秸秆集行模式下精准喷药装置搭建与试验

保护性耕作秸秆集行模式下作物苗前除草作业时,传统全覆盖喷药方式下喷洒在秸秆条带的药液无法到达地表而造成药液浪费和环境污染。针对该问题,该研究提出了一种基于图像识别的精准喷药装置。首先,使用搭载在植保机前端的摄像头采集田间图像,采用智能优化多阈值算法分割图像中的秸秆和种植带,计算种植带的定位线坐标。然后,控制器根据种植带定位线坐标驱动步进电机滑台带动喷头移动到种植带上方进行对行喷药;为防止喷药过程中横向与纵向气流影响使雾滴飘移至秸秆行与空气中造成喷药不均,使用模糊控制器根据横向与纵向气流变化对喷药量进行调整。最后,分别进行了平台与田间试验。试验结果表明,该装置对种植带定位线的识别准确率约为88.3%;相比于传统全覆盖喷药方式药液使用量节省约52.84%;药液沉降均匀度得到提高,雾滴覆盖率维持在28.5%～33.8%。该装置可实现秸秆集行模式下的种植带精准施药,对提高药液利用率、保护环境有积极作用,研究结果可为精准喷药和保护性耕作技术推广应用提供支持。     

仿形喷洒变量施水精确灌溉技术研究进展

仿形喷洒变量施水技术的概念是作者提出用来表示根据被灌溉地块或区域形状变化的要求实现变量施水的一种精确灌溉技术,具有提高灌溉质量和效率,降低灌溉系统成本的潜在优点.该文分类介绍了这种技术的实现原理、优缺点和适用范围,给出了仿形喷洒变量施水喷头流量射程调节器的一般组成和实现方式.指出了今后这种技术的研究重点应集中在以下3个方面:加强仿形喷洒变量施水喷头关键部件结构尺寸对其性能参数影响的理论和试验研究,为喷头优化设计提供依据;尽快开发应用于园林景观喷灌的地埋式仿形喷洒变量施水喷头产品;积极开展应用于大田喷灌的高均匀度仿形喷洒变量施水喷头组合喷灌技术的研究,以降低现有喷灌工程中喷头和管道的布置密度.     

悬挂式电动柔性疏花机控制系统设计与试验

为提高机械柔性疏花机对果树品种、树冠形状和大小的自适应性,设计了一种悬挂式电动柔性疏花机。基于仿形疏花的工作要求,确定了仿形参数关联式;采用超声波冠形探测方法,开发了嵌入式仿形疏花控制系统。田间试验测得仿形疏花执行机构的位置伺服控制误差较小,平移丝杠在位移目标值4.7～36 cm内的平均误差为0.17 cm,最大误差为0.9 cm;仿形丝杠在位移目标值5.7～15.3 cm内的平均误差为0.07 cm,最大误差为0.4 cm。结果表明所设计的仿形控制系统能满足疏花机平面位置伺服控制的精度要求。该研究可为果园疏花机械的结构设计和运行控制提供参考。     

葡萄树干局部环形对靶装置的设计与试验

为了对葡萄树干进行逐株精准施药,形成"障碍药带",防治葡萄切根虫,该文提出了防治葡萄园切根虫的环形对靶施药方法。利用激光和视觉信息融合定位葡萄树干,设计了环形自适应施药机构,只需驾驶员在葡萄树前暂停,该装置自主测量与葡萄树干的相对位置,根据测量值沿互相垂直的X、Y轴2个方向微调定位,然后环形滑轨旋转环绕树干,进行精准环形喷药形成均匀的"障碍药带"。在此基础上实施了与"障碍带"传统车载带状施药方式对比试验,结果表明,无风情形下,环形对靶施药方式的平均覆盖率为96.87%,平均着药率75.61%;有风情形的平均覆盖率为89.71%,平均着药率67.61%。该装置的着药率不仅远高于传统车载带状施药方法,也高于美国华盛顿州立大学提出的多喷头对靶施药方法。该研究可为果树树干局部精准施药装置研究提供参考。     

风助式喷雾器雾滴在果树上的分布

风助式喷雾器可以有效地提高果园施药效率和改善雾滴在树冠中的分布。风助式喷雾器喷头的选择、喷头在喷雾器上的布置、风扇的大小、风扇的转速以及喷雾器与喷雾目标之间的相对位置等都是决定喷雾质量的重要因素。经过试验对以上因素进行了分析,并指出风扇高位、高风速、喷头低位是比较理想的设备组合。     

丘陵山地柑橘果园多方位自动喷药装置研制

针对现有自动喷药装置对丘陵山地不同树冠大小的柑橘果树适应性差的问题,该文设计了一种双向多方位自动喷药装置。通过模式转换机构,实现竖直喷药模式、45°倾斜喷药模式和对地喷药模式的任意切换,以满足喷药装置对不同大小柑橘树的适应性需求,提高农药的利用率。采用自动对靶模块检测果树冠层高度和高压雾化喷头组件至冠层表面距离;采用车速测定模块实时检测履带式手扶拖拉机行进速度。室内试验结果表明:在3种喷药工作模式下,装置射程与喷幅均符合植保机械作业质量要求;单次喷药量为72～190 L/hm2,符合低剂量喷药要求;超声波传感器布置在喷杆前方0.8 m处,当履带式手扶拖拉机行驶速度3～8 km/h时,有效降低了信号检测与处理滞后带来的对靶误差,对靶精度为99.7%,符合设计要求。田间试验结果表明:在竖直喷药模式和45°喷药模式下进行喷药工作,柑橘树冠层表面雾滴平均覆盖率分别为82.5%和78.7%,沉积密度分别为109滴/cm2和106滴/cm2;冠层内部雾滴平均覆盖率分别为16.1%和30.6%,沉积密度分别为35滴/cm2和64滴/cm2,喷药效果满足国家标准要求。     

基于变量喷雾的果园自动仿形喷雾机的设计与试验

为提高果园喷雾机自动化与精准喷雾作业性能,设计了一种基于变风量与变喷雾量的果园自动仿形喷雾机,喷雾系统以冠层分割模型作为变量处方,采用扫描精度高的激光传感器作为探测源,以电磁阀和无刷直流风机为执行元件,通过探测果树冠层体积调节电机和电磁阀的脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)信号以实时调节风机转速和喷头流量。设计了可独立调节风量和喷雾量的雾化单元,通过各个独立风机产生的高速气流协助雾滴穿透冠层;喷雾机最大作业高度4.2 m。田间试验结果表明,在行株距为5 m×2 m的单株苹果树左右两侧平均沉积量分别为1.92和1.37 u L/cm2,最少雾滴数为46.2个/cm2,大于常用方法对风送喷雾中雾滴喷幅界定的20个/cm2;树冠轮廓与沉积量和风速变化拟合结果显示,设计的喷雾机能够根据树冠信息实现仿形变量施药。该研究为果树病虫害防治提供新方法与新装备,为精准植保机具的结构设计和性能优化提供理论与方法参考。     

果园仿形变量喷雾与常规风送喷雾性能对比试验

为深入研究不同果园喷雾机的喷雾性能及影响规律,探究仿形变量喷雾技术在果园植保作业中的适应性,该文采用一种基于(LiDAR)扫描探测技术的果园自动仿形变量喷雾机,与常用的传统风送果园喷雾机、定向风送喷雾机进行对比,分析了3种机具的主要喷雾指标:药液消耗、冠层内部沉积、仿形喷雾效果、地面流失及空中飘移.试验结果表明:与常规喷雾方式相比,仿形变量喷雾有效地提高了农药利用率和作业效率,最多可节省药液45.7％;传统和定向风送喷雾机纵向沉积呈现从上部到下部逐渐增加的趋势,仿形变量喷雾机能够根据树冠特征实时调节喷雾参数,纵向沉积呈仿形分布;与传统风送喷雾机和定向风送喷雾机相比,仿形变量喷雾机的雾滴飘移分别减少23.2％和42.7％,地面流失分别减少67.4％和58.8％.该研究为果树病虫害防治减量施药提供新方法与新装备,为精准植保机具的结构设计和性能优化提供参考.     

基于叶墙面积的果树施药量模型设计及试验

变量喷雾技术是提高喷雾效果、降低农药使用率的有效手段,而准确的树冠特征参数检测及施药量模型是其关键。为克服果园变量喷雾中果树特征参数检测效率低和对环境要求高的缺陷,该文通过LiDAR(light detection and ranging)检测技术获取表征树冠特征参数的叶墙面积LWA(leaf wall area),并利用图像处理技术计算树冠参数参考值。为了表征树叶密度和LWA对变量喷雾的共同影响效果,研究基于LWA的决策系数KLWA,KLWA由反映果树冠层分区内点云在水平方向平均深度下的分布密度K1和分区内点云分布高度极差占分区高度的比值K2加权决定。通过计算垂直方向各分区内决策系数KLWA,并代入流量函数可得出基于KLWA的施药量计算模型,进一步计算电磁阀PWM占空比并调节水泵和电磁阀的工作状态,使喷头的流量对应冠层各区得到动态调整,实现基于LWA的变量喷雾。利用自制的室外变量喷雾验证装置,进行了多喷头变量喷雾试验,试验结果表明,果树的药液附着率均接近100%,说明基于LWA的变量喷雾模型可实现有效喷雾,与连续喷雾相对比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为68.34%,与纯对靶定量喷雾比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为32.77%。     

低矮果园环流式循环风送喷雾机设计与试验

传统果园风送施药气流输送模式为出风口到冠层的一维流动,气流经过冠层时会衰减、停滞,存在穿透难、内膛与叶片背面沉积难等问题。该研究采用顶置风机方式,利用风机负压吸风引导气流在冠层内改变运动方向,实现雾滴由外及内、再由下而上运动。在分析环流作用下雾滴运动的基础上,设计一种适应于低矮果园的环流循环风送喷雾机,并开展气流场的分布规律分析与田间试验。试验结果表明:在冠层内膛(高度0.8～1.8 m)、树干中心线两侧0.25 m的中心区域气流角度变化较大,气流环绕对内膛平均风速有显著性影响(P0.05)。相较于无气流环绕模式,气流环绕风送施药的冠层总体叶片背面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了33.7%;冠层内膛叶片正面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了42.9%,叶片背面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了40.4%。研究结果可为果园风送式施药提供新的思路。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.