基于Landsat/TM资料研究东莞市地表温度地理分区

以快速城市化的典型地区广东省东莞市为例,以Landsat/TM资料为主要数据源,采用覃志豪单窗算法进行地表温度反演,计算32个区的平均地表温度,并依据各镇区平均地表温度和数字高程模型数据,进行地表温度的地理分区。结果表明:东莞市可划分为山地低温区、河网次低温、丘陵—近河网次高温区、平原高温区4个温度区间,其中山地低温区仅指谢岗镇,河网次低温区位于东莞市西北部东江河网区,丘陵—近河网次高温区包括西南部濒临珠江口的江河冲积平原、东北部的东江河滨及东部的丘陵台地,平原高温区位于中部、南部的平原地区。由此可见,地形地貌对地表温度影响显著,城市化进程必须因地制宜、合理规划。     

东江干流河水的来源、水质及水资源保护

为了解东江河水的来源和水质状况,沿东江干流采集河水样品,分析河水中的主要离子浓度以及氢和氧的同位素比。结果表明,河水氢同位素比（6D）为一48．9‰～-39．8‰,氧同位素比（δ^18O）为-6．3‰～-5．7‰。根据氢氧同位素的相关关系,以河源市和汝湖镇为界,将研究范围内的东江干流分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ段。Ⅰ段和Ⅱ段河水主要来自流域内的大气降水,由于河水与含有较高氧同位素比的岩石发生氧元素交换,使Ⅱ段河水呈现氧同位素漂移。Ⅲ段河水主要来自象头山和罗浮山山区的降雨并通过地下水补给。由于河水本身的稀释作用,东江河水中各离子浓度很低。人类活动相对频繁的东江下游的离子总量远大干上游和中游地区,说明人类活动对东江河水存在着潜在的影响。东江河水的污染来源可分为点源污染和面源污染,针对这两种污染分别提出了相应的措施。另外,香港饮用水与北部山区的地下水有密切关系,为保持香港水源的良好水质,应把保护北部山区的地下水列为战略重点。     

吉林省西部苏打碱土区地下水的地球化学特征

选择吉林省西部典型苏打碱化土壤地区，对其地下水的基本水化学指标进行了测定，分析了地下水电导率与含盐量、矿化度和离子含量的关系。针对地下水离子组成的特点，对该区地下水的苏打碱化特征进行了分析。最后分别以电导率、矿化度和钠吸附比（SAR）为指标，对该区地下水质进行了初步评价与分级。     

基于小流域综合治理的生态恢复对策

在小流域综合治理中采用生态恢复的方法,通过修复、增强改善环境质量,采用生态水利和生态工程学的治理方式,建设一个具有河流地貌多样性和生物群落多样性的动态稳定的、可以自我调节的小流域生态系统,是以水源保护为主要目的的小流域综合治理有效措施。东江惠州段承担着向深圳、香港供水的重任,大岚河是东江的一级支流,在充分论证对生态系统影响的基础上,采取各种生态工程措施、管理措施和生物措施,发挥生态系统自我恢复功能并进行适当的人工修复,构建绿色产业链,就一定能使大岚河生态系统得到恢复,从而促进流域生态、经济和社会的可持续发展,达到涵养水源、保护东江水质的目的。     

基于生态系统服务功能的东江流域关键性生态空间识别

东江流域生态环境脆弱,水土流失现象频发,进行关键性生态空间识别对维护其生态环境安全和促进区域可持续发展有着极其重要的意义.该研究通过重要性-敏感性构建关键性生态空间识别评价体系,使用NPP(Net Primary Productivity)定量评价法、模型评价法,定量揭示其关键性生态空间的分布特征.结果表明:1)东江流...     

东江源区坡地果园水土流失防治分析

东江是香港特别行政区主要的饮用水水源,源区水环境直接关系到珠江三角洲和香港的饮用水安全;但近年来由于果业开发导致东江源区水土流失现象严重,水质呈恶化趋势.为防治东江源区坡地果园水土流失,应根据区域水土流失现状,结合地形、地质、土壤条件,通过设置山边沟、草沟等工程措施,同时配合采用梯壁植草、节水覆盖等植物措施进行综合防治,达到改善东江源区水质的目标.     

1990-2018年东江流域土地利用变化及其驱动力

[目的] 分析东江流域1990-2018年土地利用时空变化特征及驱动机制，为该流域土地利用优化提供科学参考。[方法] 利用流域土地利用数据及统计年鉴数据，结合土地利用评价指标、主成分分析法及灰色关联分析法分析流域土地利用变化特征及其驱动机制。[结果] ①东江流域1990-2018年土地利用以耕地和林地为主，流域建设用地面积持续增加，其余地类面积均呈减少趋势，耕地和林地是建设用地面积的主要来源；②流域土地利用综合指数逐年增加，变化率为0.038，土地利用处于上升发展阶段；③流域土地利用变化驱动力主要为经济增长、人口增长、社会富裕程度和农业发展；各类驱动因子对各土地利用类型的驱动作用不同。[结论] 1990-2018年，东江流域土地利用结构不断优化，土地利用集聚程度增加，随着粤港澳大湾区的建设开发，未来流域内土地开发利用活动将更加频繁。     

珠江三角洲Copula径流模型及西水东调缺水风险分析

基于两变量Copula函数模拟、变点识别和均值平移时序重构方法,构建珠江三角洲西水东调工程受水区东江和水源区西江的枯水径流联合分布模型。以生态环境流量及最小流量管理目标为设计阈值,研究区域联合缺水风险特征及对变化环境的响应。结果表明：Archimedean copula的Clayton、Frank和GH模型,均能较好地模拟两区域枯水径流联合分布特征。变化环境下特别是流域内水利工程径流调节作用,东江枯水径流时序非一致性显著,均值跳跃明显,变点时间为1972年,最枯月径流量增加了65.5%。若要满足最小下泄流量管理目标,东江缺水风险率较高,为37.7%。与东江天然径流（还原系列）相比,在东江流域内水利工程影响下（还现系列）,东、西江同时缺水风险率由35.8%下降到16.7%。但由于2江枯水径流的正相关性,西江有水可调保证率也由54.8%下降到21.0%。在已知东江缺水情形下,西江有水可调保证率（55.8%）仅略高于西江缺水风险率（44.2%）。因此,珠江三角洲西水东调工程运行,需要科学设计更为精细的水资源调度规则。     

基于主成分分析法的流域水资源承载能力综合评价

根据东江流域水资源、社会、经济情况及开发利用存在的问题,提出用主成分分析法对其承载能力进行分析评价。通过建立东江流域水资源承载指标体系,用主成分分析法分析评价知:东江流域的资源主要是水资源广泛,所以这一区域的水资源的开发潜力目前很大。相对东江流域而言,开发潜力最大的应属河源区,然后是惠州区、深圳区、东莞区,而广州区的水资源开发潜力最小。     

南水北调东线徐州段水环境现状及其污染防治对策

对南水北调东线徐州段7个控制断面2004年水质监测结果进行评价分析,结果表明,水质达标率仅为42.9%,水体污染以耗氧性污染物和氨氮为特征的有机污染为主。结合当地实际,分析了南水北调东线徐州段水质超标的原因,并根据当地经济、自然特征,提出了针对性较强、切实可行的水污染防治对策和措施。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.