7株解有机磷细菌的分离和鉴定

从土壤中分离筛选出7株解有机磷的微生物。对这7株解磷细菌进行了形态、生理生化性状测定及16SrDNA序列分析(GenBankaccessionNo:S2,AY651922;S3,AY661923;X1,AY651925;Y1,AY651924;H1,AY663435;H2,AY663436andHe,AY663436)。其中S2、S3、X1和He属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),Y1属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),H1属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),H2属于寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)。进一步通过G C含量和DNA-DNA杂交研究,结果表明,S2、S3和X1为产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonasalcaligenes),Y1为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscereus)。     

几株解有机磷细菌的分离和鉴定*

从土壤中分离筛选出7株解有机磷的微生物。对这7株解磷细菌进行了形态、生理生化性状测定及16S rDNA序列分析(GenBank accession No: S2, AY651922; S3, AY661923; X1, AY651925; Y1, AY651924; H1, AY663435; H2,AY663436 and He, AY663436)。其中S2、S3、X1和He属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)，Y1属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)，H1属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)，H2属于寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)。进一步通过G+C含量和DNA-DNA杂交研究, 结果表明，S2、S3和X1为产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),Y1为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

4株红螺菌科细菌的拮抗作用及其影响因素

对4株红螺菌(荚膜红假单胞菌PSB-2、球形红假单胞菌PSB-3、胶质红假单胞菌H1和沼泽红假单胞菌H10)的去细胞上清液(CFS)抑制水产养殖病原菌的作用进行研究,并探讨养殖水体环境对红螺菌拮抗作用的影响.结果表明,4株红螺菌在细胞生长稳定期后能有效分泌拮抗物质,其去细胞上清液(CFS)对20多株水产养殖病原菌均有抑制作用.从抑菌活性看,荚膜红假单胞菌的抑菌活性强于其他菌株:荚膜红假单胞菌对水产养殖病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为8～64 AU/mL,而其他红螺菌株多为4～16 AU/mL.在养殖水体的生态因子中,水体pH、NH4 -N与NO2--N对红螺菌代谢产物的抑菌活性影响较大,pH7～9,NH4 -N低于5 mg/L、NO2--N浓度低于7mg/L时抑菌活性较强,而养殖水体温度与溶氧变化对红螺菌的抑菌活性基本无影响作用.     

不同石油污染程度土壤细菌群落多样性及优势菌群分析

  目的  探究辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤中理化性质及细菌群落多样性和组成的变化规律,并对石油污染土壤中的石油降解菌进行分离培养和鉴定。  方法  采集了辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析法对土壤细菌群落组成和土壤理化性质进行测定,并进一步筛选出石油降解菌株。  结果  在出油口（A）、距离出油口50 m（B）和距离出油口150 m（C）采集的三个土壤样品,其土壤总石油烃含量分别为2467.44 mg kg?1、884.99 mg kg?1和141.63 mg kg?1,三个土壤样品具有不同的石油污染程度。石油污染显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,土壤总石油烃含量与总有机碳含量呈现正相关（P < 0.001）。土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度指数与土壤石油烃的浓度呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。不同石油污染程度土壤具有不同的细菌群落组成和结构,土壤石油烃含量是影响细菌群落变化的主要因素。出油口石油污染土壤样品（A）中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、假黄单胞菌属（Pseudoxanthomonas）、博代氏杆菌属（Bordetella）和伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）为优势菌属。从出油口石油污染土壤（A）中分离出3株石油降解菌株,通过16S rRNA基因测序分别被鉴定为Pseudomonas baetica、黄褐假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fulva）和施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）,其石油降解率分别为37.2%、46.9%和57.8%。此结果与A样品高通量测序属水平组成分析相吻合,表明石油污染能够选择性富集土壤中具有石油降解能力的假单胞菌属。  结论  石油污染提高了土壤总有机碳含量,降低了土壤细菌群落多样性,富集了具有烃类降解能力的优势菌属,是造成土壤细菌群落组成和结构改变的主要因素,并筛选出具有潜在开发应用价值的石油降解假单胞菌株。     

过量施肥下氮素形态对旱地土壤细菌多样性的影响

采用细菌16SrDNA的PCR-RFLP技术,以西北地区土垫旱耕人为土为材料,模拟田间过量施肥水平,经室内恒温短期培养,研究了过量施肥下酰胺态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮对土壤细菌多样性的影响。结果显示：PCR-RFLP分析酰胺态氮（T1）、硝态氮（T2）和铵态氮（T3）过量施肥处理的细菌16SrDNA克隆文库,分别得到17、25和130个酶切分型,不施肥对照（CK1）和正常施肥对照（CK2）分别得到119和187个酶切分型,表明正常施肥处理的酶切分型最多,过量使用酰胺态氮和硝态氮减少了酶切类型,而过量施用铵态氮可以维持与不施肥对照相近的酶切类型数量。采用α多样性测度对试验结果进行分析统计表明,不同处理间土壤细菌的多样性指数（H＇、Ds）和物种丰富度指数（dM）a均为CK2〉T3〉CK1〉T2〉T1处理,表明合理施肥可显著增加土壤中细菌的多样性,而过量施用酰胺态氮则减少细菌的多样性,使用铵态氮处理可维持细菌多样性;除正常施肥对照（CK2）外,其余各处理都出现了优势菌种。通过对优势菌的16SrDNA序列比对发现,酰胺态氮处理都为未培养细菌,硝态氮处理和铵态氮处理的优势菌呈现了菌属多样性,前者包括变形菌门的假单胞菌属和寡养单胞菌属、芽单胞菌门的未培养芽单胞菌属和未培养土壤细菌,后者为未培养酸杆菌属、变形菌门寡养单胞菌属和厚壁菌门芽孢杆菌属,表明不同施肥方式改变了土壤细菌的群落结构。     

光照度对猪粪污水条件下红假单胞菌光合产氢的影响

研究了猪粪污水条件下,光照度对红假单胞菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)1.1737菌株进行光合产氢的影响,结果表明球形红假单胞菌的产氢活性随着光照度的增大而增大，在高于1000 lux光照度下比在低于1000 lux光照度下产氢活性显著提高。在1600 lux光照度下产氢速率达到最大，而在1200、1600和2000 lux光照度下产氢量差别相对比较小，说明光照度增加到一定程度后对细菌产氢活性的影响将会逐渐减少，对产氢量和产氢速率的提高无明显作用。     

生物质炭介导生防微生物抑制辣椒疫霉的作用

生物质炭可有效防控土传病害,筛选并鉴定出生物质炭介导下的生防微生物,可为研究生物质炭防病机理和强化生物质炭防病效果提供理论依据。本研究首先进行秸秆生物质炭防控辣椒疫病盆栽试验,利用定量PCR和平板计数明确生物质炭在防控辣椒疫病时可富集的已知生防微生物,再通过选择性培养基初筛和定殖复筛筛选出生物质炭可富集的潜在生防微生物菌株,最后研究各菌株在土壤中对辣椒疫霉的抑制作用。结果表明,秸秆生物质炭使根际辣椒疫霉数量显著降低95.1%、辣椒疫病发生率显著降低91.1%,并使具有生防功能的木霉菌、青霉菌、曲霉菌、芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和鞘氨醇单胞菌数量显著增加2.22倍、4.09倍、3.89倍、2.45倍、1.45倍和1.30倍。通过平板初筛得到可能被生物质炭富集的22株潜在生防菌株。定殖复筛剔除部分假性生物质炭介导菌株,获得可明确被生物质炭富集的2株木霉菌、3株青霉菌、2株曲霉菌、3株芽孢杆菌、3株假单胞菌、3株链霉菌和2株鞘氨醇单胞菌。木霉菌（TR1和TR3）、青霉菌（PE1）、曲霉菌（AS1和AS2）、芽孢杆菌（BA1、BA2和BA3）、假单胞菌（PS1和PS3）、链霉菌（ST1、ST4和ST5）13个菌株可显著削减土壤辣椒疫霉数量。其中,所有木霉菌和曲霉菌菌株（TR1、TR3、AS1和AS2）及芽孢杆菌（BA1和BA2）、假单胞菌（PS1和PS3）和链霉菌（ST1）9个菌株与生物质炭具有显著的协同抑制辣椒疫霉效果。因此,防控辣椒疫病时,木霉菌、曲霉菌、芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和链霉菌是生物质炭介导下的主要防病微生物。     

结晶纤维素降解细菌的筛选、分离与鉴定

采用以结晶纤维素（Avicel）为唯一碳源的平板活性筛选法,从60份森林腐殖土、腐术样品中分离得到2株在pH5．0、37℃条件下高效降解结晶纤维素的细菌菌株GXN152和GXN153。以菌株的总DNA基因为模板,用细菌的16S rRNA基因的通用引物扩增得到菌株GXN152和GXN153的16S rRNA基因序列。测序分析表明菌株GXN152的16S rRNA基因序列和洋葱假单胞菌（Burkholderia cepacia）菌株CNR22的16S rRNA基因序列的同源性最高,具有98％的同源性,生理生化特性检测表明菌株GXN152具有洋葱假单胞菌的鉴别特征,将结晶纤维素降解菌GXN152鉴定为洋葱假单胞菌。菌株GXN153的16S rRNA基因序列和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus favisporus）菌株GMP01的16S rRNA基因序列的同源性最高,具有99％的同源性,生理生化特性检测表明菌株GXN153具有类芽孢杆菌的鉴别特征,将纤维素降解菌GXN153鉴定为类芽孢杆菌。     

镉耐性促生细菌对洞庭湖镉污染土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

为研究促生细菌对镉污染土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,将促生细菌T7和J2加入洞庭湖镉污染土壤中,通过培养,进行各项目的测定。结果表明,J2菌能显著提高土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌数量,降低土壤中可培养真菌数量,T7菌对放线菌数量影响不明显,T7和J2菌能显著提高细菌/真菌(B/F)和放线菌/真菌(A/F)比值;J2菌能显著地促进土壤中氨化菌、硝化菌、反硝化菌和好氧性固氮菌数量的增加,T7菌对氨化菌和反硝化菌数量影响不显著;J2菌明显促进土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性的增强,T7菌对脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性影响显著;土壤微生物数量与酶活性的相关性分析表明,土壤微生物、酶以及土壤微生物与酶之间存在显著或极显著地相关关系。说明促生细菌T7和J2能有效改善洞庭镉污染土壤的微生物环境。     

稻秸秆覆盖对麦田细菌种群数量及小麦纹枯病发生的影响

采用稀释平板计数法分析了秸杆覆盖麦田和未秸杆覆盖麦田的细菌数量变化,并系统调查了小麦纹枯病的发生。结果表明,秸杆覆盖麦田总细菌及荧光假单胞菌数量比未秸秆覆盖麦田有明显的提高;稻秸杆覆盖有增加麦田总细菌和荧光假单胞菌的效应,前期高于后期;秸杆覆盖田块和未秸杆覆盖田块小麦根际拮抗菌所占比例无显著差异,90%以上的荧光假单胞菌对小麦纹枯病菌具拮抗能力;秸杆覆盖田小麦纹枯病发生比未秸杆覆盖田有明显降低。     

Phosphate solubilising bacteria

Most reports of the studies on solubilisatioh of phosphate in liquid culture and soil suggested that organic acids produced by microorganisms are responsible for promoting the dissolution of phosphate. Sperber (11, 12), Louw and Webley (7) and Duff, Webley and Scott (2) studied the production of acids by cultures of some phosphate dissolving fungi. actinomycetes and bacteria and observed that among the acids produced in liquid medium, hydroxy carboxylic acids such as lactic and 2-ketogluconic acids were responsible for solubilisation of phosphates. In the present studies, apart from the culture of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum isolated from phosphobacterin which had been obtained from USSR. Indian strains of Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans and Escherichia freundii isolated and identified by Sundara Rao and Sinha (13) were used. These studies were undertaken to find out different types of nonvolatile acids produced in Pikovskaya's (9) liquid medium.     

Viability of bacteria in peatlands

The viability of bacteria in oligotrofic bogs and fens was determined by the luminescent microscopy method with the help of a two-component fluorescent dye (L7012 LIVE/DEAD). Living bacterial cells were found in the entire peat profiles. Their portion was maximal (up to 60%) in the upper layers and did not exceed 25% in the lower layers. The portion of dead bacterial cells varied from 3 to 19%, and dormant cells constituted 25 to 95% of the total number of bacterial cells. The numbers of dormant cells increased down the profiles irrespectively of the peat type. The portion of nanoforms did not exceed 5% of the total. The cells of the nanoforms, unlike the bacteria of typical sizes, were characterized by their high viability (93–98%).     

Filtrating forms of soil bacteria

Filtrating (ultramicroscopic) forms (FF) of bacteria were studied in a soddy-podzolic soil and the root zone of alfalfa plants as part of populations of the most widespread physiological groups of soil bacteria. FF were obtained by filtering soil solutions through membrane filters with a pore diameter of 0.22 μm. It was established that the greater part of the bacteria in the soil and in the root zone of the plants has an ultramicroscopic size: the average diameter of the cells is 0.3 μm, and their length is 0.6 μm, which is significantly less than the cell size of banal bacteria. The number of FF varies within a wide range depending on the physicochemical conditions of the habitat. The FF number’s dynamics in the soil is of a seasonal nature; i.e., the number of bacteria found increases in the summer and fall and decreases in the winter-spring period. In the rhizosphere of the alfalfa, over the vegetation period, the number of FF and their fraction in the total mass of the bacteria increase. A reverse tendency is observed in the rhizoplane. The morphological particularities (identified by an electron microscopy) and the nature of the FF indicate their physiological activity.     

Mycelial bacteria of saline soils

The actinomycetal complexes of saline soils comprise the representatives of the Streptomyces and Micromonospora genera, the number of which are hundreds and thousands of CFU/g soil. Complexes of mycelial bacteria in saline soils are poorer in terms of number (by 1–3 orders of magnitude) and taxonomic composition than the complexes of the zonal soil types. A specific feature of the actinomycetal complexes of saline soils is the predominance of halophilic, alkaliphilic, and haloalkaliphilic streptomycetes that well grow at pH 8–9 and concentrations of NaCl close to 5%. Actinomycetes in saline soils grow actively, and the length of their mycelium reaches 140 m in 1 gram of soil. The haloalkaliphilic streptomycetes grow fast and inhibit the formation of spores at pH 9 and high concentrations of salts (Na₂SO₄ and MgCl₂, 5%) as compared to their behavior on a neutral medium with a salt concentration of 0.02%. They are characterized by the maximal radial growth rate of colonies on an alkaline medium with 5% NaCl.     

硅酸盐细菌肥有效活菌的确认与判定

把硅酸盐细菌培制成菌肥 ,施于土壤中 ,具有多方面的综合功效 ,因此它是菌肥中有发展前途的一种。近几年来 ,多种微生物肥料在我国已由研究转入应用阶段 ,因而对其质量的监控就显得尤为重要 ,而有效活菌数是菌肥质量好坏的关键指标之一 ,虽然 NY2 2 7- 94微生物肥料标准对一些菌肥有效活菌数的测定用平板计数法作了规定 ,但其对平板上菌落的辨认、菌的染色确认及有效活菌数的判定方法未做具体说明 ,笔者根据近年检测实践 ,对硅酸盐细菌肥有效活菌数的测定在这方面作了较多实践。1　菌落的辨认按 NY2 2 7- 94微生物肥料标准方法操作 ,将菌…     

Nonlinear optimization modeling of coliform bacteria

An optimization model for use in the planning stage of the water quality management process was developed. The model determined the optimal removal of coliform bacteria in accordance with an objective function which reflects the uncertainty aspects of the problem. Several management options are available through model use thereby providing a decision-maker with considerable latitude to evaluate the relative importance of the conflicting objectives of the problem.     

两个水稻品种根际土壤细菌和氨氧化细菌的群落结构差异

通过根盒试验比较了籼稻汕优63和粳稻武运粳7号苗期不同采样期根际土和土体土壤的硝化强度以及氨氧化细菌数量的差异,并且采用16S rDNA PCR-DGGE(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)指纹图谱技术比较分析了上述两种水稻苗期不同采样期根际和土体土壤中细菌及其氨氧化细菌的群落结构变化。结果表明,两个水稻品种根际土壤中硝化强度和氨氧化细菌的数量随着生育期的延长均表现出一定的正相关性,汕优63籼稻根部土壤中的细菌和氨氧化细菌的丰富度和群落变化特征随着水稻生育时期的延长较武运7号粳稻的变化更为多样,说明籼稻品种根系和根际硝化作用更强,在其根系附近会产生更多的硝态氮。这种差异性严重影响水稻植株对氮素的利用效率。     

Environmental applications of mercury resistant bacteria

Bacteria are resistant to Hg compounds by virtue of two specific enzymes: mercuric reductase and organomercurial lyase. We investigate these specific enzyme systems 1) to determine McHg in biological samples by its enzymatic transformation to the respective hydrocarbon and 2) as an environmental index of Hg pollution in geothermal areas, by studying the distribution of the percentage of Hg-resistant bacteria.     

Interactions between bacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Interactions between eight ectomycorrhizal fungi and eight bacteria were tested on five laboratory media and in the rhizoplane of Pinus radiata. Depression of growth of the fungi by the bacteria in laboratory media was dependent on the medium and bore little relation to effects in the rhizoplane. In the rhizoplane, different bacteria could depress, have no effect or even stimulate growth of mycorrhizal fungi. Competition and antagonism are suggested as mechanisms for depression of the fungi. Some bacteria gave protection against the depressive effects of other bacteria. Considerable differences occurred between ectomycorrhizal fungi in their colonization of the rhizoplane in the absence of bacteria and also in their presence. The common mycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon luteolus and Thelephora terrestris generally colonized roots well but the strain of Pisolithus tinctorius studied colonized poorly. Direct microscopy showed the percentage cover of the root by microorganisms was usually only 10–20%.It is proposed that interactions of ectomycorrhizal fungi with soil organisms are important in determining the successful introduction and persistence of inoculated ectomycorrhizal fungi. Fungi should be selected for compatibility with a wide range of soil microflora as well as efficiency in plant stimulation.