水土保持生态补偿机制建立的理论基础分析

水土保持生态补偿机制是一种行之有效的经济政策,能够协调主体环境利益及其经济利益的分配关系,有力的推动水土保持工作的开展。从各相关学科中提出了复合生态系统理论、产权理论、环境资源价值理论、外部经济效益理论、公共产品理论、公平理论和生态伦理理论7个具体的理论作为水土保持生态补偿建立的理论基础,全面论证了建立水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性。     

论水土保持生态补偿机制

水土保持生态补偿是生态补偿的具体化,建立资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度是我国建设社会主义生态文明的重要组成部分。通过阐述水土保持生态补偿机制的含义,从现阶段我国水土保持生态补偿机制的现状出发,说明建立水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性,论述相关利益主体实现水土保持生态补偿机制的途径与方式。     

论实行水土保持生态补偿的经济学基础

水土保持生态效益具有生态资本、公共物品以及外部性等经济学特性,本研究就上述3个特性,从经济学的观点分析了水土保持生态补偿的实质,探讨了建立水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性。     

水土保持生态补偿理论与机制

 通过对水土保持生态补偿理论和水土保持生态补偿机制建立的初步探讨,根据不同情况提出付出与受益方财政补偿、生态保护区建立财政转移支付补偿、矿产资源开采收入提取、水电发电收入提取等近期实施补偿的方式,为我国水土保持补偿分类试点及逐步推广,尽快建立和实施水土保持生态补偿制度提供理论依据,以加快我国水土流失防治,促进资源、环境与经济社会的协调发展。     

黄河流域水土保持生态补偿机制及实施效果评价

水土保持生态补偿作为当前社会各界广泛关注的热点问题,已经引起社会各界的广泛关注.基于对当前水土保持生态补偿理论与实践的分析和辨析,进一步明确了水土保持生态补偿的核心,即补偿依据、补偿主体、补偿客体、补偿的标准,和平共处水土保持补偿的方式,即政策补偿、项目补偿、资金补偿、实物补偿、培训补偿、就业补偿、道德补偿等.另外,还对当前黄河流域水土保持生态补偿主要的实践活动进行了分析和评价,即树立了节约和保护资源的意识及理念,促进了生态环境的可持续发展和企业的可持续发展,初步建立了水土保持生态补偿机制,提供了水土保持生态补偿典范等.     

浅谈云南省建立水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性

水土保持生态补偿源于生态补偿,比生态补偿更有针对性。水土保持生态补偿机制是以水土为主的自然资源有偿使用制度的重要内容之一,其要求生产者、开发者、经营者改变水土资源是公共物品、无需付费的观念,整个社会认同水土保持生态服务功能的价值。云南省建立水土保持生态补偿机制是贯彻落实科学发展观的需要,有利于保护和改善生态环境,有助于理顺生态建设者和受益者之间的利益关系,能够有效地推动水土保持生态建设的开展。     

西南喀斯特地区农业生态补偿机制初探

我国西南喀斯特地区地貌复杂,环境承载力低,生态环境脆弱,经济相对落后。西南喀斯特地区的经济主要为传统的农业经济,建立喀斯特地区农业生态补偿机制是实现该地区农业可持续发展和保障农民利益的内在要求。本文分析了该地区建立农业生态补偿机制的必要性和依据,评析了农业生态补偿存在的问题,并提出通过完善相应法律法规、制定相关政策、提高公众生态意识等措施建立和完善西南喀斯特地区农业生态补偿机制的对策和建议。     

水土保持补偿机制建设与研究

山东省长岛县强化水土保持监督执法,建立了水土保持补偿长效管理机制,在水土保持规费(防治费、补偿费)征收依据、征收标准、征收措施、管理、使用等方面实现了规范化。总结了长岛县水土保持补偿机制建设的经验,汇集了社会各界人士对水土保持规费征收的反响,以及对征收执法机构的意见。探讨了建立水土保持补偿机制在水土保持执法中的重要地位和作用,提出了开发建设项目造成水土流失及生态环境恶化、必须强化水土保持经济补偿的法律力度等意见。     

河北省水土保持生态补偿机制初探

生态补偿机制是连接经济发展与生态保护的纽带,也是减轻经济发展对生态环境破坏压力的有效途径。目前,水土保持生态补偿只停留在理论探讨阶段,有针对性的实践较少,尤其是缺乏经过实践检验的生态补偿技术方法与政策体系。为了使河北省水土保持生态补偿政策具有更强的针对性,根据河北省水土保持实际情况初步划分了3个不同水土保持生态服务区,提出了各生态服务区的生态补偿对策和补偿强度,并阐述了建立和落实生态补偿机制应注意的几个问题。     

小流域生态效益补偿制度构建与实施效果评价

小流域生态效益补偿已成为水土流失治理研究的热点和主要内容之一,作者在深入分析生态补偿理论与实践的基础上阐述了补偿机制的核心,并确定了相应的补偿特征、标准等内容。然后,以松树沟小流域为研究对象分析评价了其主要实践过程,通过树立资源保护与节约意识可有效促进企业和生态环境的可持续发展,水土保持生态补偿机制的建立可为水土流失治理提供补偿典范。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.