Effect of organic matier application and water regimes on the transformation of fertilizer nitrogen in a Philippine soil

Greenhouse experiments using the tracer technique showed that about 20 per cent of the fertilizer nitrogen added as basal to the Maahas clay soil wa11 immobilized in submerged soils to which no organic material was added. The addition of organic matter to the soil increases the amount of nitrogen immobilized and the magnitude depends on the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the materials added. More fertilizer nitrogen waa immobilized in the soils under upland and alternate wet-and-dry conditions than under submerged soil conditions.

The uptake of fertilizer nitrogen by rice plants growing under submerged soil conditions ceased at the vegetative stage of growth because only a small amou11t of available nitrogen remains in the soil at this time, but the rice plant continued to absorb gradually untagged nitrogen from the soil throughout the reproductive etages of growth.

Losses of fertilizer nitrogen were great under the alternate wet-and-dry conditions (submerged-upland). The loss of nitrogen from the soli-plant system was reduced by the addition of dee straw, which also reduced the uptake of fertilizer nitrogen but not the total dry matter production under the experimental conditions. Fertilizer nitrogen immobilized during the first crop remained mostly in the soil throughout the full period of the second crop.

The total nitrogen uptake by rice plants was not affected by the soil moisture tension under the upland conaltlons used in the study but the movement of nitrogen from the leaves to the panicles during the reproductive etage seemed to decrease as the soil moisture tension increased.     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

Phosphorus uptake by rice from soil that is flooded, drained or flooded then drained

To investigate the mechanisms by which rice plants growing in alternately flooded and drained soils absorb soil phosphate, we grew rice in moist, flooded and flooded then moist soils, and compared the measured uptake of phosphorus (P) with that calculated using a mathematical model of uptake allowing for solubilization by various means. The theory and equations for the model are given, together with a method for solving diffusion equations near roots in a root system of increasing density. The diffusion coefficients and buffer powers of P in the soil under the different water regimes are measured by following diffusion of P to a resin sink, and the parameters describing solubilization are estimated from previously published results. In all the water regimes studied, the plants relied upon solubilization for most of their P. The roots were not mycorrhizal, as they will often not be in intermittently flooded soils. In the flooded soil, uptake was three times that in the moist soil, and was consistent with solubilization by acidification caused by roots as a result of oxidation of iron and imbalance between the intake of cations and anions. In the moist soil, the uptake was consistent with solubilization by excretion of organic anions from the roots. In the flooded then moist soil, uptake declined sharply as the soil dried because P became immobilized in the soil. However, the final uptake was similar to that in the continuously moist soil, indicating that some of the immobilized P was re‐solubilized by roots, possibly by excretion of organic anions.     

Effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus availability to flooded and nonflooded rice in a P‐deficient tropical soil: a greenhouse study

Addition of organic matter (OM) to flooded soils stimulates reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, thereby mobilizing associated phosphate (P). Hence, OM management has the potential to overcome P deficiency. This study assessed if OM applications increases soil or mineral fertilizer P availability to rice under anaerobic (flooded) condition and if that effect is different relative to that in aerobic (nonflooded) soils. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 26 mg P/kg), OM (0, ~9 g OM/kg as rice straw + cattle manure) and water treatments (flooded vs nonflooded) in a factorial pot experiment. The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; blanket N and K was added in all treatments. Fresh addition of OM promoted reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals in flooded soils, whereas no such effect was found when OM had been incubated for 6 months before flooding. Yield and shoot P uptake largely increased with mineral P addition in all soils, whereas OM addition increased yield and P uptake only in flooded soils following fresh OM addition. The combination of mineral P and OM gave the largest yield and P uptake. Addition of OM just prior to soil flooding increased P uptake but was insufficient to overcome P deficiency in the absence of mineral P. Larger applications of OM are unlikely to be more successful in flooded soils due to side effects, such as Fe toxicity.     

Effect of long-term chemical and organic fertilization on rice productivity,nutrient use-efficiency,and balance under a rice-fallow-rice system

Nutrient sources and management influence soil properties and crop productivity indicating that sustained crop production needs nutrient rate specific tuning after certain periods of time. We hypothesize that long-term use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources maintains soil fertility and improve crop production. Yield and nutrient use efficiencies have not been evaluated in Bangladesh from long-term fertilizer trials focusing on adaptation strategies for sustained food production. So, the objectives of the present investigation were to examine the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on yields and soil properties under a rice-fallow-rice system. The experiment was initiated in 1985 with 12 treatments under dry season irrigated rice culture at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur. The effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources were evaluated under missing element techniques. The contributions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers to yields were more in the dry season but the role of P was negligible in the wet season. The omissions of N, P and K nutrients are not suitable management option for rice cultivation during dry and wet seasons, although P can be omitted in the wet season provided its full dose is applied in the dry season. The combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are the best option for improving rice productivity and sustaining soil fertility in a rice-fallow-rice system in Bangladesh.     

Dynamics of 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate in various inorganic and organic soil fractions of wetland rice soils

Summary The dynamics of basally applied ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate in inorganic and organic soil fractions of five wetland rice soils of the Philippines was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for ¹⁵N at various growth stages. Exchangeable NH₄ ⁺ depletion continued after 40 days after transplanting (DAT) and corresponded with increased nitrogen uptake by rice plants. Part of the applied fertilizer was fixed by 2:1 clay minerals, especially in Maligaya silty clay loam, which contained beidellite as the dominant clay mineral. After the initial fixation, nonexchangeable ¹⁵N was released from 20 DAT in Maligaya silty clay loam, but fixation delayed fertilizer N uptake from the soil. Part of the applied N was immobilized into the organic fraction. In Guadalupe clay and Maligaya silty clay loam, immobilization increased with time while the three other soils showed significant release of fertilizer N from the organic fraction during crop growth. Most of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in the nondistillable acid soluble (alpha-amino acid + hydrolyzable unknown-N) fraction at crop maturity. Between 61% and 66% of applied N was recovered from the plant in four soils while 52% of fertilizer N was recovered from the plant in Maligaya silty loam. Only 20% – 30% of the total N uptake at maturity was derived from fertilizer N. Nmin (mineral N) content of the soil before transplanting significantly correlated with N uptake. Twenty-two to 34% of applied N was unaccounted for possibly due to denitrification and ammonia volatilization.     

Immobilization of Zinc Fertilizer in Flooded Soils Monitored by Adapted DTPA Soil Test

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a persistent problem in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Severe Zn deficiency causes loss of grain yield, and rice grains with low Zn content contribute to human nutritional Zn deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method for use with reduced soils and to assess differences in plant availability of native and fertilizer Zn from oxidized and reduced soils. The DTPA‐extractable Zn decreased by 60% through time after flooding when the extraction was done on field‐moist soil but remained at original levels when air‐dried prior to extraction. In a pot experiment with one calcareous and one noncalcareous soil, moist‐soil DTPA‐extractable Zn and plant Zn uptake both decreased after flooding compared with the oxidized soil treatment for both soils. In the flooded treatment of the calcareous soil, both plant and soil Zn concentrations were equal to or less than critical deficiency levels even after fertilization with 50 kg Zn ha^?1. We concluded that Zn availability measurements for rice at low redox potentials should be made on reduced soil rather than air‐dry soil and that applied Zn fertilizer may become unavailable to plants after flooding.     

Nutrient uptake and residual effect of organic treatments applied to vegetable–rice system in an acid soil

Direct and residual effects of organic treatments and in combination with inorganic fertilizers applied to acid soils were studied in the okra–rice system. Among the treatments studied, vermicompost (V.C) and poultry manure improved soil pH and exhibited liming effect, whereas inorganic fertilizer decreased soil pH. Inorganic fertilizer contributed to 78% of net return in okra but the residual effect was observed in inorganic and V.C combination. Soil available nitrogen and potassium had increased at 100% recommended dose, compensated crop uptake at 75%, but depletion was observed at 50%. Uptake of nitrogen was higher for okra from inorganic fertilizer but higher phosphorus and potassium uptake from V.C was observed for rice. Organic treatments showed better correlation between soil pH and zinc (Zn) uptake by okra and significant residual effect on rice. But it reduced the solubility of iron (Fe) and its uptake by okra and indicated a negative correlation between pH and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid-extractable Fe²⁺.     

Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

 Processes that govern the soil nitrogen (N) supply in irrigated lowland rice systems are poorly understood. The objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of crop rotation and management on soil N dynamics, microbial biomass C (C_BIO) and microbial biomass N (N_BIO) in relation to rice N uptake and yield. A maize-rice (M-R) rotation was compared with a rice-rice (R-R) double-cropping system over a 2-year period with four cropping seasons. In the M-R system, maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in aerated soil during the dry season (DS) followed by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in flooded soil during the wet season (WS). In the R-R system, rice was grown in flooded soil in both the DS and WS. Three fertilizer N rates (0, 50 or 100 kg urea-N ha^–1 in WS) were assigned to subplots within the cropping system main plots. Early versus late crop residue incorporation following DS maize or rice were established as additional treatments in sub-subplots in the second year. In the R-R system, the time of residue incorporation had a large effect on NO₃ ^–-N accumulation during the fallow period and also on extractable NH₄ ⁺-N, rice N uptake and yield in the subsequent cropping period. In contrast, time of residue incorporation had little influence on extractable N in both the fallow and rice-cropping periods of the M-R system, and no detectable effects on rice N uptake or yield. In both cropping systems, C_BIO and N_BIO were not sensitive to residue incorporation despite differences of 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of incorporated residue C and N, and were relatively insensitive to N fertilizer application. Extractable organic N was consistently greater after mid-tillering in M-R compared to the R-R system across N rate and residue incorporation treatments, and much of this organic N was α-amino N. We conclude that N mineralization-immobilization dynamics in lowland rice systems are sensitive to soil aeration as influenced by residue management in the fallow period and crop rotation, and that these factors have agronomically significant effects on rice N uptake and yield. Microbial biomass measurements, however, were a poor indicator of these dynamics. Received: 31 October 1997     

On the extent to which root properties and transport through the soil limit nitrogen uptake by lowland rice

Measurements of N uptake by rice plants growing in a puddled flooded soil and the corresponding changes in soil solution NH: concentrations and the soil NH: diffusion coefficient are used to calculate how far root uptake properties and transport to the roots limit acquisition of N by rice. With root uptake parameters assigned values such that influx was maximal within realistic ranges, the minimum root length densities required to explain uptake were similar to measured root length densities in both N-fertilized and unfertilized soil. This suggests that most if not all of the root length was active in uptake and that uptake per unit root length was near maximal. A sensitivity analysis showed that the necessary minimum root length is very sensitive to root uptake properties within appropriate ranges. Transport to the roots was mainly by diffusion. Rates of diffusion will generally not limit uptake in well-puddled soils, but they may greatly limit uptake in puddled soils that have been drained and re-flooded and in unpuddled flooded soils. Uptake of fertilizer N broadcast into rice field floodwater and absorbed by roots in the floodwater or soil near the floodwater is not likely to be limited by root uptake properties or transport.     

A soil test based n recommendation model for dryland wheat

Abstract

Since soil test based N recommendations are not practiced in Morocco, this study was conducted to develop a N recommendation model based on soil nitrate level and other parameters for dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in common rotations in shallow (Rendolls), moderately deep (Calcixerolls) and deep (Chromoxererts) soils of Settat Province in Morocco. Sixteen N‐P Factorial experiments were conducted. Significant grain yield increases due to N fertilization averaged 76% over the check plot yields in all sites and in both seasons. Uptake of N was highly related to soil nitrates only in deeper soils with r² values of 0.89, 0.76, and 0.64 for 20‐, 40‐ and 60‐cm deep profiles. Apparent uptake efficiency of fertilizer N averaged 34% in the drier year and 50% in the wet year. Relative yield was a linear function of initial soil nitrate content in 20‐, 40‐ and 60‐cm profiles with r² values of 0.87, 0.94, and 0.89, respectively. For maximum grain yield 18, 31, and 50 kg of nitrate N/ha were required in 20‐, 40‐ and 60‐cm profiles, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization potentials were 144, 164, and 179 mg/kg for the above soils, respectively. A model based on critical level of soil nitrates, initial level of soil nitrates and apparent uptake efficiencies of soil and fertilizer N was developed to predict the fertilizer N requirement of wheat in deeper soils. If legume or mixed volunteer pastures preceded the wheat crop, the N fertilizer requirement was lower.     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量和氮肥利用率及土壤有效氮含量的影响

于20022～005年,在湖南长沙采用连续定位试验,研究了早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤有效氮含量的影响。试验设早稻施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻施氮/晚稻施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻施氮4个处理。结果表明,在连续4年早季施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.45.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.13.t/hm2,氮素吸收量183.6.kg/hm2,分别比连作晚稻不施氮处理增加28.4%、35.1%和103.5%,均达到显著水平;在连续4年早季不施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.61.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.14.t/hm2,氮素吸收量165.6.kg/hm2,分别比不施氮处理增加33.4%、37.6%和95.6%,均亦达到显著水平。连作晚稻在早季不施氮和早季施氮两种情况下氮肥利用率不同,前者的氮肥生理利用率显著高于后者,增幅为37.8%,两者的氮肥农学利用效率、吸收利用率差异不显著,但前者4年氮肥农学利用效率平均值比后者高18.1%,吸收利用率低6.8个百分点。早晚两季均不施氮小区土壤碱解氮含量均明显低于其他施氮小区,但没有出现随试验年度加长而连续下降的趋势;当早稻或晚稻其中有一季施用了氮肥,或者两季均施用了氮肥的小区,土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著。说明连作晚稻产量主要受当季施氮量的影响,而受早季施氮量的影响较小;早季不施氮小区的连作晚稻氮肥的农学利用效率、生理利用率比早季施氮小区高;在一定程度上降低稻田氮肥用量不会导致土壤背景氮含量的下降。     

Green manure production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and their long-term effects on rice yields and soil fertility

Summary Azolla spp. and Sesbania spp. can be used as green manure crops for wetland rice. A long-term experiment was started in 1985 to determine the effects of organic and urea fertilizers on wetland rice yields and soil fertility. Results of 10 rice croppings are reported. Azolla sp. was grown for 1 month and then incorporated before transplanting the rice and 3–4 weeks after transplanting the rice. Sesbania rostrata was grown for 7–9 weeks and incorporated only before transplanting the rice. Sesbania sp. grew more poorly before dry season rice than before wet season rice. Aeschynomene afraspera, which was used in one dry season rice trial, produced a larger biomass than the Sesbania sp. The quantity of N produced by the Azolla sp. ranged from 70 to 110 kg N ha^-1. The Sesbania sp. produced 55–90 kg N ha^-1 in 46–62 days. Rice grain yield increases in response to the green manure were 1.8–3.9 t ha^-1, similar to or higher than that obtained in response to the application of 60 kg N ha^-1 as urea. Grain production per unit weight of absorbed N was lower in the green manure treatments than in the urea treatment. Without N fertilizer, N uptake by rice decreased as the number of rice crops increased. For similar N recoveries, Sesbania sp. required a lower N concentration than the Azolla sp. did. Continuous application of the green manure increased the organic N content in soil on a dry weight basis, but not on a area basis, because the application of green manure decreased soil bulk density. Residual effects in the grain yield and N uptake of rice after nine rice crops were found with a continuous application of green manure but not urea.     

Long‐Term Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern: Effect on Growth,Yield, Nutrient Uptake,Nutrient Balance Sheet,and Soil Fertility

Abstract

A 7‐year‐long field trial was conducted on integrated nutrient management for a dry season rice (Boro)–green manure (GM)–wet season rice (T. Aman) cropping system at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Farm, Gazipur during 1993–1999. Five packages of inorganic fertilizers, cow dung (CD), and GM dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) were evaluated for immediate and residual effect on crop productivity, nutrient uptake, soil‐nutrient balance sheet, and soil‐fertility status. Plant height, active tiller production, and grain and straw yields were significantly increased as a result of the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure. Usually, the soil‐test‐based (STB) fertilizer doses for a high‐yield goal produced the highest grain yield of 6.39 t ha^?1 (average of 7 years) in Boro rice. Application of CD at the rate of 5 t ha^?1 (oven‐dry basis) once a year at the time of Boro transplanting supplemented 50% of the fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen (N) in the subsequent crop of the cropping pattern. A positive effect of GM on the yield of T. Aman rice was observed. Following GM, the application of reduced doses of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) to the second crop (T. Aman) did not reduce yield, indicating the beneficial residual effect of fertilizer applied to the first crop (Boro rice) of the cropping pattern. The comparable yield of T. Aman was also observed with reduced fertilizer dose in CD‐treated plots. The total P, K, and S uptake (kg/ha/yr) in the unfertilized plot under an irrigated rice system gradually decreased over the years. The partial nutrient balance in the unfertilized plot (T₁) was negative for all the nutrients. In the fertilized plots, there was an apparent positive balance of P, S, and Zn but a negative balance of N and K. This study showed that the addition of organic manure (CD, dhaincha) gave more positive balances. In the T_4c treatment at 0–15 cm, the application of chemical fertilizers along with the organic manures increased soil organic carbon by (C) 0.71%. The highest concentration of total N was observed with T_4c followed by T_4d and T_4b, where CD was applied in Boro season and dhaincha GM was incorporated in T. Aman season. The sixfold increase in soil‐available P in T_4b‐, T_4c‐, T_4a‐treated plots was due to the addition of CD. Dhaincha GM with the combination of chemical fertilizer helps to mobilize soil‐available P by 3 to 6 ppm. The highest amount of soil‐available S was found in T_4c‐ and T_4a‐treated plots. It was 2.5 times higher than that of the initial soil. The application of CD and dhaincha GM along with chemical fertilizers not only increased organic C, total N, available P, and available S but also increased exchangeable K, available Zn, available iron (Fe), and available manganese (Mn) in soil.     

Long‐term effects of fertilizer and manure applications on soil quality and yields in a sub‐humid tropical rice‐rice system

Widespread yield stagnation and productivity declines in the rice–rice cropping system have been reported and many of the associated issues are related to soil quality. A long‐term experimental study was initiated in 1969 to assess the impact of continuous cultivation of rice as a single crop grown in wet as well as dry seasons using varying levels of chemical fertilizer and manure applications on soil quality indicators (physical, chemical and biological), a sustainable yield index (SYI) and a soil quality index (SQI). The treatments comprised chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) either alone or in combination viz. control, N, NP, NK, NPK, FYM, N+FYM, NP+FYM, NK+FYM and NPK+FYM, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected after the wet season rice harvest in 2010 and were analysed for physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil quality. A SYI based on long‐term yield data and SQI using principal component analysis (PCA) and nonlinear scoring functions were calculated. Application of NPK fertilizers in combination with FYM significantly increased the average grain yield of rice in both wet and dry seasons and enhanced the sustainability of the system compared to the control and plots in receipt of fertilizers. The SYI for the control was higher in the wet season than in the dry one, whereas the reverse was true for NPK+FYM treatment. The value of the dimensionless SQI varied from 1.46 in the control plot to 3.78 in the NPK+FYM one. A greater SYI and SQI in the NPK+FYM treatment demonstrated the importance of using a chemical fertilizer in combination with FYM. For the six soil quality indicators selected as a minimum data set (MDS), the contribution of DTPA‐Zn, available‐N and soil organic carbon to the SQI was substantial ranging from 59.4 to 85.7 per cent in NPK+FYM and control plots, respectively. Thus, these soil parameters could be used to monitor soil quality in a subhumid tropical rice–rice system.     

长期有机养分循环利用对红壤稻田土壤供氮能力的影响

通过15年的田间定位试验结合盆栽试验,研究了长期有机养分循环利用和不同化肥配施对红壤稻田土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)和土壤氮的矿化量与生物吸氮量有极显著的正相关关系,是良好的土壤供氮能力指标。长期有机养分循环利用或配合化肥施用能显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量和氮的矿化量,提高幅度分别为20.1%4～0.9%、0.460～.60.g/kg和55.0%(6周);明显提高土壤MB-N含量,提高幅度平均为70.3%。长期纯化肥处理对土壤碳、氮库的积累和氮的矿化量的提高作用甚微。盆栽试验表明,长期施用氮肥和氮、磷、钾肥土壤供氮量提高量极小,与长期不施肥相比提高幅度分别为2.1%和6.2%,而有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤供氮量,提高幅度为33.7%8～9.0%。随着有机养分循环利用和NPK肥配合程度的提高,土壤供氮量提高幅度呈上升的趋势。     

冬小麦生长期土壤固定态铵与微生物氮的动态研究

田间试验研究冬小麦生长期土壤固定态铵和微生物N动态变化结果表明 ,施入基肥后土壤固定态铵显著上升 ,春季后固定态铵显著下降 ,至扬花期降至最低点。作物生长后期随吸N量的降低 ,各施肥处理固定态铵含量约升至播前水平。冬小麦全生育期土壤微生物N呈明显季节变化 ,施基肥后短期内有所升高 ,且春季施肥后出现第 2次升高 ,至扬花期土壤微生物N降至最低点 ,至生长后期重新回升。     

低锌旱地土壤水分对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

【目的】西北旱地土壤有机质含量低,pH和碳酸钙含量高,导致土壤有效锌含量低,加之水分缺乏,不仅制约冬小麦生长和产量,还严重影响小麦锌的吸收利用。本研究选取西北旱地典型缺锌区,在土施锌肥的基础上,设置了2年的补充灌水田间试验,进一步研究水分对土壤锌有效性、 小麦生长、 产量以及锌和相关元素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2010~2012年在陕西永寿县进行,采用裂区设计,锌肥为主处理,在不施锌与施锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)50 kg/hm2的基础上,设置在冬小麦关键生长期补充和不补充灌水2个副处理。在成熟期采集植株样品,测定了小麦产量、 生物量,各器官部位的锌及氮、 磷、 钾、 铁的含量; 采集0—40 cm土层土壤,测定了土壤有效性锌含量。【结果】在返青期、 孕穗期补灌20~30 mm水分对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部位锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,不施锌和施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理小麦籽粒锌含量分别提高3.8%~16.3%、 3.8%~13.1%,灌水使锌肥利用率提高21.2%~177.8%。灌水量和灌水时期的不同也影响锌在小麦各器官部位的分配与累积,第一季施锌和不施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理锌收获指数分别降低5.1%和2.0%,而第二季锌收获指数分别提高2.1%和2.7%。两季灌水对小麦籽粒中铁及大量元素氮磷钾含量的影响亦各不相同。【结论】在旱地缺锌土壤上,小麦生长关键期灌水对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部分锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,说明水肥结合对旱地石灰性土壤锌和锌肥有效性的影响应引起进一步重视,这对提高旱地缺锌地区作物和人体锌营养水平具有潜在意义。     

Sesbania rostrata as a green manure for lowland rice: Growth,N2 fixation,Azorhizobium sp. inoculation,and effects on succeeding crop yields and nitrogen balance

Summary Root and stem nodulation, nitrogen fixation (acetylene-reducing activity), growth and N accumulation bySesbania rostrata as affected by season and inoculation were studied in a pot experiment. The effects ofS. rostrata as a green manure on succeeding wet-season and dry-season rice yields and total N balance were also studied.S. rostrata grown during the wet season showed better growth, nodulation, and greater acetylene-reducing activity than that grown during the dry season. Inoculation withAzorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 StrSpc® (resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin) on the stem alone or on both root and stem significantly increased N₂ fixation by the plants. Soil and seed inoculation yielded active root nodules under flooded conditions. Plants that were not inoculated on the stem did not develop stem nodules. The nitrogenase activity of the root nodules was greater than that of the stem nodules in about 50-day-oldS. rostrata. S. rostrata incorporation, irrespective of inoculation, significantly increased the grain yield and N uptake of the succeeding wet season and dry season rice crops. The inoculated treatments produced a significantly greater N gain (873 mg N pot^–1) than the noinoculation (712 mg N pot^–1) treatment. About 80% of the N gained was transferred to the succeeding rice crops and about 20% remained in the soil. The soil N in the flooded fallow-rice treatment significantly declined (–140 mg N pot^–1) but significantly increased in bothS. rostrata-rice treatments (159 and 151 mg N pot^–1 in uninoculated and inoculated treatments respectively). The N-balance data gave extrapolated values of N₂ fixed per hectare at about 303 kg N ha^–1 per two crops forS. rostrata (uninoculated)-rice and 383 forS. rostrata (inoculated)-rice.