离子交换树脂膜吸附土壤养分的动力学研究

采用从英国进口的离子交换树脂膜和室内埋置法研究了取自河北玉田县的4个土壤吸附土壤磷、钾、钙、镁和锰的动力学。结果表明，在0.5-26h的吸附时间内，随着提取时间的延长，树脂膜吸附的土壤磷、钙量和锰量显著增加，而吸附的钾量减少。     

不同有机废弃物对土壤磷吸附能力及有效性的影响

城郊农地是循环有机废弃物的重要场所,但长期施用畜禽粪和城市污泥可引起土壤磷素积累、磷饱和度提高,增加土壤向环境流失磷的风险。为了解施用不同来源的有机废弃物对城郊耕地土壤磷素化学行为的影响,选择4种不同磷含量的土壤,探讨在等量磷素情况下,施用KH2PO4、猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥、沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪、生活垃圾堆肥和2种污泥等不同磷源时,土壤有效磷含量及磷吸附能力的差异。结果表明,施用有机废弃物增加了土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量,降低了土壤对磷的吸附能力,但影响程度因有机废弃物来源而异。施用猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥和猪粪降低土壤磷最大吸附量比例(9.03%~15.60%)与施KH2PO4(10.59%~16.63%)相当,但施用沼渣、鸡粪和生活垃圾堆肥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(5.09%~9.84%)明显低于施KH2PO4;施用2种污泥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(4.32%~6.77%)最小。不同有机废弃物对土壤有效磷的影响差异较小,但对水溶性磷的影响较大。施用有机废弃物后,土壤磷最大吸附量的下降值与施用有机废弃物中铁、铝、钙含量呈负相关;土壤水溶性磷的变化量与施用有机废弃物后土壤交换性钙的增加量呈负相关,表明有机废弃物中铁、铝和钙等矿质成分的增加,可在一定程度上减少有机废弃物在土壤循环处理时磷对环境的负影响。在农田施用有机废弃物时,不仅要考虑有机废弃物磷素状况,也应适当考虑其他矿质成分的组成特点。该研究可为城郊农地科学施用有机废弃物提供依据。     

离子交换树脂膜原位提取土壤有效性养分的探讨

连续3年在实验室内和利用盆栽及田间进行了利用离子交换树脂膜对土壤的原位测定,探讨影响树脂膜对土壤中养分离子吸收的因素;制定出一套包括树脂膜埋置方法,时间,洗脱土粒和解吸被树脂膜吸附的养分等的标准方法,称为植物根模拟法(Plant root simulator)。 通过400多个土壤样品测定结果表明,用树脂膜提取的土壤有效氮、磷、钾和硫与用常规化学法提出的量有显著相关。盆栽条件下,树脂膜原位埋置法对预测供试作物油菜吸取土壤有效养分的能力与常规化学法相当,而硫的效果更好。树脂膜在田间直接埋置能合理地表征土壤中硝态氮的分布,并具有同时提取土壤各种有效养分的能力。由于离子树脂交换膜不受地域影响,具有广泛的通用性,因而在土壤养分有效性的研究中应用前景广阔。     

琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力和叶片营养随树龄的变化

对福建省平和县板仔、文峰、霞寨、小溪、五寨、国强6个乡镇选择有代表性的26个不同树龄(4～10、10～20和20年以上)琯溪蜜柚园采集土壤及叶片样品,分析琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力及叶片营养随树龄的变化。结果表明,26个琯溪蜜柚园土壤pH值为3.51～5.77,平均为4.26,处于极酸性;土壤碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均处于缺乏至极缺水平,土壤有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量处于高量至过量水平,土壤有机质、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效锰含量随树龄增大而显著降低,土壤有效硼含量整体处于缺乏水平且随树龄增大而显著升高。26个柚园叶片钾、钙和镁含量适宜,磷、锰、铜和硼含量偏高至过量,幼龄树(4～10年)叶片氮、铁含量偏高,而低龄(4～10)、成龄(10～20年)树叶片锌含量偏低。由此说明,琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力随树龄变化明显,其中土壤有机质及有效钙、镁、锰含量随树龄增加显著下降;柚树叶片养分含量随树龄变化不明显,其中磷、硼、锰、铜含量普遍偏高或过量而锌偏低。因此,必须重视投产以及老果园土壤管理,改良酸性,增施有机质,补充钙、镁营养,以保障树体营养平衡和果实品质。     

不同类型的离子交换树脂对土壤速效钾测定的影响

通过室内模拟试验研究,结果表明不同类型的离子交换树脂膜在饱和溶液中的吸附曲线基本相同,但对钾的吸附数量差异很大,国产树脂膜对钾离子的平均饱和吸附量为8303.6μg/cm2,而进口树脂膜对钾离子的平均饱和吸附量为2209.8μg/cm2,仅是国产膜的26.6%.在土壤中,离子交换树脂膜对钾的吸附量随时间呈对数关系,在开始2小之内,二者的吸附量差异不大,以后随时间的延长,二者的吸附量差异逐渐增大.在钾离子的测定中,进口膜通过接触交换至膜上的钾离子数量占总比例为25%,而国产膜为38.5%,土壤含水量对土壤钾的测定有很大影响.     

离子交换树脂膜埋置法测定土壤中的有效养分

离子交换树脂在农业上的应用已有近50年的历史,早期的研究主要集中在用阴离子交换树脂提取土壤中的磷;然后用阳离子交换树脂研究了土壤中钾的有效性及缓效钾的释放,后来开始用离子交换树脂测定土壤中营养元素。离子交换树脂在测定土壤养分的研究方面经历了树脂颗粒、树脂袋和树脂膜三个阶段。     

土壤-烤烟矿质营养元素相互关系的主组分分析

对云南五种植烟土壤上烤烟三个品种、六个生育期烟叶中钾、磷、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼浓度和烟株根区土壤中ＡＢ／Ｄ联合提取的养分含量及土壤ｐＨ、有机质和碱解氮的测试数据，用主组分分析（ＰＣＡ）方法，讨论土壤─烤烟系统矿质营养元素的相互关系及交互作用。结果显示：①烟叶矿质营养元素浓度随烤烟生育期有规律的变化，受根区土壤化学性质影响的变异大于品种间的差异；②烟叶钾、磷、铜、硼表现明显的稀释效应，钙、镁表现积累效应；③烤烟钾、磷、铜、硼营养存在相互协同作用，钙对钾、磷、铜、硼营养有明显的拮抗作用。④增加土壤有机质，利用钾、磷、铜、硼的协同作用，减轻钙对钾、磷、硼的拮抗是改善烤烟营养，提高烤烟产量品质的关键之一。     

不同类型的离子交换树脂对土壤速效钾测定的影响

通过室内模拟试验研究，结果表明：不同类型的离子交换树脂膜在饱和溶液中的吸附曲线基本相同，但对钾的吸附数量差异很大，国产树脂膜对钾离子的平均饱和吸附量为8303.6μg/cm^2。而进口树脂膜对钾离子的平均饱和吸附量为2209.8μg/cm^2，仅是国产膜的26.6%，在土壤中，离子交换树脂膜对钾的吸附量随时间呈对数关系，在开始2小之内，雨过天青者的吸附量差异不大，以后随时间的延长，二者的吸附量差异逐渐增大，在钾离子的测定中，进口膜通过接触交换至膜上的钾离子数量占总比例为25%，而国产膜为38.5%，土壤含水量对土壤钾的测定有很大影响。     

云南玉溪柑橘园土壤养分状况与分布特征

在云南省玉溪市华宁南盘江低热河谷区、华宁山地丘陵区、元江干热河谷区和新平山地丘陵区4个柑橘生态区,选取一个月内未施肥的101个代表性柑橘园采集土壤进行分析。结果表明:玉溪柑橘园土壤pH变幅在3.98～8.07,52.48%的土壤p H基本适宜柑橘生长,14.85%的土壤pH适宜柑橘生长;土壤有机质匮乏,59.40%的土壤低于15 g/kg。土壤碱解氮、有效磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼的平均含量分别为78.64、53.95、273.15、3240.37、233.39、23.21、43.82、5.67、2.89、0.50mg/kg。总体上,土壤碱解氮和有效硼含量不足(低量和缺乏),比例分别为78.22%和66.34%;有效钾、钙、锰和铜含量以超标(高量和过量)居多,比例分别为64.36%、51.48%、56.44%和83.17%;有效磷、铁、锌含量以丰富(适宜、高量和过量)为主,比例分别为67.31%、75.24%和88.12%;有效镁不足、适宜和超标的果园各占约1/3。在土壤养分状况的区域特征方面,华宁优于新平,新平优于元江。土壤pH与有效钙、镁含量的正相关性极显著,与有效锰、铜含量的负相关性极显著,土壤有机质与大部分养分含量正相关且达到显著水平。因此,云南玉溪柑橘园生产上应注意调节土壤pH,增施有机肥和氮、硼肥,适度少施钾、磷肥,注意钙、锰和铜肥的控制。     

砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷的吸附特性影响研究

【目的】适量砒砂岩能有效改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性,但对于砒砂岩改良风沙土的养分有效性尚不清楚。本文研究了不同用量的砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷吸附特性的影响,以期为评价改良土壤对磷的吸附特性,揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理和指导磷肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】本试验设计了砒砂岩和风沙土0∶100(L)、10∶90(LS1)、25∶75(LS2)、50∶50(LS3)、75∶25(LS4)、90∶10(LS5)和100∶0(S)(烘干质量比)7个不同比例的改良模式。研究了在25℃下砒砂岩不同添加量改良风沙土的磷吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,并应用吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型进行参数拟合,以揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理,同时分析了砒砂岩添加比例与改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量的关系。【结果】1)同一初始浓度下,随着吸附时间的延长,改良土壤对磷的吸附量呈增大趋势,24 h后逐渐达到平衡。2)吸附时间一定的情况下,随着磷初始浓度的增大,改良土壤对磷的吸附量逐渐增大,直到接近或达到吸附最大值。3)风沙土对磷的吸附量大于砒砂岩的吸附量,改良土壤中随着砒砂岩添加比例的增加,土壤对磷的吸附量呈减小趋势。4)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型。等温吸附曲线以Langmuir模型的拟合效果最优。5)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附属于均质的单层吸附,由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制吸附反应速率,吸附机理主要是化学吸附和离子交换。6)改良土壤对磷的最大吸附量随砒砂岩添加比例的增加呈线性减小关系。在生产实践中,可通过测定砒砂岩和风沙土对磷的最大吸附量及风沙土中砒砂岩的添加比例来对改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量进行预测。【结论】砒砂岩可显著减小风沙土对磷的吸附固定,增加施入磷肥的有效性。所以当改良土壤恢复植被以后,磷肥施用初期,砒砂岩添加比例较大的改良土壤中,磷素的肥效较好。但随着植物的生长利用,各改良土壤中吸附磷素的释放效果以及磷肥肥效的持续性有待进一步研究。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.