滇东南南瓜传粉昆虫密度对生境丧失的差异性响应

响应多样性理论认为不同传粉蜂对环境胁迫的响应尺度和过程在时空上存在差异,然而目前尚不清楚我国重要农林生态系统传粉蜂对环境胁迫的响应规律。试验以云南省文山州广南县南瓜农田生态系统为研究对象,根据农田景观中自然半自然生境数量和面积的变化梯度和离自然半自然生境的距离梯度选择南瓜样地,抽样调查南瓜样地内熊蜂密度和蜜蜂密度。解译卫星影像获取土地类型数据,分析熊蜂密度和蜜蜂密度同自然半自然生境面积百分率和耕地面积百分率的相关系数,在最大相关系数对应的空间尺度下探索蜜蜂密度和熊蜂密度对生境丧失的响应规律。研究发现,熊蜂密度随自然半自然生境面积百分率的增加而显著增加,但蜜蜂密度并不受自然半自然生境面积的影响。同时,熊蜂密度随耕地面积百分率的增加而显著下降,但蜜蜂密度不受耕地面积的影响。此外,熊蜂密度随离自然半自然生境的距离增加而显著下降,但蜜蜂密度不受距离作用的影响。由此可见,云南省文山州南瓜传粉熊蜂和蜜蜂多度对生境丧失表现出多样的响应规律。熊蜂和蜜蜂对生境丧失的差异性响应可能是保障该区域南瓜受粉的重要机制。     

桃光合性能杂种优势的秋季日变化特征

以桃品种“吊枝白”和“霞晖5 号”及其杂交F1 代种苗为试验材料, 研究了桃在秋季的光合性能杂种优势日变化特征。结果表明: 净光合速率(Pn)午间表现正向杂种优势, 蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)全天基本表现负向杂种优势, 而水分利用效率(WUE)则全天基本表现正向杂种优势。相关性分析表明, 杂交F₁ 代种苗的Pn 与Tr、Pn 与Gs、Tr 与Gs 均呈正相关, 其中Pn 与Tr 之间相关性达显著水平(P<0.05); 亲本的Pn 与Tr之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05), Gs 与Pn、WUE 之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。灰色关联度分析表明, 影响Pn、Tr和WUE 杂种优势率的主要因素均为大气CO₂ 浓度(Ca)。     

铜和维生素A 及其互作效应对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

采用4×2(铜×维生素A)完全随机试验设计, 研究了日粮添加不同水平的铜(0 mg·kg^-1、8 mg·kg^-1、150 mg·kg^-1、225 mg·kg^-1)和维生素A(1 500 IU·kg^-1、5 000 IU·kg^-1)对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0~4 周龄和5~7 周龄)免疫功能的影响。结果表明: 添加铜为8 mg·kg^-1 时, 肉鸡生长前期(0~4 周龄)可显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高肉鸡脾脏活化T 淋巴细胞百分率和血清抗体效价, 生长后期(5~7 周龄)可极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)提高脾脏、胸腺、盲肠扁桃体活化T 淋巴细胞百分率和外周血液中活化T、B 淋巴细胞百分率; 整个试验期添加高铜(150 mg·kg^-1、225 mg·kg^-1)时, 活化T、B 淋巴细胞百分率均不同程度下降。添加维生素A 5 000 IU·kg^-1 时, 肉鸡生长前期可显著(P<0.05)提高其外周血液中活化T 淋巴细胞百分率, 生长后期可极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)提高脾脏、盲肠扁桃体活化T 淋巴细胞百分率和血清抗体效价。铜和维生素A 互作效应对肉鸡生长前期的活化T、B 淋巴细胞百分率和血清抗体效价影响不显著, 对生长后期的外周血液、胸腺、盲肠扁桃体活化T 淋巴细胞百分率影响显著(P<0.05), 以8 mg·kg^-1 铜× 5 000 IU·kg^-1 维生素A 处理最高; 以上结果提示铜和维生素A 对肉鸡免疫功能的影响存在互作效应。     

连作栽培对当归光合参数日变化的影响

利用CI-310 便携式光合作用系统, 测定正茬(连作0 年)、迎茬(隔年连作)、重茬(连作2 年)3 种种植方式下当归叶片的光合参数, 研究其日变化特征。结果表明: 3 种种植方式下当归叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO₂ 浓度(Ci)的日变化均呈“双峰”曲线, 12:00 时存在明显“午休”现象, 但不同茬口Pn、Tr、Gs 和Ci 高峰和低谷出现的时刻和值不同; 根据Pn、Ci 和Gs 的变化方向, 推测当归叶片的光合“午休”受气孔因素影响; 重茬和迎茬极显著(P<0.01)降低当归叶片叶绿素含量; 正茬种植方式下当归叶片Pn、Gs、Ci 和Tr 的日均值均极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于重茬。由此得出, 连作栽培显著降低当归叶片的叶绿素含量、Gs、Ci、Pn 和Tr, 进而影响产量形成。     

双季稻田马铃薯不同覆盖栽培对土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨双季稻区春马铃薯不同覆盖模式下稻田土壤酶活性的变化情况, 在大田条件下, 以露地处理为对照, 设置稻草、无纺布、稻草+无纺布、黑膜、稻草+黑膜5 种覆盖处理。结果表明: 地表覆盖显著影响土壤酶活性。其中, 稻草覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶酶活性, 分别较对照提高17.55%、24.77%和87.2%; 稻草+无纺布覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高芳基酰胺酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高8.03%和71.05%; 黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高23.44%、22.70%、37.43%和146.30%; 稻草+黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、芳基酰胺酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高34.76%、19.31%、19.03%、51.98%和125.62%。由此得出, 覆盖稻草并加盖黑膜可显著提高与土壤养分循环有关的主要土壤酶活性, 利于提高土壤质量。     

耕作方式对长期免耕农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

以华北冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区长期免耕土壤为研究对象, 研究不同耕作方式(免耕、翻耕和旋耕)对长期免耕土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响, 为制定合理的轮耕制度提供依据。试验结果表明: 长期免耕土壤进行耕作处理后SMBC 的时空分布和稳定性产生显著变化。不同耕作处理SMBC 含量在0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层变化明显, 小麦起身期含量最低, 收获期最高; 深层SMBC变化不明显。免耕处理SMBC 随土壤层次明显降低, 且各土壤层次SMBC 差异达显著(P<0.05)水平; 翻耕、旋耕处理0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层间SMBC 无明显差异, 其他层次间差异显著(P<0.05)。从生育期平均值看, 0~5 cm 土层免耕处理SMBC 含量较高, 翻耕和旋耕处理则分别比免耕降低6.7%、6.1%; 与免耕相比, 5~10 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理分别增加30.2%和20.7%(P<0.01),10~20 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理比免耕增加48.1%(P<0.01)和10.5%(P<0.05)。在冬小麦生育期内, 0~20 cm土层SMBC 稳定性表现为翻耕>旋耕>免耕, 20~30 cm 土层SMBC 稳定性表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕。     

林药复合系统林下植物光合特性对生长光强的响应

以上海市松江不同郁闭度(低、中、高)生态公益林—— 香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)林下种植的红茴香(Illicium henryi)和大吴风草(Farfugium japonicum)为研究对象, 并以香樟萌生苗为对照, 分析各植物光合特性在不同生长光强下的动态变化。结果表明: 在不同郁闭度下, 红茴香和大吴风草具有较高的表观量子效率(AQE)、较低的光补偿点(LCP), 而香樟具有较高的最大净光合速率(P_max)和光饱和点(LSP)。随着郁闭度的增加,各植物AQE 逐渐增加, 且不同郁闭度处理间均存在显著差异(P<0.05); 香樟P_max 表现为逐渐降低的趋势, 红茴香和大吴风草则呈先上升后降低的趋势; 香樟暗呼吸速率Rd 呈现先降低后增加的趋势, 而红茴香和大吴风草则表现为逐渐降低; 各植物的LCP 和LSP 均表现为逐渐降低的趋势以适应弱光环境。可见, 香樟通过降低自身的LCP 和LSP 逐渐适应弱光环境, 但在高郁闭度下其光合作用仍然受到胁迫; 而红茴香和大吴风草则通过降低LCP、LSP 和自身能量消耗来适应弱光环境, 且在中等郁闭度下具有最高的光合能力, 充分证明其阴生特性。     

北京昌平农业景观传粉服务供给和需求评估研究

近年来全球范围内蜜蜂多样性的下降引起了各国科学家与政府对与农业可持续生产密切相关的传粉服务的关注。为了认识和了解区域传粉服务的供给和需求状况,为制定区域传粉管理策略奠定基础,本研究在2016年对北京昌平7种常见生境的野生蜂多样性、植被组成、土壤紧实度、作物种植面积等数据进行了调查,根据野生蜂的物种组成、飞行距离、筑巢偏好和活动季节,生境的植物资源数据和筑巢适宜性数据,结合In VEST模型对研究区传粉服务的供给进行了评估;根据研究区传粉依赖作物种植面积和各种作物对传粉服务的依赖程度,对研究区传粉服务的需求进行了评估;通过叠加传粉服务供给和需求分级图,评估了研究区的传粉服务供需匹配状况。结果显示,自然林是最适宜野生蜂的生境,其次是人工林、荒草地和边界生境;果园既是野生蜂的生境,也对传粉服务有较高的需求;大棚几乎不供给传粉服务,但对传粉服务有较高需求。对传粉供需等级匹配的结果显示,昌平区供给等级高于需求等级的区域占34.2%,大部分分布于山区,有较高的传粉服务供给和较低的传粉服务需求,具有较高保护价值;供给等级低于需求等级的区域占13.9%,多分布于靠近山区的平原地区,虽然具有较高的传粉服务供给,但也具有最高的需求等级;供给等级与需求等级持平的区域占51.9%,远离山区的平原地区由于具有较多半自然生境,传粉服务的供需基本是匹配的。最后,文章对研究区传粉服务提升提出了管理建议:对于高供给-中/低需求的区域(重点保护区),建议发展低管理强度的有机农业,保护区域内的生境;对于中/低供给-高需求的区域(重点提升区、一般提升区),建议使用养殖蜜蜂提升传粉服务,同时在景观尺度上增加自然/半自然生境比例,建立生态廊道以增加生境之间的连通度;对于供需等级较为一致的区域(重点维持区、一般维持区),建议降低农业区域的管理强度,同时增加生境间的连接度,以实现传粉服务的可持续供给。     

设施条件下不同桃品种的开花生物学特性

桃是主要温带水果之一, 在全球范围内广泛栽培。中国桃栽培面积和产量均居世界第一位。近十年来, 随着设施农业的迅猛发展, 桃设施栽培技术在中国北方地区逐步推广。但在设施桃的生产过程中, 常存在授粉不足、座果率低下等诸多问题。本研究以设施桃主栽品种"大久保"、"早露蟠"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"为材料, 在北京市平谷区进行了不同桃品种的开花动态、花药开裂、花粉数量、花粉活力和柱头可授性等生物学特性观察, 旨在为设施桃生产的科学管理和有效授粉提供依据。结果表明: 4个桃品种的始花期顺序依次为"瑞光5号"、"早露蟠"、"大久保"和"90342", 最早和最晚相差8 d; 单花盛开期"90342"仅为2 d, 其他3个品种桃为4~5 d。不同品种花药开裂起始时间、持续时间及高峰期不同; 单花花粉数量在不同品种间差异显著, "90342"最高, 为100 360±8 017, 其次为"大久保"91 485±8 002和"瑞光5号"73 245±5 034, "早露蟠"花粉量最少, 为59 609±5 048; "大久保"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"的花粉活力在花朵全开当天最强, 分别为44.8%±3.1%、52.4%±4.2%、32.8%±4.5%, "早露蟠"在花后第1 d花粉活力达到最高值63.3%±3.7%; "瑞光5号"与"90342"的花粉寿命仅为3 d, 而"大久保"与"早露蟠"的花粉寿命达6~7 d; "大久保"、"早露蟠"和"瑞光5号"的柱头可授性在花后3~4 d最强, 可授期为6~7 d, "90342"柱头可授性在花后第2 d最强, 可授期仅为3 d。本研究为设施条件下4个桃品种的传粉生态学研究及设施桃花期管理提供了科学依据, 也为进一步探索授粉作用机制奠定了基础。     

不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 变化特征及产量分析

冬小麦不同株型品种和灌溉类型是影响产量遥感估测的重要因素, 对二者的实时监测可以提高产量的估测精度。结合遥感数据(MODIS 数据)与非遥感数据(GPS 数据和外业调查资料), 研究了不同株型品种冬小麦在水、旱地条件下归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的动态变化特征, 分析了不同生育时期NDVI 与产量之间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦不同株型品种间NDVI 随生育时期的变化具有明显一致性, 呈“小-大-小”变化趋势; 拔节期至孕穗期不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 差异显著, 披散型品种高于紧凑型品种, 该时期为准确识别冬小麦株型的最佳时期。水、旱地同一种株型的冬小麦品种在整个生育时期NDVI 均值差异较显著, 均表现为水地冬小麦高于旱地冬小麦, 尤以抽穗初期最为明显。水旱地冬小麦不同生育时期NDVI 与产量相关性均以抽穗初期为最高, 但用抽穗初期和灌浆期NDVI 与产量的复合回归方程进行产量预测比用抽穗初期NDVI 与产量的回归方程效果好, 旱地冬小麦尤为明显。     

Small-scale habitat fragmentation effects on pollinator behaviour: experimental evidence from the bumblebee Bombus veteranus on calcareous grasslands

We examined visiting patterns of pollinators of Betonica officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) in experimentally fragmented calcareous grasslands and corresponding control plots at two study sites (Movelier and Nenzlingen) in the north-western Swiss Jura mountains. Fragments (1.5×1.5 m) were isolated by a 5-m wide strip of frequently mown vegetation while the control plots were situated in the adjacent undisturbed vegetation. The most common pollinator, the bumblebee Bombus veteranus (Apidae), visited fragments 53.7% less frequently than control plots. Furthermore, a change in foraging behaviour of Bombus veteranus was observed. In fragments the bumblebees visited more inflorescences, flew longer total visiting distances and the visiting time per patch tended to be higher than in control plots. The distribution of angles between arrival and departure direction (turning angles) differed from a uniform distribution in fragments but not in control plots. The increased directionality of bumblebee flight might be due to a decrease in floral rewards. Our results show that small-scale habitat fragmentation can affect plant pollination at two levels both relevant for plant fitness. First, lower visitation rates indicate a limitation of pollinators which might result in reduced seed set of the pollinated plant. Second, changes in pollinator behaviour might reduce pollen dispersal among flowers, increase inbreeding and hence reduce genetic variability in populations of this bumblebee pollinated plant.     

Commercialized European bumblebee can cause pollination disturbance: An experiment on seven native plant species in Japan

Non-native pollinator species are now widely utilized to facilitate pollination of agricultural crops. Evaluation of the ecological risk of alien pollinators is necessary because they could have a large impact on native ecosystems through disturbing native plant-pollinator interactions. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the impact of the non-native commercialized European bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, on the pollination success of seven Japanese bumblebee-pollinated plant species. Plants were exposed to three groups of bumblebees: native bumblebee(s) only (NATIVE treatment); the alien bee only (ALIEN) and a mix of the two (MIX). ALIEN treatment had negative effects on fruitset and/or fruit quality of five plants, including self-incompatible and compatible, herb and woody, and queen- and worker-pollinated species. The negative effects were caused by a decrease in legitimate flower visitation due to (1) physical inaccessibility to nectary in deep-corolla flowers by the alien bee with insufficient tongue length and, (2) biased flower preference between short-corolla flowers. Fruitset tended to decrease drastically for the self-incompatible species while fruit quality decreased moderately for the self-compatible species. Effects of MIX were not intermediate between NATIVE and ALIEN in most plant species, and caused pollination success to vary in an unpredictable manner amongst plant species, probably due to interaction between native and alien bees. This non-linear relationship between plants’ pollination success and the relative density of the alien suggests that the alien bee can disturb pollination of a plant species even when only representing a small fraction of the total pollinator community.     

Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania

Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to post-fertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species.     

Reproductive biology of three sympatric endangered plants endemic to Florida scrub

We investigated the reproductive biology of three plants endemic to rosemary scrub habitats on the Lake Wales Ridge of Florida, USA. We used hand-pollination experiments and observations of flowers and their insect visitors to determine their mating systems and pollination. Fruit or seed set after self pollination was 94, 97, and 8% of fruit or seed set after cross pollination in Eryngium cuneifolium (Apiaceae), Hypericum cumulicola (Hypericaceae), and Liatris ohlingerae (Asteraceae) respectively, indicating that the first two are self-compatible and the last is obligately outcrossing. All three depend on insects for seed production (4-7% fruit or seed set without insects). Diverse insects visit flowers of E. cuneifolium (101 species recorded), whereas L. ohlingerae is visited predominantly by butterflies and H. cumulicola by one genus of bees (Dialictus, Halictidae). Our data indicate pollinator visitation does not currently limit seed production in E. cuneifolium or H. cumulicola, but does in L. ohlingerae. Despite the features they share (habit, habitat, disturbance regime), we found unique aspects of these species' reproductive biology yielding unique risks to population viability. We suggest that multispecies recovery plans must consider several aspects of the biology of species with superficial similarities to be successful.     

Potential of invasive and native solitary specialist bee pollinators to help restore the rare cowhorn orchid (Cyrtopodium punctatum) in Florida

Cyrtopodium punctatum is a rare epiphytic orchid in southern Florida, made rare by historical over-collection. We examined the potential pollination of this orchid by the recently naturalized orchid bee (Euglossa viridissima), recorded as a pollinator of the orchid in tropical America, and found that this orchid bee is not a pollinator of the plant. We sought to learn what is responsible for relatively heavy fruit set in a Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden population of C. punctatum, and determined that the native oil-collecting bee, Centris errans, is the most important pollinator. C. punctatum flowers at Fairchild have 18 times the fruit set of flowers in Everglades National Park. The difference is probably due to the many species and individuals of oil-reward plants in the Malpighiaceae in the garden, compared to one uncommon native species in the park. Female C. errans visit these oil-reward flowers to obtain edible oils to provision their brood. Cyrtopodium flowers appear to mimic the oil-reward flowers of the Malpighiaceae to attract Centris bee pollinators, much as many Oncidium orchids do in tropical America. We recommend that Brysonima lucida, a rare native malpighiaceous shrub, and C. punctatum be planted together in Everglades National Park and other natural areas to attempt to increase C. errans pollination, to restore and enhance the long-term survival of the orchid. Planting model malpighiaceous plants to enhance Centris bee pollination may be a useful restoration tactic for other rare orchid mimics in the American tropics, including Atlantic Forest in Brazil.     

Reproductive success and pollinator effectiveness differ in common and rare Persoonia species (Proteaceae)

In plants, understanding the interactions between breeding systems and pollination ecology may enable us to predict the impacts of rarity. We used a comparative approach to test whether rarity is associated with reproductive biology in two closely-related species pairs. This system has been recently altered by changes in fire regimes and the introduction of European honeybees. More than 35% of flowers matured fruits in the common species after natural-pollination compared to <20% of flowers in the rare species. All species were obligate outcrossers in each of the study populations, but only the two rare species were pollen-limited, having significantly lower fruit-set on open-pollinated flowers than those cross-pollinated by hand (mean ± SE; 0.18 ± 0.02 vs. 0.42 ± 0.05; p < 0.001). Native bees (Leioproctus species) and introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera) visited all species. The native bees visited fewer flowers within a plant and moved greater distances between plants while foraging than honeybees, so the native bees are expected to be more effective in promoting outcrossing. While honeybees were the most frequent visitors to flowers of all species, native bees made more visits to common than rare species (0.65 ± 0.20 vs. 0.20 ± 0.09). Our results suggest that the poorer reproductive success in rare Persoonia species is associated with lower pollinator effectiveness, which is exacerbated by frequent fires and introduced honeybees. If this is a causal relationship, this may increase the probability of extinction in populations of these species.     

Impact of honeybee and bumblebee pollination on alfalfa seed yield

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L . ) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed production in the west Mediterranean region of Turkey, between 2001 and 2003. The experimental plots (4×3 m) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications for spring and autumn seasons. Four pollination treatments (caged with bumblebee (BP), caged with honeybee (HP), open-pollinated (OP) and pollinator excluded (EP)) were applied. The effects of honeybee and bumblebee on alfalfa seed yield, number of pods per raceme, number of seeds per pod, and podding rate were investigated. The results of seed yield indicate that interaction between treatment groups and seasons was significant (p<0.01). The highest seed yield in alfalfa was found in OP (66.19kg/ha) in the spring followed by BP (56.48kg/ha), HP (49.20kg/ha) and EP (2.44kg/ha). With regarding to the autumn season, the highest seed yield was found in BP (26.17kg/ha) treatment followed by HP (22.89kg/ha), OP (18.12kg/ha) and EP (1.96kg/ha). The results of this research show that B. terrestris can be recommended as an alternative pollinator to honeybee for alfalfa seed production.     

Plant-pollinator biodiversity and pollination services in a complex Mediterranean landscape

Mediterranean landscapes comprise a complex mosaic of different habitats that vary in the diversity of their floral communities, pollinator communities and pollination services. Using the Greek Island of Lesvos as a model system, we assess the biodiversity value of six common habitats and measure ecosystemic ‘health’ using pollen grain deposition in three core flowering plants as a measure of pollination services. Three fire-driven habitats were assessed: freshly burnt areas, fully regenerated pine forests and intermediate age scrub; in addition we examined oak woodlands, actively managed olive groves and groves that had been abandoned from agriculture. Oak woodlands, pine forests and managed olive groves had the highest diversity of bees. The habitat characteristics responsible for structuring bee communities were: floral diversity, floral abundance, nectar energy availability and the variety of nectar resources present. Pollination services in two of our plant species, which were pollinated by a limited sub-set of the pollinator community, indicated that pollination levels were highest in the burnt and mature pine habitats. The third species, which was open to all flower visitors, indicated that oak woodlands had the highest levels of pollination from generalist species. Pollination was always more effective in managed olive groves than in abandoned groves. However, the two most common species of bee, the honeybee and a bumblebee, were not the primary pollinators within these habitats. We conclude that the three habitats of greatest overall value for plant-pollinator communities and provision of the healthiest pollination services are pine forests, oak woodland and managed olive groves. We indicate how the highest value habitats may be maintained in a complex landscape to safeguard and enhance pollination function within these habitats and potentially in adjoining agricultural areas.     

Application of GA3, AVG and choline chloride to peach trees: Effects on nutritional status of fruit

This research was aimed to determine the effects of plant regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA₃), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and choline chloride (CC) on the nutrient components in the fruit of ‘Monroe’ peach under Isparta in Turkey ecological condition. AVG at doses of 0, 100, 150 and 200 ppm, GA₃ at doses of 0, 100, 200, 300 ppm and CC at doses of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 pmm was sprayed on the peaches 7, 21 and 30 days before commercial harvests. All concentrations of AVG treatments were found to increase the amount of nitrogen in fruits. In general, it was observed that CC and GA₃ applications reduced the amount of calcium in fruits, however, AVG applications were found to not be effective. In the first year, the statistically significant of AVG treatments was seen on magnesium content only. It was determined in our study that AVG and CC treatments reduced copper content in peach fruits, all applications decreased the amount of manganese, 100 ppm AVG application increased the element zinc, and all of CC applications minimized the amount of that element.     

长期干旱环境对柑橘生长及养分吸收和相关生理的影响

为了揭示长期干旱环境下柑橘生长及养分吸收和相关生理响应的特点,探索长期干旱对柑橘的不良影响,以红橘(Citrus tangerina Hort.cv."Chuanju")为材料,以有灌溉条件为对照,在贵州北盘江喀斯特河谷长期自然干旱环境下连续4年观察和取样分析测定红橘的物候期,新梢和果实生长发育状况,叶片寿命,果实及叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、B等元素的含量,分析果实生理病害与干旱及元素含量的关系;测定与抗旱相关的形态、组织解剖及生理特征,研究红橘对长期干旱的生理响应与适应长期干旱的关系。结果表明:长期干旱环境下红橘新梢生长、开花及生理落果物候期明显推迟,果实成熟期提早,叶寿命缩短;新梢短而细且数量及叶片数减少,枯死严重;叶片革质化程度加重,叶片变小变厚,新梢叶缺N、Zn、Fe、B等症状明显;果实的鲜重、干物质质量、水分含量、种子数、果汁含量减少,春梢叶中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、B及果实的N、P、Ca、Fe、B素的含量明显降低,果皮流胶和汁胞粒化程度加重,品质下降;叶片的栅栏组织增厚,海绵组织变薄,组织紧密度和气孔密度增大,气孔变小,组织疏松度降低;在周年中叶片的脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加,临界水分饱和亏增大,失水速率及相对含水量和叶水势变小,Pn及Tr明显降低,夏季的WUE明显提高。红橘适应长期抗旱的能力强。在长期干旱的环境中红橘的生长节律、植株及叶片形态和寿命、叶片厚度及组织结构、气孔密度与大小、叶片的临界水分饱和亏、失水速率、相对含水量、叶水势及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、光合速率与蒸腾速率都发生了有利于抵御长期干旱的特异性变化。长期干旱是导致红橘树冠枝梢大量枯死、果实发育缓慢变小、种子败育、果皮流胶及汁胞粒化和果实及叶片中营养元素含量减少的主要原因。