1981—2012年黄土高原植被覆盖度时空变化特征

植被覆盖度是反映植被覆盖状况最直接的指标。基于1981—2012年的MODIS影像,采用像元二分模型反演黄土高原植被覆盖度,分析了黄土高原各省区、典型流域及土壤侵蚀类型区生长季(5—10月)的植被覆盖度时空动态变化。结果表明:1981—2012年期间,黄土高原生长季植被覆盖度由31%增加到50%,呈显著上升趋势,但各区域增长幅度不同。2001年之前,黄土高原植被覆盖度平均为36%,年际间以小幅波动为主;之后,该区生长季年平均植被覆盖度为41%,年际间呈显著增加趋势。按省区,河南省植被覆盖度增幅最大,陕西省次之,内蒙古、宁夏增幅不明显且覆盖度在20%左右波动。按典型流域,延河流域增幅最大,窟野河流域增幅最小。按土壤侵蚀类型,水力侵蚀区植被覆盖度增长较快,风力侵蚀区则变化不明显。按植被覆盖度构成,低覆盖度面积比例减少,高覆盖度面积比例增加,其中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖度增加趋势最为明显,植被恢复成效显著。     

黄土山丘区植被覆盖变化分析

利用像元二分模型获取研究区植被覆盖度,并对其分级。针对不同等级植被覆盖度建立转移矩阵,研究其数量随时间的变化特征,并利用全局及局部莫兰指数对植被覆盖度的空间集聚状况进行分析,以期为该区植被恢复与保护工作提供依据。结果表明:（1）研究区平均植被覆盖度空间分布整体为中部低两侧高,北部高于南部,整体植被覆盖类型以低覆盖和中低覆盖为主;（2）1991-2010年,研究区裸地、高覆盖类型和中覆盖类型整体占比增加,中覆盖类型涨幅最大;低覆盖类型和中低覆盖类型整体占比减少,低覆盖类型减幅最大;（3）研究区植被覆盖度在1991-2000年退化趋势明显,2000-2010年植被状况转好,退化趋势得到遏制;（4）植被覆盖度的空间聚集情况随着时间的变化逐渐增强,且主要以高值簇和低值簇的形式分布,高值簇和低值簇的空间集聚区域随着时间的变化发生转移;（5）研究区应进一步加强对低植被覆盖区域的恢复力度。     

四川省2009—2020年植被覆盖度时空变化遥感动态监测

[目的]监测和分析四川省2009—2020年植被覆盖度时空变化特征,为定量评估区域生态环境提供重要的基础研究数据,也为城市规划及可持续城市发展提供科学参考。[方法]借助Google Earth Engine云计算平台,获取了2009—2020年四川省Landsat系列影像,利用像元二分模型对研究区植被覆盖度进行了定量估算。[结果](1)2009—2020年间,四川省主要以高、中高植被覆盖度为主,其面积可达全省面积的80%,而低、中低植被覆盖度面积所占比例低于10%。(2)从空间上分布,四川省植被覆盖度空间差异比较明显,植被覆盖度较低区域主要分布在成都平原经济区及川西部分地区;(3)从空间变化特征上分析,2009—2020年研究区的植被覆盖度整体呈现基本稳定趋势(44.39%),植被覆盖度改善的区域面积(30.78%)大于植被覆盖度退化区域(24.82%),其中明显退化区域面积所占比例最少,仅占全省面积的4.96%。[结论]总体上,2009—2020年四川省的植被覆盖状况良好,以高、中高植被覆盖度为主,植被覆盖度呈现基本稳定趋势。     

安徽省霍山县植被覆盖度动态变化及预测

基于1994,2000,2006和2011年4个时期的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,应用像元二分模型和CA—Markov模型对安徽省霍山县植被覆盖度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明,霍山县植被覆盖度总体分布特征是东北部植被覆盖度较小,南部、西北部较大;1994—2011年该县植被覆盖状况呈明显的上升趋势,高植被覆盖度的面积增加了339.91km2,中低植被覆盖度、低植被覆盖度、裸地的面积分别减少了116.15,63.34和20.29km2;CA-Markov模型可较好地预测2020年植被覆盖度的空间分布格局;霍山县植被覆盖状况的改善是人类活动和气候变化共同作用的结果。优化产业结构,防治水土流失是研究区生态环境建设的重点。     

2000-2010年福建省植被覆盖度的时空演变特征

运用趋势分析法及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对福建省2000-2010年植被覆盖度进行了分析,探究福建省植被覆盖度的时空演变过程.结果表明:(1)福建省植被覆盖度以每年0.003 15的速率增加,但在2005年存在一个明显的波动下降,植被在7月,8月,9月份盖度最大.(2)根据我国植被覆盖度分类标准,福建省以高植被覆盖度为主,2000-2010年低、中植被覆盖度向高植被覆盖度转化15.84％.(3)各市区植被覆盖度变化显著,其中莆田市、宁德市、漳州市变化最为明显.通过各区域的趋势百分比可知,福建省各市区植被覆盖度以增加为主,各市区植被覆盖度增加百分比为:宁德市＞漳州市＞福州市＞泉州市=莆田市=厦门市＞龙岩市＞南平市＞三明市.(4)不同植被类型区植被盖度在年际变化尺度呈现稳步增加的趋势,各植被类型盖度均值介于0.596～0.799,此外植被覆盖度的增加量顺序依次为:湿地＞草地＞农作物＞非植被＞阔叶林=针叶林.     

2000—2020年湖北省土地利用变化对植被覆盖度的影响

[目的] 土地利用及其对陆地生态系统的影响是当前全球变化研究的重要内容。科学分析土地利用变化对植被覆盖度的影响,促进社会经济与生态环境质量的协调发展及地区经济的平衡发展,为政府部门对区域生态保护和恢复管理提供借鉴和参考。[方法] 以湖北省为研究对象,利用2000,2020年2期Landsat遥感影像、土地利用遥感数据,利用遥感数据的空间处理、像元二分模型、土地利用转移矩阵等方法,分析研究湖北省植被覆盖的时空变化、土地利用类型变化特征及其对植被覆盖度的影响。[结果] ①2000-2020年,湖北省耕地、草地和未利用地面积减少,水域以及建设用地面积增加,林地面积基本保持不变,其面积大小顺序为:林地>耕地>水域>建设用地>草地>未利用地。②湖北省植被覆盖度平均值上升了6.50 %。林地、耕地、草地和未利用地的平均植被覆盖度均有所增加,建设用地的平均植被覆盖度有所降低。③湖北省植被覆盖度总体呈现增加的趋势。植被覆盖度增大的区域主要集中在湖北省的西部和东南部地区,局部地区也存在植被退化的区域,主要集中在湖北省中南部及襄阳北方部分区域。④不同土地利用类型FVC转移过程中,耕地较高植被覆盖与高植被覆盖之间的转移过程最为剧烈,林地不同等级植被覆盖的转移量占转移总量的47.87 %,草地不同水平植被覆盖度的转移量占转移总量比例较小,仅为3.40 %。[结论] 2000-2020年湖北省土地利用变化较大,不同土地利用类型的植被覆盖度相互转移,尤其是林地、耕地及草地的平均植被覆盖度均有所增加,使得湖北省近20 a来整体植被覆盖度呈现出上升趋势。     

黔中水利枢纽区植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析——以平坝为例

植被覆盖度(FVC)对区域生态系统环境变化有着重要指示作用,利用2001年、2005年、2010年、2013年4期Landsat TM/OLI影像数据,基于像元二分模型,以黔中水利枢纽区平坝县为研究对象,得到了植被覆盖度时空变化规律,并探讨了植被覆盖度与地形起伏度、海拔、坡度和土壤类型等因子的响应关系,为县域水土保持研究提供科学理论依据。结果表明:(1)近13年平坝县植被覆盖度呈显著增加趋势,年增速为0.94%,其中2010年之前植被覆盖度呈持续增加趋势,年增速为1.72%,而2010年之后呈下降态势,年降速为-1.26%。(2)空间分布上,平坝县植被覆盖整体呈"西北高、东低"的分布特征,高值区包括齐伯乡、乐平乡和十字乡,低值区主要分布在高峰镇、马场镇和夏云镇;2001—2013年天龙镇植被覆盖度剧烈减少,马场镇和羊昌乡南部植被覆盖度剧烈增加。(3)平坝县植被覆盖度与地形因子的关系显示,植被覆盖度类型主要分布在地形起伏度80m梯度、海拔1 200～1 400m梯度和坡度25°梯度。(4)不同土壤类型的植被覆盖度变化分析结果表明:黄棕壤的平均植被覆盖度最高,为70.4%;水稻土的平均植被覆盖度最低,为42.9%;在各土壤类型区中表现为高植被覆盖度面积增加百分比最大,低植被覆盖度区域植被覆盖度面积减少百分比最大。     

汶川地震灾区植被覆盖度变化与地形因子的关系

[目的]分析植被覆盖度变化与高程、坡度、坡向3种地形因子关系,为汶川地震灾区环境监测及修复、水土保持、灾害评估与防治等工作提供一定依据。[方法]通过构建汶川地震灾区像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,分析植被覆盖度与地形因子之间的关系。[结果]高程小于3 000m的各高程带、各坡度带中平均植被覆盖度、高植被覆盖度减少,低植被覆盖度增加的比例均与高程、坡度呈负相关。高程低于500m,500~1 000m区域和坡度小于5°的区域其植被受地震影响大,恢复周期更长,截至2015年5月,尚未达到震前水平。各坡向区平均植被覆盖度,高、中、低植被覆盖度比例变化趋势较为一致,无明显差异,东、南、东南、北方向各等级植被覆盖度比例已达到震前水平。[结论]植被覆盖度与地形因子之间关系密切,植被覆盖的动态监测可以从地形变化出发。     

黄河源区玛曲县植被覆盖度及其气候变化研究

以MODIS—NDVI遥感数据为基础,利用像元二分模型对玛曲县2000—2010年的植被覆盖度进行估算,对植被覆盖度的时空变化特征进行分析,并探讨了植被覆盖度与降水量和气温之间的响应关系。结果表明:近10a来玛曲县植被覆盖度变化呈明显波动起伏且总体略有增加趋势,高植被覆盖度和较高植被覆盖度的数量变化剧烈,中植被覆盖度、较低植被覆盖度和低植被覆盖度分布相对稳定;不同等级植被覆盖度在各乡范围及基于地形特征的空间分布差异十分显著;在年际与生长季的变化水平上,气温与降水量都对植被覆盖度有影响,其中气温比降水量的影响更加显著。     

官渡河流域植被覆盖变化与地形因子相关性

以南水北调中线水源区源头之一的官渡河流域为研究区域,区域内以山地为主,生态环境脆弱。基于GIS和RS技术,利用1990年、1999年、2004年、2007年、2010年Landsat TM遥感影像,基于像元二分模型和变化斜率法,从数理统计角度定量估算了研究区各时期植被覆盖度及其时空分布特征。结果表明:（1）植被覆盖度在不同河段呈现明显的规律性,上、中、下游植被覆盖度5期平均值分别为94.52%,87%,81.69%。（2）植被覆盖变化受地形因子影响比较明显,植被覆盖度与不同地形因子响应程度不同,对不同时期植被覆盖度,高程和坡度对其影响明显高于坡向。随着坡度的不断增加,植被覆盖度也随着增大;整体上向阳区植被覆盖度要大于同区域的背阳区;官渡河流域不同时期植被覆盖度随着高程的增加均出现先增加后减少的趋势。（3）不同地质单元组植被覆盖变化各不相同。     

不同退耕还林模式对土壤生物学性质的影响效果评价

在测定土壤微生物、土壤酶活性基础上,应用主成分因子分析法建立了不同退耕还林模式下的土壤生物学性质评价体系。结果表明,土壤放线菌、真菌数量与转化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间的相关性达到了极显著或显著水平优势微生物中的微球菌与转化酶,芽孢杆菌与纤维素酶,木霉和游动放线菌与过氧化氢酶,酵母菌与脲酶呈显著正相关关系放线菌、真菌及其微生物优势类群多样性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用4种土壤酶活性是土壤生物学肥力质量评价的重要指标而细菌、酵母等生物量较小的微生物对土壤生态肥力评价的贡献较小。用土壤综合肥力指标值(IFI)进一步评价各样地的土壤生物学肥力质量的顺序依次为:苦竹林表层>桦木林表层>农耕地表层>农耕地亚表层>农耕地深层>桦木和苦竹林亚表层>桦木林深层>苦竹林深层。苦竹对退耕地的生态改善效果,如水土保持、水源涵养和土壤生态肥力的增加等方面要优于桦木。     

基于USLE的大豆C因子计算模型研究

作物覆盖与管理对土壤侵蚀的影响通常用C表示,它来自于美国通用流失方程（USLE）,是有效治理土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失必须深入研究的重要因子。目前,我国有大量的通过植被覆盖度计算C值的模型,且关系模型的形式也各有不同。但植被覆盖度只是表征地表作物覆盖的指标之一,且并无体现管理措施对土壤流失的影响,建模方法也多是直接进行回归分析。因此,本研究以大豆为研究对象,通过室外人工模拟降雨,以植被覆盖度作为关键因子,以株高、结皮厚度、地表糙度作为调节因子逼近误差建立C因子估算模型。得到的模型公式为：C=-0.595 ln?〖V×(-〖0.779x〗_1+0.〖439x〗_2+0.061h-0.357)〗。式中,V为植被覆盖度,%;h为株高,cm;x1为结皮厚度,mm;x2为地表糙度,无量纲。模型R2=0.935,均方根误差仅为0.089。本研究结果可为黄土高原农耕地土壤C因子模型的不断完善提供理论参考。     

Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on ZnO Supported on SBA-15

Most drugs are synthesized by human medicine both for the treatment of men and animals and are also produced to maintain their physical and chemical properties for a time sufficient to serve a therapeutic purpose in treatments of some kind of illness. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic synthetically obtained in 1987 and belongs to the family of fluoroquinolones and is currently prescribed in certain treatments. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the adsorption of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic in solution on zinc oxide (ZnO) supported on SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The results showed that the post-synthesis method is effective in impregnating zinc oxide in SBA-15 and its structure has not been damaged and has not lost its organization in the hexagonal 2D planes. The ZnO-SBA-15 (10%) sample adsorbed 69.10% of ciprofloxacin (25 mg/L) in 180 min. Freundlich adsorption model was observed with the correlation factor of R²?=?0.9999, for the adsorbent ZnO-SBA-15 (10%), which showed the best sample. The kinetics was classified as pseudo-second order, as well as the thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process has a spontaneous nature and a value of ΔH°?=?4.677 kJ/mol, evidencing that the process has the nature of physiosorption.     

Studies on soil fumigation—II: Effects on bacteria

In a South Australian wheat-field soil the viable counts of “total” aerobic bacteria and of fluorescent pseudomonads were initially greatly depressed by fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 chloropicrin (CP) or with a combined application of 220 kg·ha^?1 of chloropicrin and 220 kg·ha^?1 methyl bromide (F). Bacterial numbers rose sharply within 10 days of the completion of fumigation. For a further 14 days the fluorescent pseudomonads formed the major part of the aerobic bacterial population counted and over 5 months later their numbers in F-treated soil remained about 10 times higher than in untreated soil. Numbers of aerobic spore-formers rose more slowly after CP or F treatment. but then remained significantly higher over the 159 days of the trial. Fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 of methyl bromide alone (MB) had little effect on soil bacterial numbers.A check of random isolates revealed a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in soil treated with CP, this dominance decreasing with time, whereas MB treatment did not result in any detectable change.Fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizospheres of wheat plants in soil fumigated with CP contained smaller proportions of strains antagonistic in vitro to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici than isolates from MB-treated soil or from untreated soil.     

Studies on soil fumigation—IV: Effects on fungi

The effect of soil fumigation with a chloropicrin-methyl bromide mixture(1:1) at 440 kg·ha^?1 on the fungal flora of a wheat-field has been investigated. Recolonization of fumigated soil and the occurrence of fungi on roots of wheat growing in fumigated and untreated soil were also followed. Very few fungi survived in fumigated soil that had been covered with polythene sheeting, but in uncovered fumigated soil some fungi survived especially at or near the soil surface.Study of recolonization of covered fumigated soil showed that some fungi, notably species of Chaetomium and Mortierella, appeared to survive fumigation and then increase in number, but many of the fungi recolonizing surface soil (2.5 cm), Alternaria, Stemphylium, Mucor, Cladosporium, Epicoccum), appeared to have come from the air. Recolonization of surface soil was not uniform; high counts were often due to the spores of one or a few fungi and samples collected a few cm apart might show different fungi in high number. In subsurface soil (5–22.5 cm) recolonization was much slower and even 117 days after fumigation the number of colonies and species of fungi was low compared with untreated soil.The common fungi on roots of plants grown in uncovered fumigated or untreated soil were very similar though initially there were fewer fungi on roots from fumigated soil. The main differences recorded were that Chaetomium species were more frequent on roots from fumigated soil and that. in general, Cylindrocarpon destruetans, Embellisia chlamydospora, species of Pythium and Rhizoctonia, and Gaeumannomyces graminis were more common on roots in untreated soil.     

Sewage Sludge Application on Soil: Effects on Two Earthworm Species

Some biological effects of soilfertilisation with sewage sludge were investigated aftersoil reclamation in an opencast mining area. Two earthwormspecies (Allolobophora chlorotica chloroticaand Nicodrilus caliginosus meridionalis) inhabitingthe reclaimed soil were tested for their response to twohigh doses of sludge (75 and 150 g kg^-1 of dry sludgein dry sieved soil). The metal concentrations in thesludge amended soils were below that which worm mortalitywould be expected. Mean annual density of the earthwormswas higher in the plots where the sludge was applied (435and 335 ind. m^-2) than in control (115 ind. m^-2).We verified the accumulation of Cd and Zn by the twoearthworm species at any dose of sludge, and metalaccumulation was higher in N. caliginosus than inA. chlorotica. Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni were moreconcentrated in the earthworm egesta than in the bulk soil.     

Lime and Nutrients Effects on Jatropha curcas Cultivated on an Amazonian Soil

We evaluated the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient omission, and of liming, on Jatropha curcas (JC) in greenhouse study. The experimental design was a factorial combination of 2 liming treatments (nil or 4.5 t. ha^?1 of dolomitic lime) x 7 combinations of fertility status, with five replications. The concentrations and uptake of nutrients by JC plants follow the order: nitrogen > potassium > calcium ≥ Magnesium > sulfur > phosphorus > iron > boron > manganese > zinc > copper (N > K > Ca ≥ Mg > S > P > Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu), but the growth of JC plants was negatively affected mainly by omission of macronutrients, in the following order: P > N = K = S, on limed soil. Phosphorus is the most critical element for development. JC is responsive to micronutrients only when applied together with macronutrients. Potassium chloride is not recommended as K⁺ source for JC crop. Lime is recommended to improve growth and nutritional status of JC plants.     

Influence of light and pH on growth and nitrogenase activity on temperate-grown Azolla

Summary We investigated the influence of light intensity and pH on growth and acetylene reduction in three strains of Azolla filiculoides and one strain of A. pinnata cultivated under ambient conditions in Naples, Italy. A. pinnata showed maximum growth and acetylene reduction activity at 65% of natural light intensity (82 Klux) and at pH 5–7. In contrast, three A. filiculoides strains showed maximum values in a wider range of light intensity (50–100%) and pH (5–9). All optimal growth conditions of light intensity and pH were obtained from the determination of doubling time for dry and fresh weight increases. The lowest doubling time for all strains was in the range 2.7–3.3 days. Under these optimal conditions, the acetylene reduction activity rates were 46 nmol ethylene h^–1 mg^–1 dry weight for two strains of A. filiculoides from California, and 90 nmol for A. filiculoides from Naples and A. pinnata from Tancheng, Peoples Republic of China. These values correspond to those reported for strains of A. filiculoides and A. pinnata cultivated in areas outside Italy where the use of Azolla as biofertilizer has resulted in increased crop production. Therefore, the strains studied here may have a similar potential in Southern Italy as a source of biomass, dry matter and nitrogenous compounds.Research work supported by CNR, Italy. Special grant I. P. R. A. Sub-project 1. Paper No. 814     

基于GIS技术的多目标土壤资源适宜性评价

土壤资源适宜性评价是进行十壤资源空间分析及优化配置的基础,为土壤资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据.该文以江西省鄱阳湖经济区土壤资源为研究对象,选取了7个参评因子,将GIS技术、统计模型和评价方法有机结合进行u十壤资源的宜耕、宜园和宜林适宜性评价,评价结果表明:研究区生境条件整体较高,土壤资源适宜性较好;区域内宜耕土壤资源面积为19269.2 km2,占总面积的48.5%;宜园土壤资源面积为4399.1 km2,只占总面积的11.1%;宜林十壤资源面积为12579.1 km2,占总面积的31.7%;三者的有机结合,克服了传统评价方法费时费力以及主观参与性强的不足,使评价结果更为客观合理,为土壤资源适宜性评价提供了一条新途径.     

甘肃省高原山地树种的抗旱性研究

 通过PV曲线求解各树种水分参数,并结合水势日变化的分析表明:青海云杉、祁连圆柏、青杨和红桦4树种具有很强的抗旱性和保水力,针叶树的抗旱能力较阔叶树强。青海云杉细胞组织束缚水含量高、持水力强,日平均水势值较祁连圆柏高,细胞壁弹性大,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏质壁分离时渗透水的相对含量较高,日水势变差大,通过细胞水分减少、共质体水与非共质体水转换途径的渗透调节能力较强,在充分膨胀时细胞浓度较高,保持最大膨压的能力更强,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏的综合抗旱能力较青海云杉强;红桦组织细胞束缚水含量较高、持水力较强,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;青杨水势日平均值低,渗透调节和保持最大膨压的能力强,零膨压点的渗透势、失水率都更低,细胞坚硬厚实,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱。