流域离散化对分布式水文模型径流模拟的影响

以嫩江上游诺敏河古城子水文站以上集水区为研究对象,利用分布式水文模型SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool),对研究区进行6种子流域划分,研究不同时间尺度上径流模拟随流域离散化水平的变化,以了解输入数据空间集总程度对分布式水文模拟的影响.结果表明,在年和月尺度上,不同子流域划分对径流模拟精度影响较小,但在日尺度上对径流模拟精度有影响;不同时间尺度上流域离散化水平对出口流量的影响均较小,但地表径流随子流域数量的增加而增大,相对误差达到35.4％;径流模拟结果对降水量较敏感,湿润年份模拟精度更高,而子流域划分对径流模拟结果的影响在干旱年份以及夏季汛期更显著;当流域离散化达到一定水平即最小集水面积阈值为流域总面积的2％时,增加子流域划分对径流模拟结果的影响较小,但减少子流域划分则会导致模拟结果不稳定,且难以满足流域空间格局分析的要求.     

空间数据对分布式水文模型SWAT流域水文模拟精度的影响

分布式水文模型的模拟精度受空间参数精度的影响.提升空间参数精度能较为精准描述流域空间特征,也会使空间数据量冗增,甚至影响模型运行效率.以分布式水文模型SWAT为例,分析DEM、子流域划分、土地利用、土壤、降水站点等空间数据精度对模型模拟精度的影响.结果表明:1)对不同对象(流量、泥沙、营养元素等)进行模拟时,大多数空间数据分辨率阈值不同,分辨率超出阈值可能降低模型模拟的精度;2)DEM分辨率降低,泥沙和总磷(TP)模拟结果的相对误差明显增加,而流量和硝态氮(NO3-N)模拟结果变化极小;3)DEM分辨率达到一定精度后,进一步提高并不会使地表径流模拟精度得到改善,低分辨率DEM获得的坡度较小,这会降低模型对流量的模拟,模拟的洪峰径流产生滞后现象;4)子流域划分对流域产流模拟影响较小,而对产沙模拟影响较大.子流域和水文响应单元的划分数量对流域上游产沙量影响较大,而对流域出口处泥沙荷载影响较小;5)土地利用和土壤图精度主要通过影响模型中HRU生成的数量而影响模拟结果;6)地表径流模拟上,能够体现对地表径流贡献较大的局地降水事件的分布式的降水数据要比利用气象站点获得的降水数据模拟结果的精度要高.研究结果可以为今后模型开发、利用、改进提供参考,提高模型模拟的精度.     

降雨空间分布不均匀性对流域径流和泥沙模拟影响研究

对降雨空间分布变化的不完全理解，以及缺乏足够的数据来描述降雨的空间分布．阻碍了分布式水文模型的发展。以黄河下游洛河卢氏水文站以上流域为研究区．在GIS技术支持下．采用目前分布式水文模型中应用广泛的Thiessen多边形法确定降雨空间分布，选取分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessnlent Tools)研究降雨空间分布不均匀性对流域径流和泥沙模拟的影响。结果表明雨量站密度、雨量站分布和降雨空间分布变化均对模拟结果产生了较大影响．这在一定程度上限制了分布式水文模型的应用和参数识别。此外，Thiessen多边形法对面雨量的估算结果是令人满意的，但对降雨空间分布的描述能力较差。     

SWAT模型最佳子流域划分方案研究——以云南洱海流域为例

应用SWAT模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),以区域气候复杂的云南省洱海流域为例,研究不同子流域划分数量对径流和泥沙负荷模拟结果的影响,以明确洱海流域合理的子流域划分方案。结果表明,随着子流域划分数量的增加,年均径流深增加但敏感性较小,相对偏差仅0.89%;年均泥沙负荷减少而敏感性较大,相对偏差达21.21%。经综合权衡年均径流和泥沙负荷对子流域划分响应的敏感性,提出洱海流域合理的子流域划分临界值为137个,相应子流域平均面积占流域总面积的0.73%。在大于该临界值的划分水平下,模拟的年均径流深和泥沙负荷趋于稳定,但对进一步提高模拟精度无明显效果。研究结果对其它地形地貌复杂的流域水文模拟和非点源污染模拟具有重要借鉴意义。     

新安江模型和人工神经网络的耦合应用

提出了一种集成人工神经网络的概念性水文模型,该模型是一种半分布式概念性水文模型,考虑了降雨的空间变异性,流域特征的不均匀性等因素对径流过程的影响。采用遗传算法进行概念性模型参数优选,同时考虑雨量站的空间分布,利用GIS和DEM数据进行流域单元划分;对于每个子流域,考虑模型输入参数和降雨资料的空间分布特性,进行产流计算;在径流演算过程中,利用人工神经网络的非线性映射方法代替传统概念模型中线性叠加方法计算整个流域的出口流量过程。以半湿润的淮河上游支流的大坡岭流域为例,对模型的可行性进行验证,并与单一的新安江模型的结果进行了比较。验证结果表明,集成人工神经网络技术和新安江模型的耦合模型有较好的模拟和预报结果。     

基于SWAT模型的径流与土壤侵蚀过程模拟

将可表征土地利用变化对水文响应影响的分布式水文模型SWAT应用于密云水库潮河子流域,对模型的敏感性进行了分析,并采用1986～1991年下会水文站数据对其径流量和泥沙负荷进行了率定和验证,模型评估结果表明该模型对径流的模拟效果非常好,对泥沙的模拟效果较好。通过计算34个子流域内的侵蚀模数,对流域内的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分级,并分析了不同土地利用方式对产沙的影响。结果表明,流域内的土壤侵蚀主要发生在农田,为保障密云水库的水质应对其采取有效的水土保持措施。     

基于SWAT模型的中尺度流域产流产沙模拟研究

以黄河下游小花间（小浪底-花园口）区域洛河卢氏水文站以上流域为研究区,在GIS技术支持下,应用分布式模型SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）进行了流域产流产沙模拟。采用卢氏水文站1992～1997连续6年的实测月均径流和泥沙数据对模型进行了校准:在模型校准过程采用自动数字滤波技术将径流总量划分为直接径流和基流,并分别对直接径流和基流进行了校准,以达到径流总量的拟合,在此基础上对流域泥沙负荷进行了校准;采用1998～1999连续2年的实测月均径流和泥沙数据对模型的适用性进     

基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型的农药输移研究

以山东省临沂流域为研究区,基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型ESSI-2对当地的农药输移过程进行研究。选取甲基异柳磷为模拟农药种类,基于合理的农药假设数据,对分布式有毒污染物模型ESSI-2进行参数率定,并基于模拟结果,对临沂流域的甲基异柳磷负荷及其输移的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,分布式非点源有毒污染物模型是研究农药输移过程的首选工具。临沂流域在农药施用初期,其空间分布主要与农药的施用相关,随着时间的推移,在水流的作用下,农药逐渐向河道汇聚,从而流向下游流域,在这一阶段中,地表径流是影响农药输移的主要因素。     

基于地理信息的SCS模型及其在黄土高原小流域降雨-径流关系中的应用

基于土地利用、土壤类型等信息数据和流域水文、气象资料，应用美国农业部水土保持局研制的小流域设计洪水模型-SCS模型对王东沟流域径流过程进行了模拟。按照集水区自然分水线划分流域子单元，并提出了适合该流域产流计算的CN值表。结果表明，模型所模拟的径流过程与实测径流过程具有较好的一致性，模拟精度在75%以上，说明模型在参数的确定上较为合理，可以应用于黄土高原典型流域，为建立分布式水文模型对流域进行生态水文综合评价提供了科学方法。     

基于SWAT模型的罗玉沟流域森林植被变化的水文生态响应研究

以甘肃天水罗玉沟流域为研究区,应用分布式水文模型（SWAT）对该流域的径流、泥沙和水质状况进行模拟研究,并重点探讨了降雨和森林植被变化对水文生态响应的影响。结果表明:降雨因子对径流的影响略大于对泥沙的影响;森林植被具有明显的减水减沙生态水文功能,尤其对泥沙的影响更大于对径流的影响。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.