NBPT和DMPP对陇中半干旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥的利用效率，降低氮肥造成的环境污染，探索氮肥增效剂在陇中旱作丘陵区的适应性，在陇中丘陵区旱作农业条件下，设常规施肥、尿素氮减量20%添加NBPT、尿素氮减量20%添加DMPP、尿素氮减量20%、不施氮肥5个处理，研究增效剂NBPT 和DMPP对陇中半干旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，常规施肥马铃薯产量均高于尿素氮减量20%的处理，处理间差异不显著，但与不施氮肥差异显著。其中尿素氮减量20%的处理中，以添加DMPP处理产量最高，为13 000 kg/hm2，较不施氮肥处理增产17.72%；其次是添加NBPT处理，较不施氮肥处理增产13.41%；氮减量20%，且不添加DMPP和NBPT处理排名第3，较不施氮肥处理增产12.59%；另外，尿素氮减量20%添加DMPP处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、水分利用效率和降水利用效率较相同施氮量处理均有一定幅度的提升。因此，DMPP在陇中旱作马铃薯田使用对其产量和水分利用效率具有一定的提升作用。     

不同品种滴灌棉花水氮效应差异性比较

研究选取当地两个主栽棉花品种,通过不同水、氮用量研究棉花品种间在产量、氮肥吸收利用和水分利用效率的差异性。结果表明:标杂A1品种总体表现要优于新路早33号,干物质积累和籽棉产量上在低水条件下(3 600m3/hm2)品种间差异不显著,中、高水处理下(4 500m3/hm2,5 400m3/hm2)品种间差异均达到显著水平;两个施氮水平下(240kg/hm2,320kg/hm2)品种间总吸氮量和氮肥利用效率差异均显著;低水处理下两个施氮水平品种间水分利用效率差异不显著,中水处理下品种间水分利用效率差异显著,高水低氮处理水分利用效率在两个品种间差异不显著,但在高水高氮施用量条件下差异表现显著。     

不同氮肥管理对吉林春玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响

针对吉林春玉米氮肥施用中存在氮肥用量偏大,且具盲目性的现状,采用田间试验研究农民习惯施氮量和推荐施氮量下氮肥不同施用方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,推荐施氮量下,苗期和灌浆期春玉米干物质积累量显著高于习惯施肥,有机无机配合提高了春玉米干物质积累速率。施氮处理与不施氮相比均显著增加玉米子粒产量,增产11.2%～16.8%; 推荐施氮量下玉米子粒产量与习惯施氮量相当,但显著提高氮素的偏因子生产力和农学效率。在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,用30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮与100%化肥氮处理的产量相当,对氮素利用效率也没有影响,并降低收获期土壤无机氮含量。说明合理施用氮肥不但能够维持玉米产量,还可减少氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用效率;有机肥部分替代化肥氮是吉林春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

兼顾产量和氮肥利用效率的间作体系小麦最适施氮量分析

探究小麦蚕豆间作体系下的小麦最适氮肥施用量,建立作物产量和氮肥利用效率协同提高的间作体系氮肥管理策略。通过2年的田间定位试验,在N 0、90、180、270 kg/hm² 4个小麦施氮水平下,研究了小麦蚕豆间作体系的产量效应、氮肥利用效率、兼顾产量与氮肥利用效率的小麦最适施氮量和推荐阈值,探讨了间作提高小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的关键土壤因子效应。结果表明,在4个施氮水平下,与单作小麦相比,间作小麦产量平均增加22.12%,产量可持续性指数平均增加3.68%,土地当量比平均为1.13,氮肥表观利用率平均增加18.44%,氮肥农学利用率平均增加9.64%,氮肥偏生产力平均增加21.14%。回归分析结果表明,小麦间作最高产量施氮量较单作平均减少3.28%,增产18.76%。以小麦相对产量的85%～90%作为氮肥施用量的推荐范围,小麦单作氮肥推荐阈值为101～128 kg/hm²,间作小麦氮肥推荐阈值为90～117 kg/hm²,小麦间作较单作施氮量减少9.40%～12.22%,小麦产量增加18.20%。综合小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的关系,单作小麦最适施氮量为133 kg/hm²,间作小麦最适施氮量为106 kg/hm²时可兼顾提高小麦产量和氮肥利用效率,保证小麦增产及氮肥减施增效。结构方程分析表明小麦间作中硝态氮是提高氮肥利用效率的关键土壤因子。     

氮施用量对夏玉米土壤水氮动态及水肥利用效率的影响

采用田间小区试验,监测夏玉米不同生长期土壤水分和硝态氮剖面含量变化,研究不同施氮量对其时空变化及籽粒产量、水肥利用效率的影响,探讨氮肥对水肥资源高效利用的调节作用。结果表明：不同施氮处理,土壤剖面水分和硝态氮随土壤深度的变化趋势基本一致,即表层50 cm土壤水分和硝态氮含量较高且呈降低态,50-110 cm相对较低且波动较小,灌浆期二者均达到最低值;各生长期表层50 cm土壤含水量呈不施氮处理均高于施氮处理,50-110 cm土层则相反;施氮能提高土壤硝态氮含量,土壤硝态氮运移受土壤水分状况和含量的影响,含量越高,向下移动越深;施氮能显著提高水分利用效率及籽粒产量,增产效果明显（增产28.52%-37.86%）,二者均以施氮240 kg/hm^2处理最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒产量及籽粒吸氮量和水分利用效率增幅均表现为先升高后降低之趋势,当施氮量超过240 kg/hm^2后,籽粒产量和水分利用效率提高并不显著;不施氮与施氮处理氮素生产力、氮肥利用率之间均存在极显著差异。在本试验条件下,从控制土壤硝态氮积累及取得较高的产量和氮素利用率综合考虑,夏玉米的适宜施氮量范围应控制在120-240 kg/hm^2较好。     

不同施氮水平再生水灌溉对设施番茄根际土壤供氮的影响

通过田间小区随机区组试验研究不同施氮水平再生水灌溉对设施番茄土壤供氮能力和产量的影响,对不同施氮处理再生水灌溉设施番茄关键生育阶段根际、非根际土壤矿质氮和全氮含量、番茄生物量和产量、氮肥利用效率、表观氮素损失量进行对比分析。结果表明:再生水灌溉氮肥减施20%处理和氮肥减施30%处理,番茄关键生育期根际土壤矿质氮含量保持在40mg/kg以上,根际与非根际土壤矿质氮含量差异介于10.47%～12.63%之间,促进了非根际土壤矿质营养向根际土壤迁移;再生水灌溉氮肥减施20%处理和氮肥减施30%处理氮肥利用效率和产量均显著高于常规施氮处理,而土壤供氮能力与常规施氮处理差异不大。因此,再生水灌溉条件下,施氮水平控制在189～216kg/hm2之间,可有效削减0-30cm根层土壤表观氮素损失,提高根际土壤供氮能力,显著提高番茄关键生育阶段氮肥利用效率和番茄产量。     

减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及氮素利用的影响

该研究旨在分析减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及氮素利用的影响。2020年以中旱221（旱稻）、中浙优8号（水稻）和IR45765-3B（深水稻）共3个品种为材料,设常规淹水灌溉（Conventional Flood Irrigation, WL）、微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉（Micro-nano Bubble Water Oxygenation Irrigation, MBWI）2个灌溉模式和常规施氮（195.0 kg/hm2）、减施氮肥（157.5 kg/hm2）2个氮水平,研究了减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻关键生育时期氮代谢相关酶活性、植株含氮量、氮素积累量以及产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与常规施氮处理相比,减施氮肥降低了氮代谢酶活性,而增氧灌溉有助于提高硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶、谷丙转氨酶活性。增氧灌溉和氮肥一定程度上有助于水稻氮素积累,增氧灌溉下减施氮肥处理比淹水灌溉常规施氮量的当季氮肥利用率分别提高15.6%、36.2%、21.5%（P<0.05）。增氧灌溉和增施氮肥显著增加水稻产量,中旱221增氧灌溉下减施氮肥比淹水灌溉常规施氮量处理增产3.5%（P<0.05）,而中浙优8号和IR45765-3B增氧灌溉下减施氮肥与淹水灌溉常规施氮量差异不显著（P>0.05）。相关分析表明,氮代谢酶活性与同时期叶片含氮量及氮素积累量大多呈显著或极显著的正相关。可见,增氧灌溉可以显著提高水稻氮素代谢相关酶活性,从而显著提高水稻氮素积累量、产量和当季氮肥利用效率,水稻氮肥减施条件下采用增氧灌溉有助于水稻维持较高氮肥吸收和利用效率,而谷氨酰胺合成酶活性可以用于预测水稻各时期氮素积累量。研究结果可为水稻氮肥减施和提高水稻氮肥利用效率提供理论和技术支持。     

精确和常规施氮对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以武香粳14为供试材料,研究精确施氮和常规施氮对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,精确施氮处理的穗数极显著地低于常规施氮处理;精确施氮处理的水稻产量高于常规施氮处理,但未达到显著水平;精确施氮处理的氮肥当季利用率比常规施氮处理高8.8%。     

9个水稻品种对氮、磷和钾肥的响应及差异

采用田间试验研究了施肥对9个水稻品种的产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的影响,并比较了不同品种水稻对肥料的响应差异,以期为水稻的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明,不施肥处理(CK)9个水稻品种产量变幅为5 312~7 473 kg/hm2,平均为6 444 kg/hm2,变异系数为13.3%。NPK处理显著提高了各品种产量,与CK相比,增产量分别为3 240~5 578 kg/hm2,平均增产量4 262 kg/hm2;增产率分别为47.2%~91.3%,平均增产率66.1%。试验条件下,施氮可显著提高各品种产量和氮素吸收量,与不施氮处理(PK)相比增产39.6%~90.9%,氮素吸收量增加59.4%~157.8%;磷、钾肥对水稻的产量无显著影响。不同水稻品种的氮肥利用率也存在较大差异,变幅为23.2%~53.8%。     

施氮量对江汉平原中低产田小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm^-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm^-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗...     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.