喀纳斯自然保护区林地和草地土壤呼吸速率差异及影响因素

为了研究新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区森林生态和草地生态系统与大气的相互作用,分析土壤呼吸速率的时空变异特征及与影响因子的关系,2012年及2013年5月上旬至9月上旬利用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8150对林地和草地两种植被类型土壤的呼吸速率日动态进行了全天连续自动监测,研究了两类土壤呼吸速率在生长季各月日的变化规律。结果表明:林地和草地生态系统土壤呼吸速率在植被生长季内均呈现较明显的单峰曲线型日变化,其月最大值均出现在7月,林地土壤呼吸速率的最大值(2.43μmol/(m~2·s))显著高于草地土壤呼吸速率最大值(1.55μmol/(m~2·s)),且各月林地生态系统的土壤呼吸速率均明显高于草地,波峰出现在北京时间17:00—18:00,波谷出现在北京时间9:00—10:00,草地最小值出现在6月(0.35μmol/(m~2·s)),而林地最小值出现在5月,其呼吸速率仅0.71μmol/(m~2·s),且整个生长季白天大于晚上,全天以呼出CO_2为主。植被生长季内林地和草地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的变化趋势相似,具有显著的正相关性,但与土壤含水量的变化没有这样的趋势。     

土壤呼吸日动态特征及其与大气温度、湿度的响应

为阐明西藏高原区土壤呼吸作用日变化特征对大气温度、湿度特征因子的响应,以西藏林芝八一镇农田为研究对象,研究土壤呼吸速率与地表大气温度、湿度及土壤水分蒸发之间的响应关系。结果表明:土壤呼吸作用具有单峰型日变化特征,呼吸速率在0.5～1.3μmol/(m2.s)范围内,最大值出现在15:00-16:00之间,最小值出现在10:00-12:00。气温是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的关键气象因子,与土壤水分蒸发速率和大气湿度呈极显著正相关。但土壤呼吸速率的日变化与气温、大气湿度、蒸发速率之间并不完全同步,1d内,在19:00-7:00之间气温变化幅度较小,呼吸速率与气温、大气湿度和蒸发速率之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。在7:00-19:00之间气温变化幅度大,表现为土壤呼吸作用滞后于气温、大气湿度和蒸发变化,约滞后3h。由此可知,短暂的大气温度、湿度条件变化并不能引起土壤呼吸作用的快速显著变化。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸及其与温度和水分的关系

[目的]分析黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率释放特征,为揭示该区域不同立地类型C循环特征奠定基础。[方法]采用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统于2014年11月至2015年7月,对标准径流小区红豆草、苜蓿、撂荒地和梯田苜蓿、沙打旺5种地类土壤呼吸速率及其地表温度、土壤温度(5cm)、土壤含水量进行观测。[结果](1)土壤呼吸速率日变化表现为昼高夜低的单峰型曲线,与温度的变化趋势一致,年均土壤呼吸速率表现为:沙打旺(梯田)2.27μmol/(m^2·s)>红豆草1.79μmol/(m^2·s)>苜蓿1.77μmol/(m^2·s)>苜蓿(梯田)1.62μmol/(m^2·s)>撂荒地0.77μmol/(m^2·s);(2)土壤呼吸速率呈现明显的季节变化特征,夏季最高,春季和秋季次之,冬季最低。夏季与春、秋、冬3季土壤呼吸速率差异显著(p<0.05);(3)土壤呼吸速率与地表温度和土壤温度(5cm)的相关性均达到显著水平(p<0.05)。除撂荒地外,各样地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度(5cm)的相关度均高于其与地表温度的相关度,各样地土壤温度(5cm)Q10值介于1.94~3.00;(4)土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量之间线性相关不显著(p>0.05),但与土壤温度(5cm)和土壤含水量的交互作用显著相关(p<0.01)。[结论]梯田土壤呼吸速率总体表现优于坡地,裸露地表在恢复植被的过程中,土壤环境质量显著提升。     

黔中喀斯特地区不同林型春季土壤呼吸研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统及土壤呼吸叶室6400-09对黔中喀斯特地区5种林型的土壤呼吸速率进行了测定和分析.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率日动态均呈单峰型;马尾松林土壤呼吸速率的昼夜变化值比阔叶林平均高0.91 CO2 μmol/(m2·s),其中凋落物部分平均高1.50 CO2 μmol/(m2·s);呼吸速率日均值为马尾松林(4.41 μmol/m2·s)>柏木林(3.55 μmol/m2·s)>阔叶林(3.49 μmol/m2·s)>灌木林(3.32 μmol/m2·s)>针阔混交林(3.05 μmol/m2·s);呼吸速率日极差与El呼吸速率平均值的比值为马尾松林(40.56%)>灌木林(23.91%)>针阔混交林(23.29%)>阔叶林(18.46%)>柏木林(13.70%);凋落物占土壤呼吸速率的比重为马尾松林>针阔混交林>灌木林>柏木林>阔叶林;土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土温关联较大;土壤湿度与土壤呼吸速率值呈负相关.     

喀斯特峡谷不同植被类型土壤的呼吸及其温度敏感性

[目的]了解喀斯特地区植被恢复对土壤碳释放的影响,为精确估计区域土壤碳收支变化提供参考。[方法]以喀斯特峡谷地区典型植被类型(草地、稀灌草丛、灌丛和乔木林地)为研究对象,采用Li-8100便携式土壤呼吸仪对其土壤呼吸、土壤温度和土壤水分进行定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T)和土壤湿度(W)对土壤呼吸速率(Rs)的影响。[结果](1)草地、稀灌草丛、灌丛和乔木林4种植被类型土壤呼吸均呈单峰型季节动态,土壤呼吸速率的最大值均出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季,其土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为0.73~1.21,1.20~1.48,1.54~2.41,1.86~2.95μmol/(m2·s);观测期内,土壤呼吸速率均值分别为1.65,2.76,2.45,3.43μmol/(m2·s)。(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主导因素,单因素指数模型显示土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的解释能力为72.37%;三次项模型表明土壤水分的贡献率为43.9%。双因素关系模型较好地反映了土壤温度、湿度对土壤呼吸的影响,二者可共同解释土壤呼吸变化的81.5%~91.2%。(3)土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10值与土壤温度和湿度均呈显著负相关(p0.05)。[结论]4种植被类型土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性同时受土壤温度和水分影响,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤湿度的影响作用加强。     

黑河流域高山草甸湿地土壤CO_2通量日变化特征

采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测量系统连接Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,在2013年生长季节对黑河流域高山草甸湿地土壤CO2通量进行了野外定位试验,统计分析了水热因子对高山草甸湿地土壤CO2通量特征的影响。结果表明,高山草甸湿地区不同层次土壤的日平均温度差值由土壤表层(0cm)的14.5℃骤降到土壤20cm层的5.8℃,对土壤呼吸有较大的影响;土壤CO2通量日变化特征明显,早晨8:00—10:00维持在较低水平,土壤CO2通量在0.81~1.10μmol/(m2·s),在11:00开始升高,13:00达到峰值,峰值为3.26μmol/(m2·s),18:00开始下降,整个过程呈单峰曲线;高山草甸湿地区土壤CO2通量与10cm土壤温度、土壤含水量存在不同程度的正相关关系,表明土壤CO2通量的变化受温度和水分所控制。     

5种不同植被下的土壤呼吸特征及其影响因素

土壤呼吸速率是反映陆地生态系统功能的重要指标之一。采用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100A 对甘肃省玉门镇饮马农场5种不同植被类型土壤(裸地、葵花、小麦、孜然、茴香)呼吸速率、空气湿度、土壤温度、水分等影响因素的日动态变化规律进行了监测,分析了不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征及与环境因素的相关关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率明显不同,5种植被类型土壤呼吸速率的日平均值大小顺序为:茴香[7.710±1.705 μmol/(m2·s) ]＞ 小麦[5.266±0.953 μmol/(m2·s)] ＞ 葵花[5.237±0.568 μmol/(m2·s) ]＞ 孜然[3.504±0.431 μmol/(m2·s)] ＞ 荒地[2.567±0.666 μmol/(m2·s)] 。对于有植被覆盖的地块,土壤呼吸速率的日变化呈现先减小,后逐渐增大,在13:00 — 15:00时达到峰值,随后逐渐减小的趋势,大致呈“S”型曲线;而对于裸地,土壤呼吸速率的日变化呈现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势,大致呈“M”型或倒“V”型。     

水分对苹果园土壤呼吸季节性与年际变化的影响

[目的]了解果园土壤呼吸的季节和年际变化及其影响因素,为退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能变化研究提供依据。[方法]在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园为对象,利用土壤碳通量监测系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)连续3 a原位监测了土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的季节性和年际间的变化及其与水分、温度变化之间的关系。[结果]土壤呼吸具有明显的季节和年际变异特征:最高值出现在雨季(7—9月),3 a分别为3.14,3.98,4.71μmol/(m~2·s),最低值出现在11月后,3 a依次为0.99,0.88,0.69μmol/(m~2·s);年际间累积呼吸量变异约21%。土壤呼吸与温度呈显著指数关系,而不同水分状况下土壤呼吸及温度敏感性(Q_(10))不同,当土壤水分含量11.12%时,土壤呼吸为2.01μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量变化于11.12%～23.63%之间时,土壤呼吸为2.24μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量23.63%时,土壤呼吸则为1.38μmol/(m~2·s);相应地不同水分条件下Q_(10)值分别为1.57,1.63和1.38。[结论]土壤水分显著影响黄土区苹果园土壤呼吸和Q_(10),研究结果为黄土区果园生态系统碳汇功能的估算提供了依据。     

盐池沙地不同土壤水分条件下沙柳的光响应研究

在半干旱的盐池沙区,运用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,测定了3 a生沙柳在不同水分条件下叶片光合和蒸腾作用的光响应特性.结果表明;0～2 000μmol/(m2·s)PAR范围内,沙柳在土壤水分为2%,4%,8%,12%时的光饱和点分别为1 340,1 520,1 550和1 633 μmol/(m2·s),随土壤含水量的增大而增大;Tr随PAR的增高不断增大;最大Pn分别为8.7,9.1,9.47和19.52 μmol/(m2·s);维持较高的Pn,即净光合速率达到最大的80%时,最低光照强度均在500μmol/(m2·s)以上;既保证较高的光能利用效率又维持较高的水分利用效率的光强600～1 500 μmol/(m2·s).沙柳平均Pn随着土壤含水量的增大而增大,而平均WUE在土壤含水量为8%时达到最大值,因此,沙柳的光能利用效率和水分利用效率都比较好的SWC应该为8%左右.     

金沙江干热河谷不同土壤水分对台湾青枣生理生态特性的影响

为了更好地指导金沙江干热河谷地Ⅸ台湾青枣的种植,提高产量,该文研究了4种不同土壤水分处理(A,B,C,D处理的土壤含水率在台湾青枣的全育期分别保持在田间持水量的40%～55%,55%～70%、70%～85%、85%～100%)对台湾青枣净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响,分析了土壤水分和光合速率、土壤水分和蒸腾速率的关系,计算出不同土壤水分处理的水分利用率,得出以下结论:(1)净光合速率的日变化和季节变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,在土壤含水率为出问持水量的70%～85%时达到最大;(2)蒸腾速率的日变化和季节变化均呈现"双峰",随着土壤含水量的增加而增大,土壤含水率为田间持水量的85%～100%时达到最大,日变化最大值为10.95 mmol/(m2·s),季节变化最大值出现在6月,为10.2 mmol/(m2·s);(3)水分利用率在土壤含水率为田间持水量的55%～70%时达到最大,日变化最大值出现在8:00,为7.63μmol/mmol,季节变化平均值为1.85 μmol/mmol.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.