence in the groundwater have tremendously increased worldwide, mainly because of its detrimental consequences on environment and human health. There are different factors contributing their past in nitrate pollution, farm manure is given due consideration. Knowing above facts, a field study was performed to check the effect of different farm yard manure (FYM) levels with urea on nitrate distribution in the soil profile and yield of wheat crop. The experiment was set out in a randomized complete block design, consisted of application of nitrogen at 125?kg ha^?1 from urea, 80?kg ha^?1 of N from urea +10 tons FYM ha^?1 and 20 tons FYM ha^?1 with three replications. Wheat (cultivar S7ehar-2006) was sown as test crop. Soil samples were examined to measure the nitrate concentration from four different depths (0–25, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100?cm) after harvesting. Results showed that the straw yield, total biomass, spike length, and number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were significantly influenced by fertilizer strategies. All manure treatments significantly affected the infiltration rate and concentration of nitrate at different depths of the soil profile. Farm yard manure showed greater nitrate concentration up to 50?cm depth as compared to alone urea and combined application, while at the depth of 100?cm, combined application of urea and FYM showed a minimum concentration of nitrates than alone application of either urea or FYM.     

Evaluation of three organic wastes for reclaiming burnt soils: Improvement in the recovery of vegetation cover and soil fertility in pot experiments

The efficacy of three abundant organic wastes: poultry manure (PM), cattle slurry (CS) and sewage sludge (SS) for the reclamation of burnt soils was evaluated. A forest soil, previously furnace-heated in order to simulate exposure to a high-intensity wildfire, was labelled with nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N) to evaluate the contribution of N derived from the organic waste to the burnt soil and vegetation. Four treatments were performed with the heated ¹⁵N-labelled soil: an unamended control soil (S) and three waste amended soils (S+PM, S+CS and S+SS) at a dose waste of 167mg total N kg^–1 soil. Lolium perenne was grown in all the pots for 3 months. In each treatment the phytomass produced and its N content decreased significantly in the following order of treatments: S+PM S+CS > S+SS S. The percentage of plant N derived from the waste was similar in the S+PM (22.8%) and S+CS (24.0%) treatments, but significantly lower in the S+SS treatment (16.5%). At the end of the 3 month experimental period, the available N reserves (phytomass N+soil inorganic N) in the control soil accounted for 51.5–71.5% of those in the S+PM, S+CS and S+SS treatments, whereas the yield of the plants was only 13.4–29.8% of that in the manured soils. These results demonstrated the importance of the addition of organic wastes, particularly PM, for the recovery of the vegetation cover and for the stabilization of the soil ash layer. They also showed that the level of N was not the main controlling factor of plant growth in the control soil, which, moreover, did not show evidence of a shortage of macronutrients, i.e. phosphorus, potassium, calcium or magnesium. It is hypothesized that, as occurs in heat-sterilized soils, phytomass production in the control-heated soil could have been inhibited by the heat-induced production of phytotoxic compounds, their negative effects being microbially or chemically suppressed by the addition of organic wastes. Received: 3 March 1997     

Study on the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield,Yield Components,and Nodulation State of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

To study the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) on yield and nodulation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ILC 482, a spilt-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in 2008 at the experimental farm of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Mohaghegh, Ardabili. Experimental factors were inorganic N fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha^?1) in the main plots that applied in the urea form, and two levels of inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria (with and without inoculation) as subplots. Nitrogen application and Rh. inoculation continued to have positive effects on yield and its attributes. The greatest plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number of filled and unfilled pods per plant, number of grains per plant, grain yield, and biological yield were obtained from the greatest level of N fertilizer (100 kg urea ha^?1) and Rh. inoculation. Application of 75 and 100 kg ha^?1 urea showed no significant difference in these traits. Furthermore, the greatest rate of N usage (100 kg urea ha^?1) adversely inhibited nodulation of chickpea. Number and dry weight of nodules per plant decreased significantly with increasing N application rate. The lowest values of these traits recorded in application of 100 kg ha^?1 urea. Results indicated that application of suitable amounts of N fertilizer (i.e., between 50 and 75 kg urea ha^?1) as starter can be beneficial to improve nodulation, growth, and final yield of inoculated chickpea plants.     

猪场肥水施用对玉米-小麦农田氨排放、氮素利用与表观平衡的影响

规模化生猪养殖废弃物已成为当前重要污染来源,为有效解决猪场废水所引发面源污染问题,有必要开展将其替代矿物氮肥(作为肥水)施用于农田的探索。以华北平原高度集约化玉米-小麦一年两熟轮作体系为对象,通过田间小区试验,定量研究猪场肥水施用对作物产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用效率、土壤矿质氮累积、氨挥发损失及轮作体系氮素表观平衡的影响。试验包括7个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、尿素表施(CK1)、尿素注射施用(CK2)、猪场肥水替代25%尿素氮表施(25%WB)、猪场肥水替代50%尿素氮表施(50%WB)、猪场肥水替代25%尿素氮注射施用(25%WI)和猪场肥水替代50%尿素氮注射施用(50%WI)。猪场肥水作为基肥施用。结果表明,与CK相比,施用尿素和猪场肥水均可显著提高玉米、小麦产量和籽粒氮吸收量,其中25%WI最高,50%WI次之。与尿素表施相比,尿素注射施用、猪场肥水表施和注射施用均可明显提高氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观利用率,且肥水注射施用最高,肥水表施次之,而25%WI和50%WI之间无显著差异。与不施肥处理相比,施用尿素和猪场肥水0～100cm土体矿质氮残留量显著增加50.8%～87.9%,其中50%WB、25%WI和50%WI无显著差异。与尿素表施相比,尿素注射施用、肥水表施和注射施用均可显著降低玉米和小麦基肥期土壤氨损失总量,降幅分别为26.5%～48.6%和11.4%～29.1%;同时,肥水表施和注射施用下轮作体统氮盈余显著降低7.6%～16.0%,其中25%WI降幅最高,但与50%WI无显著差异。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用和环境效应,猪场肥水替代25%和50%尿素氮注射施用是该区玉米-小麦轮作农田猪场肥水最佳施用方式。     

Effect of Compost-Fertilizer Combinations on Wheat Yields

Combining composts made from industrial wastes with fertilizer in amounts to equal the N requirement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was done with the purpose of determining the effect of such mixtures on yield and N content. Composts made from jute mill waste (JMW) or from sugar mill wastes (SIW) were mixed with fertilizer in a loam soil so that 0, 25, 50, or 100% of the N was supplied by the compost. Each treatment except the control received the equivalent of 125 kg N/ha and 75 kg P/ha. Wheat, variety Pb 81, was grown for 6 months. The 50% compost:50% fertilizer combinations were equal to or better than the 100% complete fertilizer treatment in terms of grain yield. The synergistic response from the compost-fertilizer treatment may have been the result of other ingredients in the compost such as micronutrients or organic matter. These data demonstrate that composts can substitute for a portion of mineral fertilizer which may result in a savings for farmers.