河南省耕地集约利用时空变化特征研究

耕地集约利用水平影响着国家粮食安全及区域的可持续发展,以河南省18个地级市为评价单元,采用最优组合赋权法、协调度评价模型、聚类分析法、GIS空间分析方法定量分析了1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平的时空变化特征。结果表明:1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平呈波动上升的趋势,其耕地投入强度和利用效益对耕地集约利用水平影响较大;省域范围内耕地集约利用水平空间差异显著,呈现4级分布,河南北部、东部、南部地区耕地集约利用水平较高,中部次之,西部相对较低;区域间投入强度、利用程度和利用效益差异明显,且出现错位发展。1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平逐步提高,平原地区的耕地集约利用水平高于山地丘陵地区,且向山地丘陵地区不断扩展,评价结果与现实情况基本一致。     

武汉城市圈耕地集约利用时空分异特征

为加强对武汉城市圈耕地集约利用时空变化规律的认识,该文从投入强度、利用程度和产出效益3个方面构建了包含10项指标的耕地集约利用评价指标体系;以县级单元作为基本分析尺度,运用全局主成分分析方法,对划分的35个评价单元2002－2009年间的耕地集约利用水平进行综合评价,分析武汉城市圈耕地集约利用的时空分异特征。结果表明：2002－2009年,随着资本投入和科技投入的波动性增长,武汉城市圈耕地集约水平呈现出"稳定上升-平稳发展-阶段下降-迅速上升"的变化过程,平均分值由58.40提高至61.62,整体保持了增长态势;受区域地貌特征、耕作条件的影响,武汉城市圈各地区耕地集约利用水平差异显著,集约度较高的区域主要分布于东西沿江平原一线,南北丘陵山区耕地集约度较低,总体呈现"中间高、两翼低"的空间分异格局;但随着城市圈整体集约度的提高,各地区间耕地利用集约度的差异正在逐步缩小并趋于稳定;研究期内,各地区耕地集约度变化呈现明显的空间分异特征,多数地区耕地集约度变化呈现波动上升趋势,但城市圈中心武汉市区及其周边部分地区,由于耕地产值的大幅下降,耕地集约度有所下降。该文为武汉城市圈耕地集约利用水平的提高提供了科学依据。     

甘肃省耕地集约利用空间分析

为分析甘肃省耕地集约利用的空间差异,以各县(区)为研究对象,首先选择耕地投入强度、耕地利用强度、耕地产出强度和耕地持续利用强度4个准则层、17个评价指标建立评价体系,运用熵值法和层次分析法综合确定各指标权重,计算出甘肃省各县(区)耕地集约利用度得分;然后,利用Arc Gis对各县(区)耕地集约利用得分进行分级;最后利用Geo Da对其进行空间自相关分析。结果表明:耕地投入强度对耕地集约利用影响最大;全省耕地集约利用整体水平较低,87个县(区)中处于集约利用较低水平的有51个;耕地集约利用水平空间差异大,嘉峪关市最高,合作市最低,嘉峪关市是合作市的45倍;耕地集约利用地域性特征明显,存在空间聚集现象,河西地区西部为耕地集约利用高值聚集区,陇中和甘南高原一带为低值聚集区。     

肇源县耕地集约利用评价及障碍度诊断

耕地资源是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,面对我国人多地少,耕地资源匮乏的国情,保护和合理利用有限的耕地资源,提高耕地集约利用水平,是确保我国粮食安全及可持续发展的关键。以黑龙江省肇源县为研究区,从投入强度、利用程度、利用效益三个方面选取18个指标构建县级耕地集约利用评价指标体系,运用熵权法和综合指数模型评价2006—2011年肇源县耕地集约利用程度,并构建障碍度模型对影响县级城市耕地集约利用的障碍因子进行诊断。结果显示:肇源县耕地集约利用水平呈上升趋势,2006—2011年耕地利用集约度从0.202 3上升到0.867 0。耕地投入强度障碍度以年均36.23%的速度增加,而利用效益和利用程度障碍度分别以年均54.63%和23.46%的速度下降,由此得出,耕地利用投入强度是影响肇源县耕地集约利用的最大障碍因素。     

黑龙江省耕地集约利用评价与空间差异分析

耕地集约利用内涵界定是耕地集约利用评价的基础。分析了耕地集约利用的内涵,构建了黑龙江省耕地集约利用指标体系,运用信息熵、综合指数和GIS相结合的方法对黑龙江省耕地集约利用空间差异状况进行了分析。结果表明,黑龙江省耕地集约利用水平受区域自然条件差异影响,具有明显的区域分异特征,表现为黑龙江省西南部和南部地区耕地集约利用程度高,东部地区次之,北部和西北部地区最低;从指标体系领域层权重看,投入强度对耕地集约利用水平的影响最大,对耕地的基础设施投入远低于生产性投入,从而为黑龙江省区域耕地投入政策制定和调整提供依据。     

保定市耕地集约利用时空变异分析

农用地（主要是耕地）集约利用是保障经济社会可持续发展的必要条件。以保定市22个县（市）的耕地为研究对象,建立了耕地集约利用指标体系,采用熵值法分别从土地投入强度、土地利用强度、土地产出效果、社会生态效益4个方面对耕地进行集约评价,并将评价结果分为4个等级。结果表明:保定市耕地集约利用水平总体不高,集约分值约为0.57,处于一般集约水平。从时间序列上看,1995—2010年耕地集约利用分值呈现上下小幅度波动趋势,1995年和2010年集约分值基本持平,集约程度变化不大;从空间序列上看,耕地同一级别集约范围变化不大,整个保定市呈现出东部集约程度高,西部集约度相对低的空间分布特征。研究结果可为保定市耕地集约利用水平提高以及农业的持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于GWR模型的贵州省耕地集约利用水平时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为贯彻落实我国粮食安全战略,缓解贵州省人地矛盾,参考大量相关文献,结合贵州省实的际情况,从投入强度、利用程度、产出效益和持续状况4个方面,构建了具有14个二级指标的耕地集约水平评价模型,运用较为客观的均方差法对各指标赋予权重,分析了贵州省近16年来耕地集约度时空演变与空间分异特征,并运用GWR模型探寻其影响因子。结果表明:(1)贵州省2003—2018年耕地集约利用水平总体呈现上升趋势。(2)贵州省各市(州)耕地集约利用水平中,仅贵阳市的耕地集约水平逐渐下降,安顺市、六盘水市、黔东南州、遵义市4个地区稳步发展,其余地区略有波动。(3)通过GWR模型的分析发现,投入强度和持续状况是影响区内耕地集约利用水平的主要因素,利用程度地区分异较小,产出效益地区分异则较大。研究结果可为贵州省提升耕地集约利用水平提供科学参考。     

山东省西部经济隆起带耕地集约利用评价与空间分异研究

[目的]以山东省西部经济隆起带各县(市、区)为研究对象,对山东省西部经济隆起带耕地集约利用与空间分异进行评价和研究,为科学规划该区耕地资源,提高耕地集约利用水平,增加耕地产出及统筹区域农业发展提供参考。[方法]基于县域尺度采用熵权TOPSIS法和GIS计算山东省西部经济隆起带各县(市、区)的耕地集约利用水平和空间格局。[结果]山东省西部经济隆起带耕地集约利用水平分布表现为以东平县为界南部耕地集约利用水平低,北部高,北部中又以东北部耕地集约利用水平高,西南部低,中间一般,并存在"俱乐部趋同"的态势,即同一集约利用水平的耕地表现为集中成片分布态势;耕地集约利用水平各县(市、区)数量上呈现"金字塔"的趋势,即水平越高数量越少,水平越低数量越多;从指标层指标来看,化肥投入指数、机械投入指数、复种指数、机械化率、粮食安全指数、耕地安全指数、粮食单产和人均产粮是影响山东省西部经济隆起带耕地集约利用水平的主要指标。[结论]山东省西部经济隆起带耕地集约利用水平分布具有明显的空间差异。     

河北省耕地集约利用时空分异特征

本文从投入强度、利用程度、产出效益和可持续状态四个准则层构建了十五个指标因素的耕地集约利用评价指标体系,运用topsis模型分析了2010年河北省耕地集约利用水平。研究结果表明:(1)河北省耕地集约利用水平较高的区域主要分布在中南部邢台市、沧州市、石家庄市及唐山市部分县区。耕地集约利用水平较高的县区受单位面积化肥施用量、农药施用量、农膜使用量及农业机械化投入量影响不大(2)河北省耕地集约利用水平较低的区域主要分布在承德市、张家口市等北部地区,由于土壤质地、气候条件、自然灾害、经济发展水平等因素影响,加大投入强度在一定程度上可以提高等地集约利用水平。最后,根据评价结果提出了提高耕地集约利用水平的建议对策。     

河南省耕地集约利用水平差异的时空特征分析

采用因子分析法,对河南省18个地区2000年和2005年的耕地集约利用水平进行定量评价和等级划分.研究结果表明,(1)投入水平、产出水平、农业保障水平和集约利用水平是影响河南省耕地集约利用水平差异的主要因子,但4者之间的协调性较差.(2)单纯以投入水平或产出水平来衡量耕地集约利用水平差距具有一定的局限性.(3)耕地集约利用水平地域分布不均衡,豫北地区的耕地集约利用水平相对较高.(4)耕地集约利用综合水平与其4个主要因子,即投入因子、产出因子、农业保障因子和集约利用因子等,呈现出不一致的分异现象.(5)全省的耕地集约利用水平呈现出下降的趋势,且综合指数和4个主要因子的极差均出现了扩大的现象.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI