贵州毕节地区不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质特征

为揭示喀斯特地区不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质特征及其影响机制,以贵州毕节石漠化地区土壤为研究对象,在雨季前、中、后对潜在、轻度、中度、强度石漠化程度的土壤进行了为期4年的监测,分析了不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质及其各项指标之间的相关性特征。结果表明:同一石漠化程度下,土壤有机质、全磷、有效磷、全氮和水解氮含量表现为雨季中雨季后雨季前。随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤田间持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高,全磷、有效磷和有机质含量减少。与潜在石漠化程度相比,轻度、中度和强度石漠化程度的土壤全氮含量分别增加5.6%,20.9%,26.6%,水解氮含量分别增加3.5%,18.3%,36.2%,全钾含量分别增加15.8%,30%,46.3%,速效钾含量分别增加3.9%,11.3%,16.5%。相关性分析结果显示,土壤有机质、全磷、全氮含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管持水量之间相关性显著(p0.05),其中土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、容重、总孔隙度间相关性极显著(p0.01)。研究结果为石漠化综合治理工作提供理论与科学依据。     

基于文献计量的贵州喀斯特地区石漠化等级土壤养分状况分析

明确贵州喀斯特地区不同石漠化等级土壤养分状况,为石漠化防治和生态系统恢复提供参考。收集公开发表的涉及贵州不同石漠化等级土壤养分的研究论文,对有关数据进行整理和分析。研究发现:(1)随石漠化等级增加,土壤容重不断增加,0.001 mm黏粒含量有下降趋势,0.05 mm砂粒含量则有增加趋势,但不同石漠化等级之间黏粒和砂粒含量均无显著差异;(2)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效养分含量均表现为无石漠化(ND)轻度石漠化(LD)中度石漠化(MD)重度石漠化(SD),随石漠化等级增加呈幂函数下降,衰减速度为有机质有效磷碱解氮全氮速效钾全磷,从无石漠化到轻度石漠化演替过程土壤养分下降幅度最大;(3)土壤有机质和全氮与其他土壤理化指标之间极显著相关,且对石漠化地区土壤肥力贡献极大,可作为表征土壤-石漠化关系的敏感性土壤指示因子;(4)不同土地利用方式对石漠化地区土壤养分影响明显,土壤养分高低为林地草地耕地。土壤养分和地表植物群落结构与石漠化演替进程密切相关,贵州喀斯特石漠化地区增加地表覆盖度和开展有机培肥对防止土壤退化和石漠化生态恢复具有重要意义。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质分析

采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质变化进行了分析.结果表明,沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质呈规律性变化,随沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤黏粒含量、含水量、有机质、有机碳和全氮含量减少,土壤砂粒含量、容重和C/N增加,土壤质量下降;相关性分析结果表明,容重和C/N比与各指标呈负相关关系,其余各指标间呈正相关关系,其中容重与有机质、全氮含量之间以及有机质与全氮含量之间存在极显著相关性,黏粒含量与含水量、容重、有机质和全氮含量之间存在显著相关性,含水量与容重、有机质和全氮含量之间也存在显著相关性,说明沙漠化过程中土壤各组分之间存在着密切的内在联系.     

旅游干扰对河南云台山风景区土壤质量的影响

以河南云台山风景区为研究对象,测定山顶、山腰、山脚在不同旅游干扰强度下的土壤理化性质、土壤养分和重金属含量,探讨旅游干扰对云台山土壤质量的影响。结果表明:土壤含水量、孔隙度、黏粒和土壤养分含量大小均为背景区缓冲区核心区,土壤容重、pH值大小均为核心区缓冲区背景区,随着旅游干扰强度的增大,土壤含水量和养分含量降低,土壤容重增大,孔隙度和黏粒减小;山顶土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量各干扰强度之间差异显著(p0.05),山腰背景区的土壤养分含量与缓冲区差异不显著(p0.05),两者均显著高于核心区(p0.05),山脚背景区的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷含量显著高于缓冲区和核心区,缓冲区与核心区差异不显著(p0.05);山顶土壤全铬、全钴、全锰、全锌含量及山腰土壤全铬、全钴、全铁、全锰、全铜含量大小均为核心区缓冲区背景区,其中核心区显著高于背景区与缓冲区(p0.05);山脚核心区土壤中各重金属含量与缓冲区差异不显著(p0.05),两者均显著高于背景区(p0.05);干扰强度与土壤含水量、孔隙度、黏粒、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量呈显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)负相关,与土壤容重、pH值、全铬、全钴、全铁、全锰、全锌、全铜含量呈显著或极显著正相关。     

尕海洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征

以甘南尕海则岔自然保护区内的未退化、轻度退化、中度退化及重度退化的洪泛湿地为研究对象,采用恢复生态学原理和野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,研究洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着洪泛湿地退化程度的加剧,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和通气度均表现为未退化中度退化轻度退化重度退化,土壤非毛管孔隙度为重度退化中度退化未退化轻度退化;与未退化洪泛湿地相比,轻度、中度、重度退化洪泛湿地的平均土壤最小持水量、毛管蓄水量和饱和蓄水量较其分别降低19.20%,47.91%,55.11%;11.24%,5.16%,16.49%;11.61%,1.93%,11.84%,非毛管蓄水量表现为重度退化(431.01t/hm2)中度退化(393.01t/hm2)未退化(303.81t/hm2)轻度退化(255.22t/hm2)。(2)各洪泛湿地的土壤平均速效N、P、K、全量N、P、K和有机质(SOM)向表层聚集明显;与未退化洪泛湿地相比,轻度、中度、重度退化湿地的土壤速效N含量分别降低25.91%,34.40%,37.03%,速效P含量分别降低16.91%,32.96%,40.53%,速效K含量分别降低14.48%,33.96%,41.42%,有机质含量分别降低0.57%,22.01%,22.73%;各湿地的C/N比在17.11~20.69之间,未退化湿地最低;pH变动范围为7.76~7.92,未退化湿地最高。(3)随着湿地退化程度的加剧,容重逐渐增加,孔隙度逐渐减小,持水和蓄水性能逐渐降低,养分含量逐渐减少,土壤环境趋于恶化。     

退化演替对高山草地植被和土壤理化特性影响

[目的]分析3种不同草地退化阶段(轻度退化,中度退化和重度退化)草地植被和土壤理化特性的变化规律,为类似区域退化草地植被恢复提供有效途径。[方法]野外植被调查、土壤取样和室内分析。[结果]草地退化不同阶段草地植物群落组成和物种多样性均有差异,退化对草地土壤理化特性有明显影响。重度退化草地土壤容重显著高于轻度退化草地(p0.05)。轻度和中度退化样地0—10cm土壤空隙度显著高于重度退化草地。重度退化草地的土壤有机质、全碳、全钾、全磷和有效钾均明显小于轻度退化草地(p0.05),但土壤pH值和有效氮含量没有显著变化。[结论]高山草地退化演替对该区土壤物理特性具有显著影响。     

秃杉幼林不同间作模式对土壤理化性质的影响

对广西南丹县山口林场4种秃杉幼林间作模式(秃杉—旱谷、秃杉—小米、秃杉—玉米和秃杉纯林)的土壤理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:秃杉幼林不同间作模式土壤物理性质存在差异,其中秃杉—旱谷、秃杉—小米、秃杉—玉米和秃杉纯林0~20 cm土层容重分别为0.93、0.97、0.95和0.98 g/cm3、毛管孔隙度分别为56.79、54.70、54.89和57.07 g/cm3,非毛管孔隙度分别为7.16、6.58、7.38和6.25 g/cm3。与秃杉纯林相比,3种间种模式土壤有机质、全N、水解N、全P和速效P含量均呈现增大趋势。表明秃杉幼林间种农作物能够改善土壤结构和水分状况,提高土壤有机质和主要养分含量。     

天山南坡台兰河上游草地土壤理化性质与海拔的关系研究

通过野外调查、土样采集及室内分析,对托木尔峰自然保护区台兰河上游河谷不同海拔草地表层土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)研究区样地土壤含水量、饱和含水率、容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度的范围分别为9.04%~44.7%,41.39%~114.9%,1.02~1.44 g cm~(-3),4.03%~7.45%,47.48%~58.53%,51.51%~65.85%,土壤含水量、饱和含水率、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度随海拔上升而呈增加趋势;土壤容重则随海拔高度的增加而呈降低趋势。(2)草地表层土壤平均有机质含量、全N含量、全P含量、C/N、土壤p H的范围分别在3.64%~9.22%、0.23%~0.53%、0.13%~0.15%、9.00~14.10、7.91~8.20之间有机质含量、全N含量的最大值分别约为最小值的2.5倍和2.3倍;有机质含量、全N含量、全P含量、C/N的大小均随海拔高度增加而趋于增大;土壤p H则随海拔上升不断降低。台兰河上游河谷草地表层土壤理化性质受海拔高度这一重要环境因子的影响深远且规律性显著。     

土地利用方式对桂西北石漠化地区土壤理化性质的影响

在广西壮族自治区凌云县典型石漠化地区对7种不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质进行了调查分析.结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤容重、含水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度存在极显著差异(p＜0.01),有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及交换性Ca2+含量差异极显著(p＜0.01).相对阔叶林地土壤,灌木林、针叶林、退耕台地、草地、退耕坡地、农田土壤的退化程度依次增加.农田土壤质量最低,针叶林地、草地、退耕坡地、退耕台地土壤质量为中等,灌木林地与阔叶林地土壤质量较高.人为干扰是影响土壤理化性质的主导因素,干扰强度大,土壤理化性质退化严重.控制不合理的人为干扰及恢复结构良好的地上植被对改善土壤质量具有重要意义.     

粤北典型岩溶区石漠化过程中植被退化对土壤有机质和养分含量的影响

以阳山县江英镇为例,通过典型样地调查和取样分析,研究了粤北典型岩溶区石漠化过程中植被退化对土壤有机质及养分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着石漠化程度的加深,石灰岩植被的生境向旱生化和岩生化发展,植物群落结构越来越趋于简单。(2)石漠化过程与土壤养分状况有密切关系,随着土地石漠化的发展,土壤有机质、全N,以及碱解N、有效P、速效K含量呈现出显著下降趋势,土壤逐步贫瘠化。(3)土壤有机质和养分含量下降与植被退化形成正反馈关系,并具有退化方向的一致性和退化过程的同步性。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.