基于6LoWPAN无线传感器网络的农业环境实时监控系统

针对现有农业环境监控系统的不足,提出了一种基于6LoWPAN无线传感器网络的农业环境实时监控系统,该系统采用6LoWPAN构架实现互联网与无线传感器网络之间的点到点通信,无需特定的网关进行协议转换或者协议承载,从而实现了对农业环境的实时监测和控制,降低了能耗,缩短了延迟时间。该文从硬件结构、软件结构及节能等方面对此系统进行了详细阐述和分析,试验结果表明该系统的实用性和高效性,可应用于温室、农田、苗圃等区域。     

基于ZigBee和嵌入式技术的无线安防监控系统研究与设计

针对传统有线安防系统的局限性,通过对zigbee技术和嵌入式技术的研究,提出了一种基于zigbee组网技术和嵌入式控制技术的住宅小区无线安防监控系统,实现了布防后能够对住宅小区生活中存在的火灾、盗窃、煤气泄漏等安全隐患进行监测及报警。采用基于ZigBee标准的射频芯片CC2430,实现节点间数据的无线传输,并给出了系统的硬件原理框图和软件设计思路。     

稻田水分监测无线传感器网络优化设计与试验

传感器网络技术为大范围稻田水分信息采集提供了一种新技术手段。利用测量稻田水分含量和水层深度测量的无线传感器WFDMS,探讨了构建稻田水分传感器网络PMSN的关键技术：设计了大面积、大范围应用体系结构模型;提出了一种满足稻田水分采样频率和数据业务需求的低功耗传输控制协议LPTP-PMSN;开发了水分信息监测信息管理系统,实现了完整运行的稻田水分传感器网络整套系统。试验表明,PMSN网络在稻田中的可靠通信距离达60 m,在 3.6 V/2 100 mAh电池供电下,4 h周期采样试验中,在传输协议LPTP-PMSN控制下,传感器、簇首、基站、短信网关、计算机间能够协同工作,整个稻田水分传感器网络可以较可靠运行,节点生命期超过190 d。该研究可为农用信息监控无线传输网络的其他应用提供参考。     

基于移动无线传感器网络的植株图像监测系统设计与测试

针对静态无线传感器网络(static wireless sensor network,SWSN)在图像监测中功耗分布不均、传输不可靠等问题,设计了基于移动无线传感器网络(mobile wireless sensor network,MWSN)的农田植株图像监测系统。选用JN5139模块搭配摄像头采集和编码图像,利用无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)搭载协调器收集信息。通过仿真和测试可得,节点在MWSN中的最小功耗为10μW,工作功耗为133 m W,在SWSN中为133 m W,路由节点功耗为普通节点的2倍;在10~35 m范围内,MWSN的信号强度为-68~-86 dbm,SWSN为-83~-85 dbm;在10~80 m范围内,MWSN的误码率范围是0~9.2%,SWSN是0~38.6%。试验时UAV在15 m高空悬停接收地面设备发出的图像数据,测得获取一张图片平均需135 s,图片分包平均为22次,解码后的图像可以较好的反映植株生长状态。上述结果表明,工作时间相同,MWSN中节点的功耗差异性小,呈均匀分布;在一定距离范围内,MWSN的传输能力和抗干扰能力整体上优于SWSN,能保证数据传输的可靠性,因此,基于移动无线传感器网络技术的图像监控系统能够满足大范围农田中植株图像的监测需求。     

无线传感器网络数据终端设计与开发

在无线传感器网络（WSN）中,网关是连接无线传感器网络与外部网络的桥梁。该文根据农业应用需求,针对现有WSN网关功能单一、适用面狭窄等问题,设计开发了一个基于嵌入式Linux系统和ARM的多功能数据终端。该数据终端包括硬件层和软件层,硬件层主要包括控制核心、GPRS模块和无线传感器模块等,软件层则主要包括窗口模块、拔号模块、数据远程发送模块和数据采集模块。系统不仅具有数据转发的功能,而且可进行实时显示、本地存储和历史数据查询。系统使用MINIGUI为平台构建了一个窗口操作程序,用户可通过窗口进行系统控制,     

农业生态环境监测中无线传感节点信号有效传输距离的确定

农业生态环境的物理形态和结构复杂多样,对WSN（wireless sensor networks）的无线信号传输造成不同衰减影响。为确保无线传感器网络在农业环境中经济、合理、高效部署,有必要明确典型农业环境中无线传感节点间的有效传输距离。该文基于Shadowing信号衰减模型,利用当前通用的CC2530和CC2591无线通信模块,分别选定4种不同农业环境（湖泊、草地、农田、树林）开展单跳组网试验,通过设定不同距离测试传感器节点的接收信号强度指标（received signal strength indication,RSSI）,分析不同环境中RSSI与传输距离间的变化特征。试验结果表明,所有测试环境获得的RSSI值与有效距离遵从Shadowing模型,其拟合度在0.9232～0.9846之间。通过对实测数据建立拟合模型,以接收节点的灵敏度为临界值,计算出湖泊、草地、农田、树林4种环境的理论传输距离分别为663.3,419.3,208.0和79.5 m,而实测有效传输距离与理论值之间的相对误差在22%～34%之间。从误差分布看,复杂环境的实测值更接近理论值,而特殊结构的复杂环境似对实际信号传输有增强作用。该文的研究方法和模型估算获得的信号衰减系数可为实际环境监测组网提供有益参考。     

小麦田中天线高度对2.4GHz无线信道传播特性的影响

探索农田环境下无线信道传播特性,将为无线传感器网络部署与功率控制方面的研究打下基础。该研究在小麦田地中实地测试了不同生育期 2.4GHz 无线信号的功率衰减情况和丢包率,进而得出传输范围及路径损耗,并用MATLAB对路径损耗进行了回归分析。研究表明,小麦田中,信号衰减的速度随天线高度的变化单调递减,而传输距离随天线高度的变化单调递增,因此,天线的较优位置应略高于成熟植株（1.2 m左右）。同一天线高度下,小麦生长后期无线信号的衰减大于前期。2.4GHz 无线信号的衰减情况可用对数距离路径损耗模型来预测,理论值与测量值的相关系数在0.961～0.996之间。路径损耗指数与天线高度呈现对数衰减趋势;在同一天线高度下,路径损耗指数随着小麦的生长而增大。     

基于物联网的内河小型渔船动态信息监控系统设计

为规范内河流域渔业生产秩序,保障渔船作业安全,该文设计了基于物联网的内河小型渔船动态信息监控系统。该系统集成了无线传感器网络、远程信息传输、远端后台监控等多种技术方法。其中,无线传感器网络主要用于获取包括渔船位置、电捕鱼违法监测信息和渔船超载检测信息等渔业现场数据。依靠Zig Bee技术,该网络实现了对不同类别传感器数据的汇聚、判断以及远程播发。远程信息传输是利用GPRS/GSM移动通信网络与互联网传输技术,实现了多渔船作业信息向后台监控中心的实时传输。后台渔政监控中心,具有渔船在电子地图上的识别与定位,渔业生产的实时监控以及渔政执法的决策辅助等功能。该系统经测试,可满足内河流域作业渔船在实时监管和安全保障等方面的需求,提高了农业渔政管理的水平。     

基于GPRS的移动式农田信息智能服务系统通信协议

移动式智能服务信息系统中,远程无线网络通信协议至关重要,担负着远程主机和移动终端之间进行信息交换和实现信息同步的功能。由于农田信息复杂多样,无法设计出通用的网络传输协议,必须根据实际应用中具体的需求而制定,因此该文提出了基于TCP/IP远程农田网络通信协议。利用此协议,移动式智能服务信息系统实现了远程主机对移动终端PDA的有效管理,实现了远程主机与无线移动终端之间的信息无缝连接,为实现对农田土壤水分、温度等数据的监控奠定基础。     

基于RFID读写器网络的粮库温湿度分布式监测

针对粮库粮情参数监测点多、通信距离远、系统扩展和移动性能差的现状,提出一种基于3级读写器网络的粮库温湿度无线监测系统。集成温湿度传感器SHT75、主控器MSP430F149及射频通信模块NRF905设计了一种RFID传感标签,分布在粮库内实时采集标签周围粮食的温湿度信息;前端读写器无线接收传感标签的温湿度信号并将其与时间及地址编码信息打包,中继读写器无线接收前端读写器的粮情信息并无线传输给终端读写器和中央监控计算机。试验表明,系统具有功能扩展方便、传输距离远（有效通信距离≥128?m）、路由选择与定位简单等特点。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.