北京昌平农业景观传粉服务供给和需求评估研究

近年来全球范围内蜜蜂多样性的下降引起了各国科学家与政府对与农业可持续生产密切相关的传粉服务的关注。为了认识和了解区域传粉服务的供给和需求状况,为制定区域传粉管理策略奠定基础,本研究在2016年对北京昌平7种常见生境的野生蜂多样性、植被组成、土壤紧实度、作物种植面积等数据进行了调查,根据野生蜂的物种组成、飞行距离、筑巢偏好和活动季节,生境的植物资源数据和筑巢适宜性数据,结合In VEST模型对研究区传粉服务的供给进行了评估;根据研究区传粉依赖作物种植面积和各种作物对传粉服务的依赖程度,对研究区传粉服务的需求进行了评估;通过叠加传粉服务供给和需求分级图,评估了研究区的传粉服务供需匹配状况。结果显示,自然林是最适宜野生蜂的生境,其次是人工林、荒草地和边界生境;果园既是野生蜂的生境,也对传粉服务有较高的需求;大棚几乎不供给传粉服务,但对传粉服务有较高需求。对传粉供需等级匹配的结果显示,昌平区供给等级高于需求等级的区域占34.2%,大部分分布于山区,有较高的传粉服务供给和较低的传粉服务需求,具有较高保护价值;供给等级低于需求等级的区域占13.9%,多分布于靠近山区的平原地区,虽然具有较高的传粉服务供给,但也具有最高的需求等级;供给等级与需求等级持平的区域占51.9%,远离山区的平原地区由于具有较多半自然生境,传粉服务的供需基本是匹配的。最后,文章对研究区传粉服务提升提出了管理建议:对于高供给-中/低需求的区域(重点保护区),建议发展低管理强度的有机农业,保护区域内的生境;对于中/低供给-高需求的区域(重点提升区、一般提升区),建议使用养殖蜜蜂提升传粉服务,同时在景观尺度上增加自然/半自然生境比例,建立生态廊道以增加生境之间的连通度;对于供需等级较为一致的区域(重点维持区、一般维持区),建议降低农业区域的管理强度,同时增加生境间的连接度,以实现传粉服务的可持续供给。     

不同蜂传粉对设施桃果实生长发育和品质的影响

应用意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在北京平谷区果树试验站为设施桃传粉, 以研究2 种蜂的传粉行为对设施桃果实生长发育及其品质的影响。结果表明,应用小峰熊蜂授粉, 设施桃果实在整个发育过程中的果径增长速度显著高于意大利蜜蜂授粉的果实(P<0.05)。2 种蜂授粉的设施桃果实发育历期不同,小峰熊蜂授粉区的桃果实比意大利蜜蜂授粉区的果实提前7 d 左右成熟。桃的生理落果高峰在小峰熊蜂授粉区出现2 次,而在意大利蜜蜂授粉区出现3 次。在小峰熊蜂授粉区, 距离蜂箱不同距离之间的桃座果率基本一致; 而在意大利蜜蜂授粉区, 座果率随着与蜂箱距离的增大而明显降低。小峰熊蜂授粉区桃树的平均座果率略高于意大利蜜蜂授粉区, 但二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。经2 种蜂传粉的设施桃果实营养品质差异不显著(P>0.05), 但二者均明显优于人工授粉组(对照)。和意大利蜜蜂授粉的桃果实相比, 经小峰熊蜂传粉后的桃果实, 单果重高, 畸形果率低(P<0.05)。本研究认为中国本土小峰熊蜂为设施桃的传粉效率优于意大利蜜蜂。     

北京昌平区农业景观野生蜂多样性的时空动态分布

近年来,由于生境质量的下降和生境丧失,野生蜂多样性急剧下降,严重威胁传粉服务和农业的可持续发展。为揭示野生蜂在农业景观镶嵌体中的时空分布格局及不同生境对野生蜂保护的重要性,本研究于2016年4—9月采用网捕法调查了北京昌平农业景观4种主要生境类型(人工林、自然灌木林、荒草地和桃园)中的野生蜂,分析不同生境类型中野生蜂多样性及其时间动态变化特征。结果表明:野生蜂及其中的大体长蜂和独居蜂的物种数和个体数,以及中体长蜂的个体数均在自然灌木林中最高,人工林中小体长蜂个体数最多,野生蜂总个体数和总物种数均在桃园中最低。在不同月份,所有功能群野生蜂均在自然或半自然生境中最高,5月桃园中最低,原因可能与桃园中对地表杂草的集约化管理有关。多度最大的4个优势物种依次为黄胸彩带蜂、铜色隧蜂、黄芦蜂和隧淡脉隧蜂,其在生境间的时间动态特征不同。调查的4种生境均为野生蜂提供了可利用资源,但自然生境和半自然生境的作用更大;其中,自然灌木林维持了较多具有较高潜在传粉效率的中体长和大体长野生蜂,具有更高的保护价值。为了促进该地区农业景观中不同功能群野生蜂多样性及传粉服务,需提高生境类型的多样性,同时在野生蜂活动高峰季节采取低集约化的生境管理方式。     

基于InVEST和MGWR模型的安徽省生境质量评估及驱动

[目的]评估安徽省生境质量并研究其驱动机制,以期为安徽省生态环境管理和社会经济可持续高质量发展提供理论参考和科学依据。[方法]以安徽省为研究区,基于InVEST模型对2000年、2010年、2020年生境质量进行评估,并运用热点分析和MGWR模型对影响生境质量空间分布格局的自然—社会经济因子进行分析。[结果](1) 2000—2020年安徽省生境质量整体呈现下降趋势,下降率为3.01%,且生境质量较差区分布面积最广。(2)生境质量的空间分布格局呈现“以山地丘陵地区为主的南部和西部高,以耕地和建筑用地为主的北部和中部低”态势,且具有明显的空间集聚性。(3)坡度、NDVI、建筑用地比例和土地垦殖率是影响安徽省生境质量空间分布的关键因子,平均回归系数分别为0.138,0.084,-0.213,-0.557。坡度对生境质量具有正向效应,NDVI对生境质量的影响以正向效应为主,三期正向效应影响面积比例均达到80%以上,建筑用地比例和土地垦殖率对生境质量的负向效应随时间变化分别增强和减弱。[结论]建筑用地比例和土地垦殖率会使生境质量降低,未来应加强土地利用的管理和注重城镇扩张规模。     

云南省大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区生境破碎化调查研究

游客的旅游活动不同程度地给云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区造成了一定的影响,为调查研究其生境破碎化情况,对生境破碎化因素、干扰面积、干扰形状及干扰率进行了分析,结果表明：导致调查区域生境破碎化的主要因素为人为因素,其次为自然因素;沿着道路两侧向外延伸,人为的践踏程度逐渐减小,生境破碎化程度呈降低趋势。     

山西太岳山油松人工幼龄林水源涵养能力对密度调控的响应

为定量评价密度调控对油松人工林生态系统3个生态作用层水源涵养能力的影响,从降水再分配的生态学机制角度出发对太岳山油松人工林4种密度调控下的涵养水源功能进行研究。结果表明,林冠截留、树干茎流与林分密度关系密切,随着密度调控强度的增加,林冠截留量依次减小;不同密度林分间林冠截留量及树干茎流量的差异随着间伐后时间的推移减小;降雨量与穿透雨量之间存在显著的正向线性关系(R20.9),穿透雨量随降雨的增加值以中度和强度采伐样地较大;密度调控样地凋落物的自然持水率、最大持水率高于对照样地,其中以半分解层的最大持水能力最佳;中度采伐样地的非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水率和非毛管持水量在各密度调控样地中达到最大值,分别为41.55%,36.88%和31.45mm,且径流量和泥沙量最少;中度调控表现出了总体最佳的水源涵养能力。     

城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境的影响*——以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区为例

农田景观因其巨大面积和更高的生产力,在全球生物多样性维持,甚至濒危物种的维持中扮演着重要角色。而农田景观中非农生境被蚕食的现象较为突出,尤其城市周边农田景观中更为普遍。本文以沈阳市沈北新区为例,采用景观紊乱度法将其划分为城市、城市边缘区和乡村3个区域,利用GIS技术分析3个区域农田景观中非农生境类型、数量与面积比例,探讨城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境影响程度。结果表明,随着与城市中心距离的增加,由城市、城市边缘区至乡村,非农生境类型呈现逐渐增加趋势,靠近城市中心的非农生境仅有林地,而在乡村区域有草地、林地、水域和农村道路4种类型。非农生境斑块数量比例呈现总体增加趋势,城市平均比例为8.63%、城市边缘区平均比例为17.08%、乡村平均比例为22.48%。非农生境面积比例呈现先增后减的倒"U"字型变化,城市边缘区的非农生境面积比例最高,值为1.93%。非农生境斑块密度呈现先增加、再减少和后增加的变化趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境斑块密度最小。最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈现先减少后再增加的趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最小。景观形状指数和多样性指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,城市边缘区景观形状指数和多样性指数最大。总体而言,距离城市中心最近的城市区域受城市化强烈影响后,保留在城市景观之中的农田景观重新建立一种相对稳定的景观格局,残留其间的非农生境类型单一、斑块数量低,斑块较大、形状规则;正在受到城市建设切割的城市边缘区农田景观中非农生境面积比例、景观形状指数和多样性指数表现为虚高,但其斑块密度、最大斑块指数和聚集度指数均较小;距离城市中心最远的乡村区域非农生境受城市化影响较弱,类型趋于多样、斑块数量比例高、景观异质性较高。     

基于InVEST模型评估土地整治对生境质量的影响

土地整治通过对土地资源及其利用方式再组织和再优化影响生境斑块之间物质流、能量流的循环过程,从而改变区域生境质量和分布格局。该文以大安市土地整治重大项目为例,采用InVEST模型分析了土地整治对生境质量的影响。研究表明:1)土地整治前(2008年)、整治中(2011年)、整治后(2014年),耕地、草地和盐碱地均为项目区的主要土地利用类型;2)土地整治后,大量的盐碱地和草地转变为耕地,耕地面积由整治前的14.43%上升到71.19%;3)土地整治中,项目区的生境质量得分由整治前的0.194下降到0.189,整治后又上升到0.214;4)土地整治工程改善了项目区的生境质量,但整治完成后生境质量改善效果经历了先下降后上升的过程,在整治完成3~4 a时,生境质量仅比整治前提高了0.06左右,整治完成4 a之后,生境质量开始逐渐好转。研究结果可为土地整治工作中的生境及生物多样性保护工作提供科学依据。     

生态系统生境改变对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】森林和农田生态系统的土壤有机碳和微生物群落结构存在显著差异,为了预测生态系统对不断变化的环境条件的瞬时响应,需明确土壤微生物群落结构对生境气候变化的响应。【方法】在我国北方地区同一纬度的森林和农田生态系统中设置土柱置换试验,对生物标识物磷脂脂肪酸和土壤因子进行分析,探究土柱置换两年后土壤微生物群落结构对生境改变的响应并明确影响微生物群落结构的主要土壤因子。【结果】(1)森林土壤置换到农田生境后,上层土壤微生物生物量显著降低（P <0.05）。其中总微生物生物量下降了28.2%,细菌生物量下降了27.9%,真菌生物量下降了44.1%,革兰氏阴性菌生物量下降了39.6%,革兰氏阳性菌生物量下降了18.8%,放线菌生物量下降了19.8%;置换的下层土壤中仅革兰氏阴性菌生物量显著降低（P <0.05）。(2)农田土壤置换到森林生境后,上层土壤各类群微生物生物量呈增加趋势,但差异不显著;而下层放线菌生物量和总微生物生物量显著下降（P <0.05）。(3)土壤微生物群落结构变化均与土壤因子显著相关,其中土壤含水率对微生物群落结构变化的贡献率可占到27.5%～50.9%。【...     

汾河源头区域土地利用及生境质量时空演变的多情景模拟

土地利用变化及生境质量服务的多情景模拟对制定区域差别化的生态保护和耕地保护政策具有重要的意义。以汾河源头区域为例,借助Logistic-CA-Markov耦合模型,对土地利用转移情况、影响因子和未来变化趋势进行了多情景模拟分析,然后运用InVEST模型分析土地利用变化对生境质量带来的影响。结果表明:不同驱动因子的解释能力具有差异,11个驱动因子整体解释效果较好,ROC值都在0.85以上;自然发展情景、生态保护情景、耕地保护情景下6种地类的变化方向、生境演变特征均有所不同;2017—2030年自然发展情景、生态保护情景、耕地保护情景生境质量分别为0.78,0.76,0.81,0.72;不同情景下的生境质量结果均表明随着海拔和坡度的升高,生境质量也不断得到提高,但是同一海拔和坡度下不同情景生境质量的变化具有差异。     

Repellency of insecticides and the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops

The study intended to compare repellency of three insecticides on bumble bees and honey bees in Norwegian red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops, and to examine effects of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in the field. The repellency study was carried out in a large-scale field trial in SE Norway in 2013. On average for observations during the first week after spraying, 17 and 40% less honey bees (P?=?.03) and 26 and 20% less bumble bees (P?=?.36) were observed on plots sprayed with the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively, than on unsprayed control plots. No pollinator repellency was found on plots sprayed with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid. Compared with unsprayed control the seed yield increases were 22% on plots sprayed with thiacloprid vs. 12–13% on plots sprayed with pyrethroids (P?=?.10). Follow-up studies in 2014–2016 focused on the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in commercially reared nests of Bombus terrestris placed into red clover seed crops at the start of flowering. Unsprayed control crops were compared with crops sprayed either at the bud stage or when 18–44% of flower heads were in full bloom. Chemical analyses of adult bumble bees showed that thiacloprid was taken up in bees when crops were sprayed during flowering, but not detected when crops were sprayed at the bud stage. The bumble bees in late-sprayed crops also developed weaker colonies than in unsprayed crops. Dead bees with a high internal concentration of thiacloprid were found in one crop sprayed during the night at 35% flowering. This shows that thiacloprid is not bee-safe if sprayed after anthesis and that spraying has to be conducted at the bud stage to reduce its contamination of nectar and pollen.     

Hedgerows in an agri-natural landscape: Potential habitat value for native bees

Recent declines in North American honeybee populations have highlighted the importance of native bee conservation, and the need for research on the ecological requirements of native bees in farmland. In this study, we investigated the value of hedgerows as foraging habitat for native bees in mosaics of small-scale agriculture and natural vegetation in two riparian landscapes in southeast Arizona, USA. In the summers of 2002 and 2003, we surveyed bees and flowers in four habitats: hedgerows, agricultural fields, woodlots, and native woodland. We asked: (1) How do hedgerows compare to other available habitats in bee abundance and species richness? (2) How does bee species composition in hedgerows compare to species composition in agricultural fields and woodland? (3) How do flower resources in hedgerows compare to those in fields and woodland?We found that hedgerows were attractive foraging habitat for native bees, especially in early summer, when hedgerows tended to have higher species richness than other agricultural or natural habitats. Cumulative species richness was highest in agricultural fields, although cumulative species richness did not significantly differ among fields, hedgerows, and woodland. While bee faunas overlapped among habitats, bee assemblages in hedgerows were more similar to those in woodland than to those in fields. The hedgerow herbaceous flora was roughly intermediate to that of fields and woodland; hedgerows also supported high densities of woodland-characteristic shrubs. These flowering shrubs were important in attracting bees that were otherwise uncommon in the landscape, including some species that are potentially valuable pollinators of agricultural crops.     

The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation

Marginal habitats such as hedgerows or roadsides become especially important for the conservation of biodiversity in highly modified landscapes. With concerns of a global pollination crisis, there is a need for improving pollinator habitat. Roadsides restored to native prairie vegetation may provide valuable habitat to bees, the most important group of pollinators. Such roadsides support a variety of pollen and nectar sources and unlike agricultural fields, are unplowed, and therefore can provide potential nesting sites for ground-nesting bees. To examine potential effects of roadside restoration, bee communities were sampled via aerial netting and pan trapping along roadside prairie restorations as well as roadsides dominated by non-native plants. Management of roadside vegetation via the planting of native species profoundly affected bee communities. Restored roadsides supported significantly greater bee abundances as well as higher species richness compared to weedy roadsides. Floral species richness, floral abundance, and percentage of bare ground were the factors that led to greater bee abundance and bee species richness along restored roadsides. Traffic and width of roadside did not significantly influence bees, suggesting that even relatively narrow verges near heavy traffic could provide valuable habitat to bees. Restored and weedy roadside bee communities were similar to the prairie remnant, but the prairie remnant was more similar in bee richness and abundance to restored roadsides. Restoring additional roadsides to native vegetation could benefit pollinator conservation efforts by improving habitat on the millions of acres of land devoted to roadsides worldwide, land that is already set aside from further development.     

Local management and landscape drivers of pollination and biological control services in a Kenyan agro-ecosystem

Arthropods that have a direct impact on crop production (i.e. pests, natural enemies and pollinators) can be influenced by both local farm management and the context within which the fields occur in the wider landscape. However, the contributions and spatial scales at which these drivers operate and interact are not fully understood, particularly in the developing world. The impact of both local management and landscape context on insect pollinators and natural enemy communities and on their capacity to deliver related ecosystem services to an economically important tropical crop, pigeonpea was investigated. The study was conducted in nine paired farms across a gradient of increasing distance to semi-native vegetation in Kibwezi, Kenya. Results show that proximity of fields to semi-native habitats negatively affected pollinator and chewing insect abundance. Within fields, pesticide use was a key negative predictor of pollinator, pest and foliar active predator abundance. On the contrary, fertilizer application significantly enhanced pollinator and both chewing and sucking insect pest abundance. At a 1 km spatial scale of fields, there were significant negative effects of the number of semi-native habitat patches within fields dominated by mass flowering pigeonpea on pollinators abundance. For service provision, a significant decline in fruit set when insects were excluded from flowers was recorded. This study reveals the interconnections of pollinators, predators and pests with pigeonpea crop. For sustainable yields and to conserve high densities of both pollinators and predators of pests within pigeonpea landscapes, it is crucial to target the adoption of less disruptive farm management practices such as reducing pesticide and fertilizer inputs.     

The effects of human disturbance on a stingless bee community in a tropical rainforest

Human disturbance of tropical rainforests may change pollinator communities indirectly as a result of changes in resource availability. We studied the mechanisms by which human disturbance affects a community of major pollinators, stingless bees, in Sarawak, Malaysia. We surveyed forest structure and flowering activity, and conducted a nest census and a bait-trap survey of stingless bees, both in primary forests and in forests disturbed by logging and shifting cultivation. The densities of late successional trees and large trees (diameter at breast height >50 cm) were higher in the primary forests than in the disturbed forests. The density of flowering trees was lower one year after logging, but recovered in old disturbed forests because of the active flowering of pioneer trees that became established after the disturbance. Stingless bees nest only in large trees, and nest density was positively correlated with the density of large trees. However, we found no relationship between the numbers of foragers and floristic parameters. Some species preferred nesting in dipterocarps, while others preferred dead trees. The results of the bait-trap survey also indicated that some species were abundant in the primary forests, whereas other species were abundant in the disturbed forests. These results suggest that human disturbance alters the species composition of the stingless bee community. Such changes in the bee community may affect the reproductive success of plants, and ultimately forest composition.     

Wild bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California

Pollination provided by bees enhances the production of many crops. However, the contribution of wild bees remains unmeasured for many crops, and the effects of anthropogenic change on many bee species are unstudied. We experimentally investigated how pollination by wild bees affects tomato production in northern California. We found that wild bees substantially increase the production of field-grown tomato, a crop generally considered self-pollinating. Surveys of the bee community on 14 organic fields that varied in proximity to natural habitat showed that the primary bee visitors, Anthophora urbana Cresson and Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, were affected differently by land management practices. B. vosnesenskii was found primarily on farms proximate to natural habitats, but neither proximity to natural habitat nor tomato floral abundance, temperature, or year explained variation in the visitation rates of A. urbana. Natural habitat appears to increase B. vosnesenskii populations and should be preserved near farms. Additional research is needed to determine how to maintain A. urbana. Species-specific differences in dependency on natural habitats underscore the importance of considering the natural histories of individual bee species when projecting population trends of pollinators and designing management plans for pollination services. Thus, to maintain an entire bee community, multiple approaches, including maintaining natural habitat, should be implemented.     

Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees, wasps and parasitoids

Habitat loss and fragmentation in agricultural landscapes lead to severe declines of abundance and richness of many insect species in the remaining isolated semi-natural habitats. We analysed possible barrier effects of large hedges and corridor effects of narrow grass strips that were hypothesized to affect foraging and dispersal of hymenopterans. We selected calcareous grasslands in the vicinity of Göttingen (Germany), which harbour high Hymenoptera diversity and are starting points for foraging and dispersal in the landscape. We installed pan traps to sample bees (i) on the grasslands; (ii) on grassland edges behind adjacent hedges (potential barriers) and without hedges; (iii) on grass strips in 100 m distance to the grassland, which were connected or unconnected to the grassland; and (iv) unconnected (isolated) grass strips in 300 m and 750 m distance to test for corridor and isolation effects on abundance and species richness of foraging wild bees. Additionally we provided trap nests for bees, wasps and their parasitoids on the grasslands and the strips. Species abundance and richness declined with increasing isolation from grasslands for foraging solitary bees, trap-nesting bees, wasps and parasitoids, but not for foraging bumblebees. Hedges did not confine movement of foraging bees. We found no mitigating effects of (100 m) corridor strips on any of the observed groups. We conclude that conservation of semi-natural habitats as sources of bee and wasp diversity is important and that grass strips act as sinks rather than corridors when high quality patches are nearby.     

Agricultural surroundings support flower-visitor networks in an Afrotropical rain forest

Local habitat structure and resource availability appear to be of great importance for the diversity, abundance, and community structure of bees. We examined the contribution of three different habitat types (farmland, forest edge, forest understory) to bee diversity in a tropical forest-agriculture mosaic in Western Kenya and analysed differences and overlap in plant-bee community interactions between nearby habitats. We used network properties (network size and specialization indices) and bee species turnover to examine temporal and spatial variation of flower-visitation interaction networks in general and in bee species composition in detail across habitats. In total we found 121 bee and 89 plant species involved in the interactions. Results suggest that bees were limited by floral resources because the largest networks, highest diversity, and largest abundances were found at the forest edge and in the farmland which hosted higher amounts of flowers and a more homogeneous distribution of resources in space and time. Forest in the study area is characterized by (1) lower flower density and (2) more humid conditions relative to the farmland. We therefore suggest that the species-rich and structurally diverse farmland acts as a “pollinator rescue” which supports bee communities in the natural forest. We advise conservation managers and politicians to conserve the structural richness of the farmland to (1) preserve bee diversity within the farmland and (2) conserve positive effects of the farmland on bee activity in the forest remnant.