我国南方甘蔗病毒种类初步鉴定

依据G enB ank中已报道的甘蔗主要病毒基因组序列设计PCR引物,以采自我国广东、广西、云南、海南等地的甘蔗叶组织总RNA或总DNA抽提物为模板,采用一步法RT-PCR及PCR扩增,对预期扩增产物克隆、测序,根据序列同一性判断测定样品是否含有预期病毒,结果表明,我国南方甘蔗已受到甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane m osa ic v irus,SCM V)、高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum m osa ic v irus,S rM V)、甘蔗黄叶病毒(Sugarcane ye llow leaf v irus,SCYLV)及甘蔗杆状病毒(Sugarcane B ac illiform V irus,SCBV)的侵染,未发现甘蔗线条花叶病毒(Sugarcane streak m osa ic v irus,SCSM V)及甘蔗线条病毒(Sugarcane streak v irus,SSV)。     

转植酸酶基因(phyA2)玉米定性、定量PCR检测

转植酸酶基因玉米检测是对转植酸酶基因玉米释放进行有效监管的重要前提和技术支撑。本研究根据转植酸酶基因玉米(Zeamays)外源植酸酶基因phyA2序列设计基因特异性引物,进行了定性、定量PCR检测。定性结果显示,该引物可有效检测植酸酶玉米中phyA2基因,而在其他不含植酸酶基因的材料中则检测不到相应基因,表明该引物具有很高的特异性。以玉米内标准基因玉米淀粉合酶异构体zSTSII-2基因(zSSIIb)和植酸酶基因phyA2为对象,进行SYBRGreenⅠ染料法荧光定量PCR反应,绘制2种基因扩增循环数-拷贝数标准曲线图,根据混合样品中(zSSIIb)和植酸酶基因phyA2的拷贝数计算样品中的转基因含量,并做熔解曲线分析。结果表明,zSSIIb和phyA2标准曲线相关系数分别为0.998和0.995,相关性较好,两个基因的熔解曲线均呈单峰型,表明引物特异性较强,混合玉米样品(植酸酶玉米含量分别为1%、0.5%和0.1%)中植酸酶玉米含量分别为1.1%、0.54%和0.17%,实测值与理论值接近。本研究建立了转植酸酶基因玉米定性、定量PCR检测体系,可有效地对转植酸酶基因玉米进行检测。     

转基因棉花MON757转化体特异性PCR检测方法及应用

转基因棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)MON757转化体是孟山都公司研发的转cryIAc基因的抗虫棉,在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国被批准种植或允许用作食品饲料原料,但在我国尚未获得批准种植和应用.目前国内外尚没有转基因棉花MON757特异性的纯杂合检测和定量检测方法报道.为了检测我国棉花中MON757转化体的存在情况,本研究以转基因棉花MON757转化体的插入位点基因组序列和外源插入片段/基因组连接区序列为靶标,建立了特异性的MON757转化体纯杂合定性PCR检测方法和实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测方法.所建立的MON757转化体纯杂合定性PCR检测方法的检测引物由分别位于MON757外源基因插入位点两侧基因组和外源插入片段上的3条引物组成,能准确地鉴别棉花植株和种子中MON757转化体的纯合、杂合状态.建立的MON757转化体特异性的qRT-PCR检测方法具有良好的可重复性和灵敏度,其检测下限(limit of detection,LOD)为11个拷贝,定量下限(limit of quantitative,LOQ)为44个拷贝.用此方法对2014年湖北省的49份商品棉花种子进行了检测,结果有5份种子样品检测到MON757转化体.采用MON757转化体纯杂合定性PCR检测方法对这5份种子样品各60个单粒分别进行了检测,同时采用qRT-PCR检测方法对这5份种子样品进行定量测定.结果表明,有1份含量在1.5％左右,4份含量超过了20％,两种方法的测定结果基本一致.本研究建立的MON757转化体纯杂合定性PCR检测方法和qRT-PCR检测方法在田间棉花植株和种子中MON757转化体纯杂合状态的测定以及混合样品中MON757转化体含量的测定方面都具有重要的应用价值.     

分离自陕西泾阳番茄的番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCD)的分子特征

从陕西泾阳地区的番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)上采集到73份表现矮化、黄化和曲叶症状的番茄黄化曲叶病(Tomato yellow leaf curl disease,TYLCD)样品,利用双生病毒简并引物PA和PB及番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的通用引物TYT-F和TYT-R进行PCR扩增,共有70个样品检测呈阳性;利用双生病毒DNA-B及卫星DNA的通用引物,未扩增到相应目标条带;随机选取样品SX8,利用滚环扩增PCR(RCA-PCR)、克隆及测序等技术获得病毒DNA-A的全基因组序列,该DNA分子全长含2781bp(GenBank登录号:JN412854),与来自山东番茄的TYLCV分离物SD2(缩写为TYLCV-[SD2])(GenBank登录号:GU199587)的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为99.9%;系统进化分析发现,该病毒分离物与我国已报道的TYLCV各分离物亲缘关系较近。这些结果表明,陕西番茄黄化曲叶病是由TYLCV引起,该病毒可能来源于我国山东番茄上的TYLCV。     

甘蔗根癌农杆菌介导遗传转化研究

以根癌农杆菌（Agrobactrium tumefaciens)EHA105菌株介导将海藻糖合酶基因（TSase)遗传转化甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum)胚性愈伤组织，对转化材料进行连续的PPT抗性筛选。获得93株抗性植株。对部分植株的总DNA作PCR及Dot-Southern检测。结果3株呈阳性，而对照均为阴性，证明外源基因已整合到甘蔗基因组中。     

杭州地区甘蔗花叶病病原鉴定

从杭州田间表现典型花叶症的甘蔗病叶中得到病毒分离物SC－ZJ，按照SCMV亚组中甘蔗花叶病毒（Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)，玉米矮花叶病毒（Maize dwarf mosaic virus,MDMV)、高粱花叶病毒（Sorghum mosaic virus,SrMV)、约翰逊草花叶病毒（Johnsongrass mosaic virus,JGMV)等4种病毒基因组序列设计特性引物，对SC－ZJ进行IC－RT－PCR扩增，结果用SrMV特异性引物扩增到1条长约1.1kb的片段，而用其它3种病毒特异性引物扩增不出任何片段。扩增片段经克隆后测定序列，序列包含1135核苷酸（nt)，编码378个氨基酸（aa），取其中的近全长外壳蛋白（CP）氨基酸序列（312aa)，与SrMV、MDMV,SCMV,JGMV等4种病毒对应的序列进行同源性比较，结果核苷酸序列同源性依次为95．3％、75．2％、61．2％和53．6％，氨基酸序列同源性依次为97．1％、78．1％、72．9％和56．2％，根据IC－RT－PCR扩增鉴定及序列同源性比较结果，将SC－ZJ鉴定为SrMV。并根据CP氨基酸序列的同源性进一步分析了4种病毒的亲缘关系。     

转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉鄂杂棉1号的旁侧序列和品系特异性检测

为更好地了解我国转基因棉花的转化品系,建立快速准确的品系鉴别方法,本研究采用长链PCR、Genome Walking的方法解析转基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)新转化品系鄂杂棉1号的整合结构和外源DNA整合的基因组旁侧序列.以旁侧序列为靶标,设计引物,对引物的筛选优化、特异性和灵敏度测试结果显示,建立的鄂杂棉1号品系定性PCR检测方法具有特异性,检测灵敏度为40个拷贝,相当于100 ng模板的0.1%.对市场的21个样品棉花样品检测,有3个样品检测出具有与"鄂杂棉1号"相同转化品系来源,表明本研究建立的品系特异性检测方法可应用于我国转基因棉花育种材料的鉴别和筛选.     

甘蔗R2R3-MYB类似基因Sc2RMyb1的克隆及表达特性分析

R2R3-MYB是MYB转录因子基因家族的主要成员,已被证明在次生代谢和非生物逆境胁迫应答中起重要作用。为获得甘蔗(Saccharum complex)R2R3-MYB转录因子基因序列信息及其在不同非生物因子胁迫下的表达情况,本研究通过对甘蔗EST数据的分析,运用电子克隆获得一个甘蔗R2R3-MYB类似基因序列,进而采用PCR方法从甘蔗中克隆了该基因的基因组DNA和cDNA序列,基因命名为Sc2RMyb1(GenBank序列号:JQ823165)。Sc2RMyb1的基因组DNA全长1807bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子构成,编码区长度为1284bp,编码427个氨基酸。构建含有Sc2RMyb1基因的原核表达载体并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli),经IPTG诱导产生的重组蛋白相对分子量约为52kD。在NaCl胁迫的LB培养基上,重组菌生长明显优于对照菌。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,甘蔗中Sc2RMyb1基因的表达受H2O2和NaCl抑制而下调,推测该基因作为负调节因子参与了NaCl胁迫应答相关基因的调控过程。本研究结果为后续该类转录因子基因在甘蔗抗逆相关机理研究和抗逆育种中的应用提供了基础资料。     

巴西甘蔗DNA导入甘蔗03-75品系的SRAP分子验证

利用SDS方法提取纯化供体巴西甘蔗B8总DNA,通过悬浮共培养方法将巴西甘蔗DNA转入到桂热甘蔗03-75品系中,筛选获得转化的甘蔗植株。对转化植株、供体和受体进行SRAP分子验证。结果表明,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳从112对引物组合中筛选出13对扩增多态性好、条带清晰、稳定好的引物组合,再通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进一步筛选出4对较好引物组合,选择引物M5E8组合对巴西甘蔗、转化植株和桂热甘蔗03-75品系进行SRAP检测,转化植株检出带有供体差异条带,证明巴西甘蔗DNA导入了桂热甘蔗03-75品系,引起了甘蔗基因组的变化,说明通过悬浮共培养方法进行甘蔗总DNA导入是可行的。     

转基因棉花GHB119品系特异性定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了保障和促进我国口岸进口转基因产品安全相关法律法规的顺利实施,针对我国农业部未颁发农业转基因生物安全证书的棉花品系GHB119,本研究利用TaqMan实时荧光PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,根据转基因棉花(Gossypium sp.)GHB119 3'端外源插入片段与棉花基因组DNA之间的邻接区序列设计引物和探针,并对引物、探针以及扩增体系进行了筛选和优化,建立了转基因棉花GHB119品系特异性实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果表明,建立的检测方法特异于转基因棉花GHB119成分检测,检测下限(limit of detection,LOD)为10拷贝的基因组DNA,定量下限(limit of quantification,LOQ)为25拷贝GHB119基因组DNA,对盲样的定量结果显示,测定值与设定值间的偏差(bias)、标准偏差(standard deviation,SD)、相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)等均在可接受范围内。本研究建立的GHB119品系特异性实时荧光定量PCR检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高,能够快速、准确地对混合样品中转基因棉花GHB119成分进行定量检测分析。     

应用PCR技术检测饲料中的鱼源性成分

PCR方法在动物源性饲料检测中有很好的应用前景。为了有效检测反刍动物饲料中的鱼源性成分，降低疯牛病传播风险，本研究根据鱼线粒体1DNA 6S rRNA序列设计并筛选了鱼源性特异引物，使用Qiagen公司的组织DNA提取试剂盒提取核酸。PCR特异性检测结果表明，引物NC_Fish2480/2501F/ NC_Fish2565/2586R与牛、羊、猪、鸡成分无交叉反应；灵敏性检测结果表明，该引物可以检测到0.1%的鱼源性成分。该方法的建立为饲料中鱼源性成分的PCR检测提供了依据。     

Identification of an Organism Associated with Mushroom Worker's Lung

Saccaromonospora viridis is a thermophilic actinomycetes organism which is found in mushroom compost, as well as being a causal agent of mushroom worker's lung (MWL) and other hypersensitivity pneumonitis conditions, including farmer's lung. Phenotypically, it is difficult to distinguish the seven species described for this genus based solely on chemtaxonomic characterization, therefore it was the aim of this study to examine partial 16S rDNA PCR amplification and direct sequencing, as an improved molecular means of identification of Saccharomonospora viridis, associated with MWL. The approach adopted in this study was to identify hypervariable regions within the 16S rRNA gene, which could be employed as signature sequences of the seven individual species within this genus and to employ highly conserved flanking primers to allow initial PCR amplification, prior to direct DNA sequencing of the 16S rDNA amplicon, in a partial 16S rDNA-sequence typing technique. Four universal 16S rDNA primer combinations [P11P/P13P, PSL/PSR, XB1(SV)/PSR and XB1(SV)/P13P] were compared for their ability to identify an unknown thermophilic Saccharomonospora organism from MWL. All PCR primer combinations coupled with direct sequencing allowed for the successful identification of the MWL isolate as S. viridis, demonstrating that universal 16S rDNA PCR primer pairs examined, including the P11P/P13P primer pair, flank regions within the 16S rRNA gene, of sufficient hypervariability to be able to reliably differentiate S. viridis from the other species within this genus. This approach may therefore be useful in the identification of Saccharomonospora spp. associated with composting, as well as with allergic alveolitis or pneumonitis associated occupational exposure in agricultural and horticultural environments, including mushroom production.     

DGGE法与常规培养法对稻田蓝细菌多态性分析结果比较

研究运用蓝细菌和硅藻16SrDNA特异引物,将晚季水稻生长后期稻田土壤中提取的总DNA进行PCR扩增后,以DGGE技术对PCR产物进行分析结果表明,14条DGGE带经克隆测序,经NCBI基因库比对得晚季水稻生长后期存在10种蓝细菌,包括4种Leptolyngbya、1种Chamaesiphon、1种Nostoc、1种Oscillatoria、2种Syne-chococcus和1种Chroococcidiopsis。同层不同位置土壤中蓝细菌种群亦有所不同,但每个取样点都有一些特有的蓝细菌种类。用常规方法对同一稻田土壤样品进行分离培养,根据蓝细菌鉴定图谱观察到类似Lyngbya、Oscillatori-a、Chroococcidiopsis及Nostoc的蓝细菌,但显微镜下无法准确分类。比较结果表明采用DGGE法比常规培养法能更准确进行蓝细菌多态性鉴定。     

Diversity and plant growth promoting evaluation abilities of bacteria isolated from sugarcane cultivated in the South of Brazil

Plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria associated with sugarcane are a promising alternative for the expansion of this crop in Southern Brazil. In this study bacterial strains from different sugarcane fields were isolated to estimate their diversity, to evaluate some of their PGP activities and to use them as inoculant strains in field experiment. Samples of rhizospheric soil, roots, and stems of sugarcane were collected in six Rio Grande do Sul localities. The isolation of bacteria was made in three different N-free media. DNA from each isolate was subjected to nifH or 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP, and to the 16S rDNA partial sequencing. Five hundred and sixteen strains were isolated and several PGP characteristics were analyzed. Shannon index was used to evaluate the bacterial diversity. Indexes varying from 0.94 to 2.46 were obtained. Soil pH and clay were the characteristics most closely related to bacterial diversity. Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Burkholderia, Gluconacetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas were the most abundant genera. Concerning the PGP activities, indolic compounds production was detected in 368 isolates; 138 isolates were able to solubilize phosphate; and 390 were siderophores producers. The inoculation of sugarcane with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus VI27 strain showed a significant increase in the number of sets germinated, in the amount of soluble solids, and in the yield of sugarcane juice compared with the control. As a conclusion, a diverse population of PGP bacteria was found in the sugarcane samples. These bacteria, especially G. diazotrophicus strain VI27, could be used as biofertilizers of sugarcane as well as other cereal crops under controlled conditions to avoid or reduce the use of standard N fertilizers.     

PCR-RFLP analysis of nuclear nontranscribed spacer for mackerel species identification

Scomber mackerel have been marketed in fresh and frozen forms and as processed seafood worldwide, and three species of Japanese mackerel S. japonicus, Pacific mackerel S. australasicus, and Atlantic mackerel S. scombrus have constituted a significant part of absolute Scombrid consumption in Japan. The present study was undertaken to develop a rapid and reliable method not only for differentiation of Scomber mackerel from related Scombrid fish by PCR amplification using Scomber genus-specific primers but also for identification of three Scomber mackerel species by PCR-RFLP analysis. Alignment of nucleotide sequences of the nuclear 5S ribosomal RNA gene (5S rDNA) among Scombrid fish allowed the selection of oligonucleotide primers specific for the Scomber genus. These primers enabled amplification of the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of the 5S rDNA from S. japonicus, S. australasicus, and S. scombrus, whereas no amplification was demonstrated from other Scombrid fish. RFLP analysis of the PCR products with ScaI endonuclease generated unique restriction patterns for each Scomber species. This simple, robust, and reproducible PCR-RFLP technique using Scomber genus-specific primers can serve as a routine food inspection program to enforce labeling regulations of marketed Scombrid fish.     

Rapid identification and discrimination among Egyptian genotypes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Sinorhizobium meliloti nodulating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) by analysis of nodC, ARDRA, and rDNA sequence analysis

Twenty-eight Rhizobium strains were isolated from the root nodules of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) collected from 11 governorates in Egypt. A majority of these strains (57%) were identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (Rlv) based on analysis of a nodC gene fragment amplified using specific primers for these faba bean symbionts. The strains were characterized using a polyphasic approach, including nodulation pattern, tolerance to environmental stresses, and genetic diversity based on amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA) of both 16S and 23S rDNA. Analysis of tolerance to environmental stresses revealed that some of these strains can survive in the presence of 1% NaCl and a majority of them survived well at 37 °C. ARDRA indicated that the strains could be divided into six 16S rDNA genotypes and five 23S rDNA genotypes. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that 57% were Rlv, two strains were Rhizobium etli, one strain was taxonomically related to Rhizobium rubi, and a group of strains were most closely related to Sinorhizobium meliloti. Results of these studies indicate that genetically diverse rhizobial strains are capable of forming N₂-fixing symbiotic associations with faba bean and PCR done using nodC primers allows for the rapid identification of V. faba symbionts.     

转基因抗虫棉对茎部内生细菌多样性的影响

比较转Bt基因抗虫棉与其母本茎部内生细菌多样性,为评估转基因棉花生物安全性提供基础数据.采用平板培养方法对转基因棉花(中棉30,TC)与其母本(中棉16,CC)茎部内生细菌进行分离与计数,用细菌的通用引物扩增细菌的16SrDNA片段,进行RFLP分析.采用培养方法分离与计数所得的棉花茎部内生菌数量为105 cfu/g;...     

实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应快速鉴定三种鳕鱼

为鉴定常见的3种鳕科鳕鱼(大西洋鳕鱼、太平洋鳕鱼和黑线鳕),选用16S rDNA基因设计区分鳕科和非鳕科鱼类的引物,选用线粒体Cytb基因设计区分3种鳕鱼的物种特异性引物,建立实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)体系,对其进行物种分析。结果表明,16S rDNA qPCR体系及3种鳕鱼品种特异性qPCR体系均具有良好的性能,结合标准曲线,可以对单一或混合样品中的目标鳕鱼进行定量检测。在模拟混合样品中目标鳕鱼的相对检测灵敏度可达0.01%。通过对13种市售样品的检测,本研究设计的qPCR体系可检测出原料及深加工产品中的鳕鱼成分。综上,所建立的qPCR体系具有很强的实用性,能满足日常检测的要求,并有望作为未来鳕鱼市场管理的检测方法。     

Design and evaluation of nematode 18S rDNA primers for PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of soil community DNA

Consensus nematode 18S ribosomal DNA primers were designed by aligning available 18S sequences and identifying a variable region flanked by highly conserved regions. These primers were then used to amplify nematode 18S rDNA from whole soil community DNA extracted from a range of European grassland types. Cloning of the PCR amplicons (778 bp) followed by restriction digest analysis (RFLP) resulted in the recovery of 34 unique nematode sequences from the four grasslands studied. Comparison of these data with the limited number of 18S rDNA nematode sequences currently held in on-line databases revealed that all of the sequences could be assigned to known nematode taxa albeit tentatively in some cases. Two of the sequences recovered from the site in the Netherlands (wet, hay-grassland) were recovered in a clade that included a sequence of the genus Trichodorus whilst other sequences from this site showed similarity with 18S rDNA sequences of the genus Prismatolaimus (five sequences), Xiphinema (one sequence) and Enoplus (one sequence). Of the remaining sequences, two showed some affinity with Mylonchulus (UK, upland peat), four with Steinernema (UK) and one sequence with Mesorhabditis (Hungary, east European Steppe). Three sequences from the Netherlands and one from Hungary were recovered in a clade that included a sequence of the genus Pratylenchoides whilst three further sequences from the Netherlands and two from Hungary were recovered in a clade encompassing the genus Globodera. Of the remaining nine sequences, two (NL6, NL62) formed a distinct lineage within the Adenophorea with 90% bootstrap recovery in a paraphyletic clade that included sequences of Prismatolaimus and Trichodorus. Seven sequences (three from the Netherlands, three from the UK and one from Greece) were left unassigned though the tree topology suggested some relationship (58% bootstrap recovery) with the genus Cephalobus. To assess whether primers used to amplify 18S rDNA might be used to fingerprint genetic diversity in nematode communities in soil, the environmental sequence data were used to design a second set of primers carrying a GC-clamp. These primers amplified a 469 bp fragment internal to the region flanked by the primer set used to derive the nematode trees and were used to amplify 18S rDNA for subsequent analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE analysis of six major European grassland types revealed considerable genetic diversity between sites. However, the relationships seen with the DGGE data were inconsistent with previous studies where the same soils had been characterized with respect to functional and morphological diversity. To confirm that this second set of primers was amplifying nematode sequences, selected bands on the DGGE gels were extracted, PCR amplified and sequenced. The final alignment was 337 bases. These analyses revealed the presence of sequence signatures from the genera Paratrichodorus, Plectus, Steinernema, Globodera, Cephalobus and Pratylenchoides.     

土壤微生物多样性研究的新方法

传统的分离培养和鉴定土壤微生物方法所具有的困难性和局限性 ,是造成难以深入了解土壤微生物生态学特性和多样性组成方面的主要障碍。本文运用分子生物学技术 ,以澳大利亚两种主要森林类型的土壤微生物多样性研究为实例 ,介绍了从土壤中直接提取土壤微生物DNA的方法以及末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性 (T RFLP)分析的基本原理和方法。作者认为 ,用该方法提取的土壤真菌DNA的纯度高 ,完全适合PCR扩增和T RFLP分析的要求。T RFLP已成为国外深入研究土壤微生物多样性的理想方法之一