贮藏温度和气调包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果的影响

为了延长鸡蛋保鲜期,研究在室温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下不同配比CO2、O2、N2三元混合气体包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果影响,结果表明:鸡蛋采用气体组分为50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2的气调包装贮藏保鲜,室温下贮藏30d仍保持AA级,而不包装室温贮藏30 d降到了B级;不包装冷藏也可延长鸡蛋保鲜期,但失重率相对较高;气调包装与冷藏结合对鸡蛋的保鲜效果不是2种处理的保鲜效果之和,与气调包装室温贮藏的保鲜效果相似.50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2三元气体包装、室温贮藏可实现鸡蛋就地贮藏,试验为鸡蛋贮藏保鲜提供参考.     

鸡蛋涂膜保鲜技术研究

用医用液体石蜡(A型保鲜剂)等六种保鲜剂对鸡蛋进行保鲜研究,并与不涂膜的鸡蛋对比。试验期中测定了可食用蛋率、蛋黄完整率、干耗率、哈夫单位、蛋黄指数、蛋白pH值等质量指标。试验的全过程分为实验室和生产性试验两个阶段。实验室试验结果表明:A型保鲜剂的保鲜效果最佳,贮藏180天时可食用蛋率与蛋黄完整率分别为94.5％和77.8％,而不涂膜的对照组在贮藏60天时分别为45.6％和19.05％。生产性试验结果表明:常温贮藏组经A型保鲜剂涂膜处理,其效果非常显著地优于非涂膜处理,A型保鲜剂涂膜处理的保鲜效果与冷藏法相同,可大大节约冷藏费用。     

CFD模拟气调库快速降氧过程O_2和CO_2浓度变化规律

O2和CO2浓度对果蔬的贮藏品质有着极大的影响,获得其在气调库内的变化和分布规律可以为气调库优化设计提供理论依据。该文以西安某苹果气调库为研究对象,采用k-ε紊流模型建立了气调库内气体流动、传热与传质的三维数学求解模型,并通过编写UDF程序获得苹果呼吸强度和冷风机送风口O2、CO2质量分数随库内气体组分浓度变化实时数据。经过对该气调库的快速降氧过程数值模拟获得库内O2和CO2浓度随时间变化的规律,并与试验数据呈现较好的一致性,相对偏差平均值为0.027。结果表明库内气体区O2浓度随时间呈指数衰减。该文的研究对象经过4.1 h,气体区O2浓度下降速度小于货物区,此时提高制氮机制氮体积分数会缩短降氧时间。气体区和货物区CO2浓度变化规律相似,升高速度逐渐变小。库内O2和CO2浓度分布在气体区比较均匀,在货物区则存在一定的梯度,货物区中心位置不利于果蔬的贮藏。该文研究对于获取实际气调库降氧时间及选择合理的制氮机,改进气调工艺具有重要参考价值。     

基于计算机视觉的鸡蛋新鲜度无损检测

对鸡蛋的新鲜度、贮藏期进行无损检测,在鸡蛋生产、流通、加工领域具有重要意义。该文进行了鸡蛋新鲜度（哈夫值）常规指标在一定温度条件下随贮藏时间变化的试验,采用高分辨率的工业化数字摄像头,以冷光源背向照明方式（照度为10 000 Lx）获取数字图像,并提取了鸡蛋的图像特征蛋黄指数和气室指数。建立了鸡蛋新鲜度与蛋黄指数、贮藏时间与鸡蛋新鲜度、贮藏时间与蛋黄指数和气室指数的关系模型。得知鸡蛋新鲜度与蛋黄指数呈线性相关性,经检验实测值与预测值平均相对误差为6%;贮藏时间与鸡蛋新鲜度以及贮藏时间与鸡蛋蛋黄指数、鸡蛋气室指数均具有二次函数关系,经检验实测值与预测值绝对误差不超过2 d。结果表明基于计算机视觉技术、采用背向照明方式采集的鸡蛋的透射图像得到鸡蛋的蛋黄和气室的图像信息,可以预测鸡蛋的新鲜度和贮藏期。     

鸡蛋新鲜度的光特性无损检测

光学特性正越来越广泛应用于农产品质量分析、新鲜度和成熟度检测中。本研究目的是探讨光特性无损检测鸡蛋新鲜度的原理和实现方法。试验以200个不同新鲜度的鸡蛋为研究对象，在温度为(28±2)℃，相对湿度为55%的贮藏条件下，在200～800 nm光谱测量范围内对鸡蛋的新鲜度与贮藏时间的相关性进行了追踪光透射特性试验，同时对鸡蛋新鲜度与不同贮藏时间的相关性进行了分析。通过Origin 6.0对光谱透射数据的统计分析建立了透射率与波长，透射率与贮藏时间的相关数学模型，其相关系数分别为0.86和0.94，并找出了用于检测新鲜度的特征波长为465 nm。试验结果表明鸡蛋的透射特性应用于鸡蛋新鲜度检测具有可行性和快速性。     

不同涂膜材料对清洁鸡蛋的保鲜效果

为对比几种涂膜材料对清洁鸡蛋的涂膜保鲜效果,该文采用聚偏二氯乙烯(polyvinylidene chloride,PVDC)、纳米α-Fe2O3功能改性聚乙烯醇基蜂蜡复合材料和纳米Fe3+/Ti O2功能改性聚乙烯醇基紫胶复合材料3种涂膜材料对清洁鸡蛋进行2次浸涂风干涂膜处理,以未涂膜处理为对照组,在室温条件下(温度17~30℃,相对湿度45~88%)贮藏,检测分析鸡蛋失重率和理化指标。结果表明:在室温条件下,各组鸡蛋的储藏期分别为:对照组21 d,PVDC处理组28 d,纳米Fe3+/Ti O2功能改性聚乙烯醇基紫胶复合膜组35 d,而纳米α-Fe2O3功能改性聚乙烯醇基蜂蜡复合膜组42 d,表明涂膜对鸡蛋储藏期的延长效果显著(P0.05)优于对照组。贮藏42 d后,最优组(纳米α-Fe2O3功能改性聚乙烯醇基蜂蜡复合膜组)的鲜蛋率为100%,失重率3.05%,蛋黄指数0.32,哈夫单位值为60.788,p H值为9.2,菌落总数为1.9×103CFU/m L,各值都显著优于其余各组(P0.05),研究结果为鸡蛋涂膜保鲜技术提供参考。     

青脆李采后贮藏中生理及感官品质变化研究初报

为探究青脆李在温度为(5±1)℃,湿度为90%贮藏条件下生理及感官品质变化,试验以八成熟青脆李为原料贮藏在低温条件下,每5 d测定一次呼吸强度、失重率、硬度,并进行感官评价,分析在低温贮藏过程中的变化。结果表明:1)在整个贮藏期,青脆李呼吸强度在15 d时达到呼吸高峰,为150.88 mgCO_2·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。2)失重率在贮藏过程中逐渐升高,20 d后差异不显著,最高为1.99%。3)硬度前15 d下降较快,15 d时硬度为472 g,后15 d下降较为缓慢。4)感官品质评价最高出现在第15天,评分97分。5)青脆李在试验贮藏条件下,综合生理及感官品质变化,15 d为最佳贮藏期,且具有商品价值。     

不同CO2浓度下鸡蛋呼吸仿真分析及验证

贮存环境中CO_2浓度对鸡蛋呼吸作用及新鲜度变化具有重要影响,为了进一步考察在不同CO_2浓度下鸡蛋呼吸释放CO_2的扩散及新鲜度变化情况,该研究测定贮存在温度为25℃、相对湿度为65%、CO_2体积分数分别为1.5%、3.0%、4.5%及空气(对照组)环境下鸡蛋呼吸和新鲜度,利用FLUENT软件完成不同CO_2浓度下鸡蛋第1天呼吸释放CO_2的扩散过程仿真。结果表明,利用Fluent软件计算所得气体速度值和试验值基本一致,模拟值与实测值相对误差在4%～9%。不同CO_2浓度下鸡蛋释放CO_2的扩散过程符合重气扩散的特点,其扩散方向受到CO_2浓度的影响,且随着贮存环境中CO_2浓度的增加,鸡蛋呼吸释放CO_2的扩散量和扩散速度逐渐变小,呼吸得到抑制。再通过分析贮存过程中不同CO_2体积分数下鸡蛋呼吸强度和新鲜度变化得出,对照组1.5%CO_2与3.0%CO_2下的鸡蛋呼吸强度和新鲜度具有显著差异(P0.05),当贮存环境中CO_2体积分数达到3.0%时,对鸡蛋呼吸强度的抑制效果不再明显,且新鲜度变化保持不变。3.0%CO_2和4.5%CO_2体积分数下贮存鸡蛋20 d,其新鲜度等级仍在AA级以上,综合经济因素,3.0%CO_2保鲜鸡蛋效果较优。该研究可为鸡蛋呼吸和气调保鲜技术提供理论及数据基础。     

罗汉果果实采后呼吸生理特性的研究

研究了常温贮藏过程中,罗汉果鲜果的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量变化及其与贮藏时间的关系,结果表明:常温下,罗汉果鲜果自然贮藏期限为5~8d。青皮果贮藏的第1~5天,呼吸强度和乙烯释放量随着时间的延长而逐渐增高,至第5天,两者都达到最高峰,随后开始下降。红毛果则与青皮果不同,从第1~5天,呼吸强度变化不大,乙烯释放量则逐渐增高;第5天后,乙烯释放量达到最高峰,呼吸强度则急剧下降。当乙烯释放量达到最高峰后,果实腐烂则很快出现。说明罗汉果果实的衰老与乙烯关系十分密切。     

鸡蛋蛋壳膜超微结构与呼吸强度的相关关系

蛋壳膜作为蛋壳的有机层是呼吸的必经通道,研究蛋壳膜的超微结构与鸡蛋呼吸强度的相关关系对于鸡蛋贮藏保鲜具有重大意义.该研究利用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)对蛋壳膜的超微结构图像进行表征.结果表明:强呼吸强度(≥3 mg/(kg·h))与弱呼吸强度(≤1 mg/(kg·...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.