转基因植物中CaMV35S和tNOS元件的4种定性PCR检测方法的比较

花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(promoter of Cauliflower mosaicvirus 35S,CaMV35S)和胭脂碱合成酶基因终止子(terminator of nopaline synthase gene,tNOS)是转基因产品筛选检测中的首选参数,日常检测中发现,个别标准中用于筛选检测这两种元件的引物存在非特异性扩增和灵敏度差的问题。本研究收集了国内外标准中常用的扩增片段分别为195、165、147和123 bp的CaMV35S和扩增片段分别为180、172、165和118 bp的tNOS各4对引物,应用普通PCR和实时荧光(Real-time)PCR方法,对8对引物的特异性、灵敏度及在加工品中的扩增性进行了测试和适用性评价。结果表明,CaMV35S 165和147 bp引物具有很好的特异性,灵敏度高,在不同的加工品中也表现出强的检测能力,筛选检测效果最佳;195bp引物扩增性稍差,且经常出现非特异性扩增;123bp引物较其他引物扩增弱且扩增不稳定。tNOS 172和165bp引物具有很好的特异性,灵敏度高,在不同的加工品中也表现出强的检测能力,筛选检测效果最佳;180bp引物扩增性较差,且易出现非特异扩增;118bp引物较其他引物扩增弱且扩增不稳定。本研究通过普通PCR和实时荧光(Real-time)PCR对不同国标中出现的引物进行适用性评价,为转基因产品的检测监管提供可靠技术依据。     

环介导等温扩增技术及其在水生动物病毒检测中的应用

水产养殖已成为国民经济重要组成部分,但经常受到水生动物病毒的困扰。相关病毒病原的检测已成为水生动物病原研究的热点之一。环介导等温扩增技术具有高特异性和灵敏度,并且扩增时间短,对仪器的要求较低,已广泛应用于水生动物病毒的检测中。本文从环介导等温扩增技术中引物的设计,扩增反应过程及反应产物的检测三个方面来阐述其基本原理,并综述了其在水生动物虹彩病毒、弹状病毒、呼肠孤病毒、疱疹病毒及对虾病毒检测中的应用,最后对其技术和应用上的发展前景进行了展望,以期为水生动物病毒检测相关研究提供参考。     

应用PCR技术检测饲料中的鱼源性成分

PCR方法在动物源性饲料检测中有很好的应用前景。为了有效检测反刍动物饲料中的鱼源性成分，降低疯牛病传播风险，本研究根据鱼线粒体1DNA 6S rRNA序列设计并筛选了鱼源性特异引物，使用Qiagen公司的组织DNA提取试剂盒提取核酸。PCR特异性检测结果表明，引物NC_Fish2480/2501F/ NC_Fish2565/2586R与牛、羊、猪、鸡成分无交叉反应；灵敏性检测结果表明，该引物可以检测到0.1%的鱼源性成分。该方法的建立为饲料中鱼源性成分的PCR检测提供了依据。     

甘蔗宿根矮化病菌PCR检测技术研究

以甘蔗茎组织总DNA为模板,以16S rRNA基因赖氏细菌属(L eif son ia)通用引物为第一轮引物、甘蔗宿根矮化病菌(L eif son ia xy li subsp.xy li,Lxx)亚种特异引物为第二轮引物建立了Lxx巢式PCR检测技术。根据已报道的Lxx巴西分离物基因组全序列(G enB ank登录号AE 016822.1)设计了扩增致病相关基因片段的3个引物对,经多种组合进行了RCR检验,筛选出两个特异性好、灵敏高的引物对,建立了Lxx的多重PCR检测技术。克隆测序表明,PCR产物与巴西分离物基因组相应区段同一率为99%以上,从而证实了上述PCR技术的正确性。检测结果表明,广东样品的阳性率为90%,海南样品的阳性率为60%。     

转基因棉花GHB119品系特异性定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了保障和促进我国口岸进口转基因产品安全相关法律法规的顺利实施,针对我国农业部未颁发农业转基因生物安全证书的棉花品系GHB119,本研究利用TaqMan实时荧光PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,根据转基因棉花(Gossypium sp.)GHB119 3'端外源插入片段与棉花基因组DNA之间的邻接区序列设计引物和探针,并对引物、探针以及扩增体系进行了筛选和优化,建立了转基因棉花GHB119品系特异性实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果表明,建立的检测方法特异于转基因棉花GHB119成分检测,检测下限(limit of detection,LOD)为10拷贝的基因组DNA,定量下限(limit of quantification,LOQ)为25拷贝GHB119基因组DNA,对盲样的定量结果显示,测定值与设定值间的偏差(bias)、标准偏差(standard deviation,SD)、相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)等均在可接受范围内。本研究建立的GHB119品系特异性实时荧光定量PCR检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高,能够快速、准确地对混合样品中转基因棉花GHB119成分进行定量检测分析。     

Pool-ARMS：一种高效检测混合遗传样本中特定单核苷酸变异的方法

单核苷酸变异（SNV）是控制人类疾病和动植物经济性状的遗传基础之一,经济、简便和高效的检测体系可助力遗传病筛查和植物碱基编辑与诱变群体中携带SNV的个体的定向筛选。本研究根据扩增阻滞突变系统PCR(ARMS-PCR)的原理,设计了一种适合在水稻混合样本中筛选特定SNV个体的方法 Pool-ARMS。该方法的要点是：设计聚合酶链式反应（PCR）引物、建立特异性扩增携带SNV片段的PCR程序;分析不同组织和样品混合比例提取DNA的扩增效果;建立筛选特定SNV的Pool-ARMS体系。以控制光周期敏感性雄性不育（PGMS）水稻的两个基因为例,通过优化PCR引物和反应程序,建立了利用叶片和芽鞘组织混样提取DNA检测突变的体系,前者突变检出水平为1∶49,后者为1∶24。利用该技术体系对63份碱基编辑水稻幼苗进行检测,结果与Sanger测序分析一致。本研究建立的Pool-ARMS方法有望应用于包括水稻在内的动植物单碱基编辑群体和理化诱变群体中目标变异的定向筛选。     

巢式PCR检测无乳链球菌16SrRNA方法的建立及应用

无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）引起的奶牛乳房炎主要表现为隐性型,需要通过实验室检查才能确诊。研究建立了一种特异、敏感和快速的巢式PCR方法用于检测奶样中的无乳链球菌。利用链球菌属（Sgeptococcus）16S rRNA基因的保守区设计通用引物作为链球菌属的阳性控制,在保守区内的可变区设计无乳链球菌特异的引物。研究结果表明,通过奶样中无乳链球菌的增菌培养,简便、快速提取DNA和特异性PCR反应,可以检测到奶样中1CFU／mL的无乳链球菌,可以用作牛群中无乳链球菌感染的早期流行病学调查。     

分离自陕西泾阳番茄的番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCD)的分子特征

从陕西泾阳地区的番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)上采集到73份表现矮化、黄化和曲叶症状的番茄黄化曲叶病(Tomato yellow leaf curl disease,TYLCD)样品,利用双生病毒简并引物PA和PB及番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的通用引物TYT-F和TYT-R进行PCR扩增,共有70个样品检测呈阳性;利用双生病毒DNA-B及卫星DNA的通用引物,未扩增到相应目标条带;随机选取样品SX8,利用滚环扩增PCR(RCA-PCR)、克隆及测序等技术获得病毒DNA-A的全基因组序列,该DNA分子全长含2781bp(GenBank登录号:JN412854),与来自山东番茄的TYLCV分离物SD2(缩写为TYLCV-[SD2])(GenBank登录号:GU199587)的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为99.9%;系统进化分析发现,该病毒分离物与我国已报道的TYLCV各分离物亲缘关系较近。这些结果表明,陕西番茄黄化曲叶病是由TYLCV引起,该病毒可能来源于我国山东番茄上的TYLCV。     

三种对虾病毒多重实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）、传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒（IHHNV）和桃拉综合征病毒（TSV）的基因序列,设计了WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的三对特异性引物和三条用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了能够同时检测WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的三重实时荧光PCR方法。该方法特异性好,对WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV的检测敏感性分别达到20000、20和20000个模板拷贝数;此外抗干扰能力强,对WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV不同模板浓度进行组合,仍可有效地同时检测这三个病毒。对保存的45份经常规PCR检测仅为WSSV 、IHHNV和TSV阳性的样品进行二重实时荧光PCR检测,结果都为阳性,其中2份为WSSV和IHHNV混合感染。本研究建立的三重实时荧光PCR方法用于WSSV、IHHNV和TSV的检测具有特异、敏感、快速、定量等优点。     

猪附红细胞体荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

摘要: 根据GenBank已登录的猪附红细胞体（M.suis）推测的功能性蛋白基因ORF2序列设计引物和TaqMan荧光探针,以定量的10倍系列稀释含M.suis部分ORF2基因的T载体重组质粒（pGEX-T/M.suis）为标准品,进行荧光定量PCR扩增并制作了标准曲线,经对荧光定量PCR的反应条件进行优化,建立了M.suis的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法（Taqman FQ-PCR）;对所建立的FQ-PCR检测方法进行了敏感性、特异性和重复性实验,并对疑似M.suis感染临床抗凝全血样品进行了检测应用。结果显示：标准曲线的曲线循环阈值与模板浓度有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998;所建立的FQ-PCR方法检测灵敏度可达10个拷贝/μL,比对照常规PCR灵敏度高100倍;FQ-PCR方法特异性高,对pGEX-T/M.suis重组质粒扩增呈现阳性反应曲线,而对8个对照细菌、病毒和寄生虫DNA扩增曲线均呈现阴性反应;对不同浓度的pGEX-T/M.suis重组质粒分别重复扩增2次,重复结果良好;用该方法对24份临床疑似M.suis感染样品进行了应用检测,结果有20份样品为阳性,阳性检出率高于常规PCR方法。     

大鲵致病性嗜水气单胞菌SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR诊断试剂盒的研制

根据GenBank中致病性嗜水气单胞菌特异性的气溶素基因序列,设计1对引物,利用普通PCR技术扩增获得hlyA基因片段,并克隆到pMD-18T载体上作为阳性标准品。通过对SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR反应条件的优化,建立了快速检测致病性嗜水气单胞菌的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量诊断方法,以此为基础研制出试剂盒。试剂盒扩增产物的熔解曲线分析只出现1个单特异峰,无引物二聚体,对非致病性嗜水气单胞菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、迟缓爱德华菌、柱状黄杆菌均无阳性信号扩增,重复性好,灵敏度可达1.0x101拷贝/uL。结果表明研制的致病性嗜水气单胞菌SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒具有特异、灵敏、快速、重复性好等特点,适合于大鲵临床样品的检测。     

Evaluation of post-polymerase chain reaction melting temperature analysis for meat species identification in mixed DNA samples

Real-time uniplex and duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with a SYBR Green I post-PCR melting curve analysis were evaluated for the identification and quantification of bovine, porcine, horse, and wallaroo DNA in food products. Quantitative values were derived from threshold-cycle (C(t)) data obtained from serial dilutions of purified DNA. The limits of detection in uniplex reactions were 0.04 pg for porcine and wallaroo DNA and 0.4 pg for cattle and horse DNA. Species specificity of the PCR products was tested by the identification of peaks in DNA melting curves, measured as the decrease of SYBR Green I fluorescence at the dissociation temperature. The peaks could be distinguished above the background even at the lowest amount of template DNA detected by the C(t) method. The system was also tested in duplex reactions, by use of either single-species DNA or DNA admixtures containing different shares of two species. The minimum proportions of each DNA species allowing the resolution of T(m) peaks in the duplex reactions were 5% (cattle or wallaroo) in cattle/wallaroo mixtures, 5% porcine and 1% horse in porcine/horse mixtures, 60% porcine and 1% wallaroo in porcine/wallaroo mixtures, and 1% cattle and 5% horse in cattle/horse mixtures. A loss in the sensitivity of the method was observed for some DNA combinations in the duplex assay. In contrast, the results obtained from SYBR Green I uniplex and duplex reactions with single-species DNA were largely comparable to those obtained previously with species-specific TaqMan probes, showing the suitability of that simpler experimental approach for large-scale analytical applications.     

Validated method for quantification of genetically modified organisms in samples of maize flour

Sensitive and accurate testing for trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA from plant material is the prerequisite for detection of 1% or 0.5% genetically modified ingredients in food products or raw materials thereof. Compared to ELISA detection of expressed proteins, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) amplification has easier sample preparation and detection limits are lower. Of the different methods of DNA preparation CTAB method with high flexibility in starting material and generation of sufficient DNA with relevant quality was chosen. Previous RT-PCR data generated with the SYBR green detection method showed that the method is highly sensitive to sample matrices and genomic DNA content influencing the interpretation of results. Therefore, this paper describes a real-time DNA quantification based on the TaqMan probe method, indicating high accuracy and sensitivity with detection limits of lower than 18 copies per sample applicable and comparable to highly purified plasmid standards as well as complex matrices of genomic DNA samples. The results were evaluated with ValiData for homology of variance, linearity, accuracy of the standard curve, and standard deviation.     

Comparison of DNA extraction methods and development of duplex PCR and real-time PCR to detect tomato, carrot, and celery in food

Traceability is of particular importance for those persons who suffer allergy or intolerance to some food component(s) and need a strict avoidance of the allergenic food. In this paper, methodologies are described to fingerprint the presence of allergenic species such as carrot, tomato, and celery by DNA detection. Three DNA extraction methods were applied on vegetables and foods containing or not containing the allergens, and the results were compared and discussed. Fast SYBR Green DNA melting curve temperature analyses and duplex PCR assays with internal control have been developed for detection of these allergenic vegetables and have been tested on commercial foods. Spiking food experiments were also performed, assessing that limits of detection (LOD) of 1 mg/kg for carrot and tomato DNA and 10 mg/kg for celery DNA have been reached.     

Application of a real time polymerase chain reaction method to detect castor toxin contamination in fluid milk and eggs

The castor seed contains ricin, which is one of the most potent biological toxins and is widely considered to be a threat agent for bioterrorism. In this study, a rapid and sensitive PCR method was applied to the detection of castor contamination in milk and liquid egg samples. The targeting gene sequence of the primer set, Ricin-F4/R4, was not found in either the bovine or chicken genome. Primers against a highly conserved sequence from the 18S ribosomal RNA gene were used as a positive control for DNA extraction and PCR reaction efficiency. The quantity and quality of DNA prepared from castor spiked or nonspiked milk and egg samples obtained from three different DNA extraction methods were compared. The cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method yielded the highest quality of DNA and is most suitable for the sensitive detection of castor DNA by real-time PCR in both milk and liquid egg matrixes. However, taking time and cost into consideration, a commercial kit designed for extraction of DNA from stool samples could be used as an alternative method for the routine extraction of DNA from milk for real-time PCR assays. The egg matrix was found to inhibit PCR amplification and interfere with two of the three methods tested for DNA extraction. Egg yolk had a greater negative effect on PCR amplification than the egg white matrix. Our results affirm the necessity of performing individual validations for each food matrix. Both real-time PCR systems used in this study, TaqMan and SYBR Green I dye, were capable of detecting 100 ng of castor acetone powder, corresponding to 5 ng of ricin, in 1 mL of milk or liquid egg, well below the toxic dose for humans. On the basis of these results, the real-time PCR method for detection of intentional castor contamination is applicable to milk and egg matrixes.     

Equal performance of TaqMan, MGB, molecular beacon, and SYBR green-based detection assays in detection and quantification of roundup ready soybean

We have tested and compared the performance of 12 different assays representing four different real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chemistries in the context of genetically modified organism detection. Several different molecular beacon, SYBR Green, TaqMan, and MGB assays were designed for the event specific detection and quantification of the 3' integration junction of GTS 40-3-2 (Roundup Ready) soybean. Sensitivity as well as robustness in the presence of background DNA were tested. None of the PCR-based approaches appeared to be significantly better than any of the other, but the molecular beacon assays had the lowest efficiency and also seemed more sensitive to changes in experimental setup.     

西尼罗病毒荧光定量PCR检测体系的建立及评价

本研究建立了一种实时荧光定量PCR快速核酸检测西尼罗病毒的方法。通过序列比对和blast分析，确定西尼罗病毒Caspid蛋白保守区基因为检测的目的基因，引物采用Primer Premier5.0软件进行设计。本研究建立的检测方法利用SYBR Green染料，相比探针成本较低。通过溶解曲线分析表明，建立的检测方法在扩增过程中没有发现有二聚体的产生。本检测体系在用空白对照及类似的乙脑病毒作为扩增对照时，没有发现非特异性产物的生成，表明该体系对于西尼罗病毒的检测是特异的。将阳性对照标准品进行10倍梯度稀释后可检测到102copies/μL样品，表明该检测体系具有较高的检测灵敏度。     

C3d对减毒沙门氏菌介导的NDV DNA疫苗诱导的特异性体液免疫应答的增强作用

采用PCR技术从重组质粒pVAX1-F扩增出新城疫病毒F48E8株的融合蛋白(F)基因,将其克隆入含有3 拷贝C3d 编码基因的pTR-C3d3质粒中,获得重组质粒pTR-F-C3d3。将F-C3d3基因片段从pTR-F-C3d3中切出,克隆入真核表达质粒pVAX1中,获得重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-F-C3d3。将pVAX1-F-C3d3转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207,构建成功携带DNA疫苗的重组沙门氏菌SL7207(pVAX1-F-C3d3)。重组菌分别以1×109 CFU的剂量两次口服免疫1日龄SPF鸡,结果显示,SL7207(pVAX1-F-C3d3)激发产生的血清抗体效价与SL7207 (pVAX1-F)免疫组之间存在显著性差异(P < 0.05)。SL7207(pVAX1-F-C3d3)免疫组的小肠黏膜抗体效价高于SL7207(pVAX1-F)免疫组,但两者间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。提示C3d可增强减毒沙门氏菌介导的NDV DNA疫苗诱导的特异性体液免疫应答水平,这为提高基于减毒沙门氏菌的NDV基因工程疫苗的免疫效果提供了新的途径。     

Development of one novel multiple-target plasmid for duplex quantitative PCR analysis of roundup ready soybean

To enforce the labeling regulations of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the application of reference molecules as calibrators is becoming essential for practical quantification of GMOs. However, the reported reference molecules with tandem marker multiple targets have been proved not suitable for duplex PCR analysis. In this study, we developed one unique plasmid molecule based on one pMD-18T vector with three exogenous target DNA fragments of Roundup Ready soybean GTS 40-3-2 (RRS), that is, CaMV35S, NOS, and RRS event fragments, plus one fragment of soybean endogenous Lectin gene. This Lectin gene fragment was separated from the three exogenous target DNA fragments of RRS by inserting one 2.6 kb DNA fragment with no relatedness to RRS detection targets in this resultant plasmid. Then, we proved that this design allows the quantification of RRS using the three duplex real-time PCR assays targeting CaMV35S, NOS, and RRS events employing this reference molecule as the calibrator. In these duplex PCR assays, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 10 and 50 copies, respectively. For the quantitative analysis of practical RRS samples, the results of accuracy and precision were similar to those of simplex PCR assays, for instance, the quantitative results were at the 1% level, the mean bias of the simplex and duplex PCR were 4.0% and 4.6%, respectively, and the statistic analysis ( t-test) showed that the quantitative data from duplex and simplex PCR had no significant discrepancy for each soybean sample. Obviously, duplex PCR analysis has the advantages of saving the costs of PCR reaction and reducing the experimental errors in simplex PCR testing. The strategy reported in the present study will be helpful for the development of new reference molecules suitable for duplex PCR quantitative assays of GMOs.