泰国北部山区土壤侵蚀调查报告

[目的]在泰国北部山区开展实地调查,研究该区土壤侵蚀特征,旨在为泛第三极暖湿区的土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理提供依据。[方法]以位于北部山区的清莱府为泰国土壤侵蚀典型区域的代表区域,选取18个调查单元(小流域/矩形区),于2018年11月22—29日调查了该区土壤侵蚀的类型与特征、土地利用类型及其空间分布、植被类型及盖度、耕地状况和作物类型、水土保持措施等。[结果]土壤侵蚀主要发生在道路、田地边坡、坡耕地(尤其是新耕种的坡地)和建设用地边坡,部分林下也可见侵蚀沟发育。未经硬化的土路大多存在不同程度的侵蚀,部分道路形成严重的侵蚀沟。坡耕地的侵蚀在新耕种的田块及其边坡处尤为严重,田块内部主要表现为细沟和浅沟侵蚀,以新近种植的菠萝地最为严重。林下土壤侵蚀主要出现在林下裸露的橡胶纯林内,甚至有浅沟和切沟出现。18个调查单元的平均土壤侵蚀模数介于480.9～3 565.3t/(km~2·a)之间,总体平均为1 767.9t/(km~2·a)。该区域土壤侵蚀模数及其空间变异的主控因素是地形因子。[结论]泰国北部山区虽有大面积的森林覆盖,但采用的水土保持措施相对简单,对开垦坡地的不合理利用引起了严重的人为加速侵蚀,加之该区地形复杂,导致土壤侵蚀严重威胁生态安全和粮食安全。同时,该区的土壤侵蚀基础观测资料缺乏,迫切需要加强土壤侵蚀的基础研究和基础数据的采集,提升对该区域土壤侵蚀过程与机理的认识,注重水土保持措施的综合运用,同时加强土壤培肥、污染防治和土壤保育等措施,保障泰国农业的可持续健康发展。     

红壤区土壤侵蚀危险程度分级初探

土壤侵蚀危险性分级是研究土壤侵蚀危险程度的重要方法.为了探索更加符合实际的土壤侵蚀及其危害程度分级方法,依据水利部土壤侵蚀分级标准和水利部科考成果,对南方红壤科考区的土壤侵蚀强度和土壤侵蚀潜在危险性及其所处流域主要湖泊泥沙输比(SDR)进行分级.结果表明,科考区内轻度、中度、强度和极强度侵蚀均存在.中度侵蚀和强度侵蚀为主要侵蚀类型,占总侵蚀类型的84％.轻度和极强度侵蚀占16％.潜在危险性分级中,无险型、轻险型、危险型和极险型均存在,轻险和危险为主要类型,占总潜在危险类型的84％,无险和极险类型占16％.土壤侵蚀对异地的危害比较大,60％的湖泊SDR＞0.5,其上游土壤侵蚀对异地是危险甚至极险的.研究结果可为红壤全区土壤侵蚀分级和治理工作提供参考.     

黄家二岔小流域土壤侵蚀强度遥感调查制图

本文根据土壤侵蚀分类原则,在1:10000彩红外航片上获取影像的土壤侵蚀判读标志,应用遥感技术调查编制了小流域土壤侵蚀强度图。实践证明,该方法具有快速、准确和省工特点,可直观反映水土流失现状、侵蚀类型的分布面积大小和特征,评价土壤侵蚀强度,为流域综合治理和开发利用提供依据。分析结果同时表明:西吉试验区经过6年的综合治理,土壤侵蚀强度已由治理前的强度侵蚀类型下降为微度侵蚀类型。     

新疆天山东段南北坡土壤侵蚀调查

[目的]开展新疆维吾尔自治区天山南北坡土壤侵蚀调查,研究该区土壤侵蚀特征和影响因子,以期为该区域水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]在新疆天山东段南北坡选取了14个调查单元,于2019年6月25—30日,对调查单元内的土壤侵蚀类型与特征、土地利用类型和植被生长状况等进行了调查。[结果]天山南北坡土壤侵蚀主要发生在草地和开发建设项目区。草地整体退化严重,放牧导致鳞片状侵蚀和羊道侵蚀广泛存在,局部区域发生剥蚀、掏蚀和重力侵蚀。开发建设项目防护措施较少,侵蚀表现形式以堆积体沟蚀为主。[结论]过度放牧导致研究区草地生态系统恢复缓慢,开发建设项目对原生态系统的破坏,引起了严重的人为加速侵蚀,严重威胁天山区域的生态安全。在该区域迫切需要开展土壤侵蚀基础数据的监测与研究,加大水土保持工作力度,建立合理的放牧制度,加速生态系统恢复速度,减少水土流失,保障天山地区生态安全和健康发展。     

基于LUCC的冀北土石山区东北沟流域土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

 在GIS技术的支持下,利用气候、土壤、植被盖度、DEM、土地利用现状调查和影像等数据,揭示东北沟流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀变化特点,明确土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀的关系。结果表明：1）近20年来流域土地利用变化剧烈,林地增加,草地、耕地和难利用土地减少,林地和草地之间及其内部转化较为明显;2）土壤侵蚀模数由1990年的5136.13t/(km2·a)减小到2009年的1823.30t/(km2·a),土壤侵蚀强度明显减弱,土壤侵蚀由轻度侵蚀(32.78%)和中度侵蚀(28.49%)为主减弱到以微度侵蚀(42.16%)和轻度侵蚀(33.25%)为主;3）不同土地利用类型的平均土壤侵蚀模数均有大幅度的下降,其差异也比较明显,林地、居住建筑用地的侵蚀强度较小,难利用土地土壤侵蚀强度较大。难利用土地是今后水土流失治理的重点区域。     

豫西黄河流域土壤侵蚀环境特征与类型划分

豫西黄河流域是黄河泥沙的产区之一,严重的水土流失使黄河下游泥沙、洪水问题更加严峻。通过对研究区土壤侵蚀的地质环境及形态类型的调查研究,分析了研究区控制土壤侵蚀的主要地质环境特征,在此基础上依据不同地质环境特征,主要考虑地形地貌类型和地层岩性等地质环境条件的差异,将研究区土壤侵蚀环境类型划分为基岩山地丘陵侵蚀、黄土塬梁峁丘陵侵蚀、河谷侵蚀3种类型,这对于黄河的治理与开发以及区内生态建设具有重要的意义。     

第一次全国水利普查水土保持普查方案

第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查包括水土流失、侵蚀沟道和水土保持措施等3种对象.水土流失普查,采取宏观遥感调查与地面系统抽样调查相结合的方式,利用土壤侵蚀模型评价不同侵蚀类型的分布、面积和强度.侵蚀沟道普查,利用遥感影像、DEM(数字高程模型)等基础数据得到侵蚀沟道位置,通过野外调查和空间分析,得到侵蚀沟道面积、数量与分布.水土保持措施普查,利用各种基础资料综合分析得到水土保持工程措施和植物措施的类型和数量.     

罗玉沟流域坡面土壤侵蚀的研究

本文介绍了罗玉沟流域土壤侵蚀的基本特征,将流域坡面土壤侵蚀划分为梯田平台微度侵蚀、荒坡轻度侵蚀、农田缓坡侵蚀等7种侵蚀类型,采用定位观测和典型调查相结合的方法,测算了1987年流域坡面土壤侵蚀量,并用美国通用土壤流失方程式的推算值对测算的结果进行了验证。1987年罗玉沟流域坡面土壤侵蚀量约32.5万吨,其中农田层状侵蚀量约占总侵蚀量的42.6％,林草地鳞片状侵蚀量约占16.9％,细沟侵蚀量约占36.7％,浅沟侵蚀量约占4％。     

东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征与多营力复合侵蚀的研究重点

[目的]分析东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征,为该区复合土壤侵蚀研究及其有效防治提供重要科学依据。[方法]基于大量野外调查和理论研究以及文献资料,概述了复合土壤侵蚀的研究现状,分析了东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征。[结果]东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特点主要为:多营力复合侵蚀的季节更替和空间叠加作用,农田沟蚀严重,坡面汇流引起的土壤侵蚀更加突出,雨滴打击作用和壤中流形成是坡面土壤侵蚀的主要驱动力。当前复合土壤侵蚀研究的主要内容为:冻融作用对风蚀和水蚀的影响,风水复合侵蚀,东北黑土区多外营力复合侵蚀研究。[结论]复合土壤侵蚀的研究重点为:①多种外营力相互作用的坡面复合侵蚀过程机制;②冻融作用对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响机制;③量化冻融作用、融雪、降雨径流和风力侵蚀对坡面侵蚀和沟蚀的贡献;④多外营力作用的流域尺度泥沙来源诊断;⑤复合土壤侵蚀预报模型研发;⑥复合土壤侵蚀防治措施的有效性评价;⑦东北黑土区复合土壤侵蚀防治分区。     

阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀的时空变化及驱动力

[目的]分析2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素,为该区土壤侵蚀治理与国土空间规划提供科学指导。[方法]基于降水、土地利用、土壤和遥感影像等数据,采用GIS技术和RUSLE模型开展研究。[结果](1)2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,高等级侵蚀面积不断增加,阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀状况十分严峻;(2)阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀严重区主要分布在阴山山脉沿线和内蒙古多伦县大部分地区;(3)土地利用类型是阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀主要影响因子,各因子解释力大小依次为：土地利用类型>植被覆盖度>降雨>坡度。土地利用类型为耕地,植被覆盖度小于0.3,坡度在15°～20°和降雨量在365～413 mm之间的地区为高风险侵蚀区域。[结论]阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀程度整体偏高。植被覆盖度低的耕地和草地应为阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀治理重点区域,应采取植树造林种草,扩大林草覆盖面,改善植被覆盖率,降低地表径流速率,提高下渗能力,来控制土壤侵蚀发生。     

Study on a soil erosion sampling survey in the Pan-Third Pole region based on higher-resolution images

Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems, and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development. To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion, a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images. The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method. The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account, and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used. Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images, detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained. Then, combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products, such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), and slope length and steepness factor (LS), the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated. The results show that, based on these high-resolution remote sensing images, the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted. The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%, and sampling accuracy, described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites, show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use. Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products, the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly. The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.     

智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统

从智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统原理、系统总体结构、系统各模块结构和系统检验 4个方面阐述了智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统的计算机实现过程和精度检验 ,认为通过遥感影像激发土壤侵蚀专家对区域土壤侵蚀因子及其土壤侵蚀信息的认识 ,并记录他们的知识数据 ,建立知识库 ,用于土壤侵蚀信息自动提取是一种新的科学、高效的土壤侵蚀信息提取方法     

应用遥感技术评估土壤侵蚀影响因素

在全世界范围内土壤侵蚀对农业生产、地基和水质量都具有负面影响。因此,进行土壤侵蚀评价是非常重要的,但其往往受到数据可用性和数据质量的限制。利用遥感技术有助于土壤侵蚀的评价,它可以为土壤侵蚀评价提供所需的空间数据。在过去的30年许多研究在这方面做了不同深度层次的工作。本论文主要回顾了利用遥感技术评估土壤侵蚀影响因素的方法。土壤侵蚀影响因素的评估包括：地貌、土壤特性、植被覆盖和管理措施。     

半干旱沙区土类/亚类的遥感调查制图方法

传统土壤调查制图存在低时效性、低精度等问题。为了解决半干旱沙区土壤遥感调查制图问题,该文以科尔沁左翼后旗为例,基于野外实地调查和专家知识分析了半干旱沙区土壤类型分布特征与环境因素之间的关系,并探讨了基于多时相Landsat8 OLI影像数据的半干旱沙区土类/亚类遥感调查制图方法。结果表明:利用多时相Landsat8 OLI影像数据提取的归一化差异水体指数(modified normalized difference water index,MNDWI)、盐分指数(salt index,SI)、归一化差异湿度指数(normalized difference moisture index,NDMI)、归一化差异植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)等环境信息,可实现对沼泽土、盐碱土、草甸土、风沙土及其亚类等半干旱沙区主要土壤类型的遥感调查制图。应用本文提出的半干旱区土类/亚类遥感调查制图方法对科左后旗进行土壤遥感调查制图和精度验证,总体精度约为72.84%,Kappa系数为0.667 8。该方法可为半干旱沙区数字土壤调查制图提供思路和参考。     

遥感技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用述评

[目的]对遥感技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进行述评,探索土壤侵蚀遥感研究的发展方向,并为研究者快速选择适宜的遥感数据源和研究方法提供参考。[方法]通过文献查阅,从不同研究方面开展综述和分析。[结果]针对不同研究区域和主题,总结了土壤侵蚀研究中常用遥感平台和数据源,综述了遥感技术在区域土壤侵蚀特征识别、监测与尺度效应研究中的应用。以及遥感技术在通用土壤流失方程关键因子获取中的应用。同时分析了目前研究中存在的问题并提出相应建议。[结论]遥感技术作为开展大范围、长时间序列土壤侵蚀研究的重要技术手段,在我国土壤侵蚀研究中发挥了巨大作用。但实际应用中也存在基层遥感数据时效性不强、数据源单一和识别因子针对性不强等问题。其高效应用和推广需要技术层面和人员、经济支持层面共同发展与创新。     

遥感技术在土壤侵蚀定量评价中的应用——以泰国巴萨克流域为例

本文以巴萨克流域为例,介绍了应用航空遥感技术和通用土壤流失方程式进行土壤侵蚀潜在危险定量评价的基本方法和步骤,主要包括:1.收集分析前人的基础研究资料;2.应用航片和野外调查方法,判读解译土壤侵蚀特征,确定制图单元;3.以制图单元为基本单位,应用土壤流失方程式,确定诸因子量值,并计算土壤侵蚀量;4.结果分析与方法评价。利用航空遥感技术和通用土壤流失方程式进行大比例尺土壤侵蚀调查,具有快速、准确、高效、简便易行和节约人力、物力等优点,成为土壤侵蚀研究工作的有效途径。本文结合笔者的工作实践,试对其实施步骤和应用效果作以分析介绍。     

Mapping of Rill Erosion of Arable Soils Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Survey

Possibilities of using data obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles for detection and mapping of rill erosion on arable lands are analyzed. Identification and mapping of rill erosion was performed on a key plot with a predominance of arable gray forest soils (Greyzemic Phaeozems) under winter wheat in Tula oblast. This plot was surveyed from different heights and in different periods to determine the reliability of identification of rill erosion on the basis of automated procedures in a GIS. It was found that, despite changes in the pattern of rills during the warm season, only one survey during this season is sufficient for adequate assessment of the area of eroded soils. According to our data, the most reliable identification of rill erosion is based on the aerial survey from the height of 50 m above the soil surface. When the height of the flight is more than 200 m, erosional rills virtually escape identification. The efficiency of identification depends on the type of crops, their status, and time of the survey. The surveys of bare soil surface in periods with maximum possible interval from the previous rain or snowmelt season are most efficient. The results of our study can be used in the systems of remote sensing monitoring of erosional processes on arable fields. Application of multiand hyperspectral cameras can improve the efficiency of monitoring.     

Satellite remote sensing for water erosion assessment: A review

Water erosion creates negative impacts on agricultural production, infrastructure, and water quality across the world. Regional-scale water erosion assessment is important, but limited by data availability and quality. Satellite remote sensing can contribute through providing spatial data to such assessments. During the past 30 years many studies have been published that did this to a greater or lesser extent. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water erosion assessment using satellite remote sensing. First, studies on erosion detection are treated. This comprises the detection of erosion features and eroded areas, as well as the assessment of off-site impacts such as sediment deposition and water quality of inland lakes. Second, the assessment of erosion controlling factors is evaluated. Four types of factors are discussed: topography, soil properties, vegetation cover, and management practices. Then, erosion mapping techniques are described that integrate products derived from satellite remote sensing with additional data sources. These techniques include erosion models and qualitative methods. Finally, validation methods used to assess the accuracy of maps produced with satellite data are discussed. It is concluded that a general lack of validation data is a main concern. Validation is of utmost importance to achieve regional operational monitoring systems, and close collaboration between the remote sensing community and field-based erosion scientists is therefore required.     

Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondônia,Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE,remote sensing and GIS

This article discusses research in which the authors applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), remote sensing, and geographical information system (GIS) to the maping of soil erosion risk in Brazilian Amazonia. Soil map and soil survey data were used to develop the soil erodibility factor (K), and a digital elevation model image was used to generate the topographic factor (LS). The cover‐management factor (C) was developed based on vegetation, shade, and soil fraction images derived from spectral mixture analysis of a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus image. Assuming the same climatic conditions and no support practice in the study area, the rainfall–runoff erosivity (R) and the support practice (P) factors were not used. The majority of the study area has K values of less than 0·2, LS values of less than 2·5, and C values of less than 0·25. A soil erosion risk map with five classes (very low, low, medium, medium‐high, and high) was produced based on the simplified RUSLE within the GIS environment, and was linked to land use and land cover (LULC) image to explore relationships between soil erosion risk and LULC distribution. The results indicate that most successional and mature forests are in very low and low erosion risk areas, while agroforestry and pasture are usually associated with medium to high risk areas. This research implies that remote sensing and GIS provide promising tools for evaluating and mapping soil erosion risk in Amazonia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

彩色红外航片土壤侵蚀类型解译

本文讨论了使用彩色红外航空遥感图象进行土壤侵蚀类型研究中的解译问题,明确了彩色红外航片土壤侵蚀类型解译程序、方法和标志。根据图象特征和图象信息相关规律,可在彩色红外航片上解译出鳞片状侵蚀的地带性规律,显示了彩色红外航片在土壤侵蚀调查与制图中的潜在应用价值。