陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的影响因素研究综述

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环中的一个重要过程,也是陆地生态系统最大的二氧化碳释放源,对全球气候和环境变化产生重要影响。对国内外关于陆地生态系统土壤呼吸影响因素的研究进行综述,分析了温度、水分、土壤性质等非生物因素,植被、土壤微生物、土壤动物等生物因素以及人类活动等对土壤呼吸产生的影响。最后分析了目前有关土壤呼吸研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后努力的方向:改进和创新土壤呼吸的测量方法,拓宽土壤呼吸的研究范围,加强土壤呼吸组分的区分研究,重视人类活动对土壤呼吸影响的研究。     

湿地土壤重金属污染特征、来源及风险评价研究进展

湿地土壤重金属污染是当前湿地科学领域内的热点问题。论文较系统地总结了湿地土壤重金属在时间和空间上的污染特征,分析了湿地土壤重金属主要污染来源,总结了湿地土壤重金属形态的主要影响因素,评述了当前湿地土壤重金属在生态风险和健康风险评价方面的进展和不足。总体上,湿地土壤重金属含量在不同时间尺度上变化差异明显,在水平和垂直空间上的分布特征受人类活动方式和时间、湿地自然生态环境等因素影响。工农业活动、交通活动、人类生活废物排放、湿地商业开发等是湿地重金属的主要污染源。湿地水陆环境变化、氧化还原条件、人类活动等因素对湿地土壤重金属形态影响日益显著。最后,提出未来一段时间内湿地土壤重金属应加强研究尺度、手段和风险评价体系的研究。     

蚯蚓活动对麦田生态系统中土壤氮素渗漏的影响

随着化学氮肥的大量施用，氮素的渗漏(淋溶)损失及其对地下水的影响以及由此造成的环境问题越来越受到重视。但有关土壤动物活动，尤其是蚯蚓活动对氮素渗漏影响的研究少有报道。蚯蚓是陆地生态系统中最为重要的大型土壤动物，能影响土壤的形成发育，改变土壤的理化性质，加速土壤养分的循环。     

蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响及机制研究进展

土壤是温室气体的重要源和汇。蚯蚓是土壤物质循环的重要参与者,能够直接或间接影响土壤CO2、N2O和CH4等温室气体的产生和释放。蚯蚓呼吸产生的CO2,是土壤呼吸的重要组成部分;蚯蚓自身肠道、分泌液、消化物和排泄物等微环境促进反硝化过程释放N2O。蚯蚓还通过取食、掘穴、排泄等活动,改变土壤理化性质、微生物组成和活性及其他土壤动物的组成,影响地上植物生长,调节土壤分解、矿化、硝化、反硝化和甲烷生成及氧化等生态过程,间接影响土壤温室气体的排放。蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响逐渐受到重视,但目前研究仍以室内培养和单因子环境条件的模拟为主,缺少野外原位实验和多环境因子的交互实验研究。长期监测和同位素示踪技术,是深入探讨蚯蚓影响温室气体排放机制的重要手段。温室气体类型上,CO2和N2O是研究热点,CH4研究比较罕见。未来研究,应重视不同生态类群蚯蚓与土壤理化特征、微生物组成、其他类群土壤动物和地上植物间的交互作用,加强机制研究,并关注土壤污染环境下蚯蚓功能性状的变化;综合评价蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放和土壤碳氮固定的影响,科学评估蚯蚓活动对土壤碳氮释放的促进或减缓作用。     

石灰处理条件下土壤动物群落结构及其分解作用的响应

土壤动物在分解植物残体、改变土壤理化性质、促进土壤物质循环和转化过程中起着重要作用,同时土壤环境因子也影响着土壤动物的生存与活动。近年来国内外学者已从生理学、生态学、分子生物学等方面[1,2],研究了土壤动物与环境的密切关系,并采用试验模拟的方法,研究不同处理水平土壤动物群落的动态变化[3,4]。土壤pH是土壤动物群落的重要影响因子,对土壤动物的影响因环境条件的特异性而结果不尽一致[5,6],一般而言,酸碱度适宜的土壤环境土壤动物相对较丰富[7,8]。大兴安岭北部地区,由于气温低,降水少,物质分解缓慢,凋落物累积较多,构成火灾和虫灾的隐患。本研究试图通过人工处理方法,改变土壤微酸性环境,进而提     

游憩活动对泰山风景名胜区环境冲击的调查评估

 以泰山风景名胜区为对象,研究游憩活动对泰山植被、土壤、水体的影响以及游客对环境改变的可接受程度。研究表明:游憩活动对植被、土壤和水体的冲击程度均为南天门景点>扇子崖景点>天烛峰景点>桃花峪景点;游客对环境改变的可接受程度依次为桃花峪景点>天烛峰景点>扇子崖景点>南天门景点。方差分析显示,4个景点受游憩活动冲击存在显著差异;相关性分析显示,游人数量与植被、土壤、水体受到的冲击程度均呈正相关性,其中,植被和土壤是两个最主要的受冲击对象,且植被与土壤间存在显著相关关系。对泰山风景名胜区进行游憩活动环境冲击的调查评估,有利于促进泰山风景名胜区的可持续发展。     

陆地碳循环中的微生物分解作用及其影响因素

土壤微生物是有机物的主要分解者,在陆地生态系统碳循环中扮演着重要角色,土壤微生物活性与底物性质和环境因子密切相关,环境条件的改变对微生物的分解活动影响很大。本文概述了制约有机物分解的因素,包括有机物自身的物理化学性质、非生物因素(温度、水分和通气状况、pH值、粘粒含量、激发效应等)和生物因素等。人为活动(如土地利用/覆被变化)和气候变暖对土壤微生物活性具有一定的影响并产生相应的陆地碳循环变化。最后提出了陆地生态系统碳循环与土壤微生物驱动相关联的研究热点问题。     

土壤呼吸影响因素概述及展望

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环中重要的流通途径之一,是陆地生态系统最大的二氧化碳释放源,也是碳循环的研究领域中一个普遍关注的热点问题。土壤呼吸是土壤中生物与周围环境之间一个相互作用的过程,可以被看作为一个生态系统,明白影响该土壤生态系统里面生物和环境要素、相互作用过程以及其对该系统所排放出二氧化碳的影响有着非常重要的意义。通过分析影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤有机质和氮含量、生物因子以及人类活动与土壤呼吸的相互作用方式,概括了影响土壤呼吸因素之间的关系,并对土壤呼吸研究今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

土壤环境变化对土壤动物群落影响的研究

土壤是环境系统中物质与能量交换的枢纽 ,土壤动物在土壤物质能量迁移转化过程中具有特殊的功能和作用。然而 ,随着人类活动对环境影响的加剧 ,原生植被受到破坏 ,各种污染物质不断在土壤中富集 ,对土壤动物的生存繁衍带来严重威胁 ,目前土壤动物学者的研究 ,主要集中在土壤动物在成长过程中的作用 ,理化性质的改良 ,土壤养分循环以及区系分类等 ,很少涉及土壤动物与环境特别是污染环境关系的研究。农药是目前主要的化学性环境污染物 ,农药污染对自然和农田生态系统的结构和功能都有影响[1] ,有实验表明 ,农药污染对土壤动物新陈代谢及卵的…     

文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展

分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。     

Physical, chemical and phosphatase activities characteristics in soil-feeding termite nests and tropical rainforest soils

Little is known about the relationship between soil biological function and the physical and chemical characteristics of soil-feeding termite nests in the Lopé tropical rainforest (Gabon). We compared nine soil-feeding termite nests of Cubitermes of different ages (fresh to mature to old) and six surrounding soils that originated from three forests differing with respect to age and vegetative cover according to 14 physical and chemical variables and acid (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 9) phosphatase activities. Physical and chemical variables of the studied samples were influenced by the three factors tested: (1) forest age, (2) termite activity (nest versus soil), (3) termite nest age. Soils from the gallery forest were strongly discriminated from all the other soils studied notably due to their high organic matter contents. All mature nests showed significant increases in K, P, clay and fine silt, pH, and cationic exchange capacity compared to soils. Some nests also had increased amounts of organic matter and larger water retention capacities. Moreover, we observed that with age the termite nests possessed decreased values of these variables from fresh to mature to old. Likewise, phosphatase activities also differed according to the three factors tested. Due to its high organic matter contents, the highest phosphatase activities were noted in the gallery forest. Within each forest, phosphatase activities decreased in mature nests compared to soils and tended to be higher in fresh nests compared to mature nests. These differences might be due to an inhibition by high inorganic P contents, as mature nests were enriched in this element and to the quality of organic matter as nests are built with termite faeces. Termite activity has an important role in influencing physical and chemical variables and phosphatase activities.     

Use of RAPD markers for the study of microbial community similarity from termite mounds and tropical soils

In this study, we test the use of the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) molecular markers as a way to estimate the similarity of the microbial communities in various termite mounds and soils. In tropical ecosystems, termite activities induce changes in the chemical and physical properties of soil. The question then arises as to whether or not termites affect the presence of natural microbial communities. Successful 16S rDNA amplifications provided evidence of the occurrence of bacterial DNA in termite constructions including both soil feeder and fungus grower materials. A phenetic dendrogram using the similarity distance calculated from pairwise data including 88 polymorphic RAPD markers was reconstructed and bootstrap scores mapped. The microbial communities of the mounds of the four soil-feeding termites were clustered in the same clade, while those of the mounds of the fungus-growing species were distinct like those of control soils. Microbial changes in nests result from termite building behavior, depending on whether they include feces in their constructions for soil-feeders or use saliva as particle cement for fungus-growers. It is argued that RAPDs are useful markers to detect differences in microbial community structure not only between termitaries and control soils but also between mounds of soil-feeders.     

Impacts of termites on selected soil physicochemical characteristics in the highlands of Southwest Ethiopia

Termites are reported to improve soil physicochemical properties thereby enhance soil fertility of their mound and foraging areas. Empirical study pertaining to these effects is missing in Southwest Ethiopia. For this study, soil samples affected by termite activities were collected at 1 m interval within 0–3 m distance from the base of six termite mounds on gently sloping and sloping land and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. The result of the analysis depicted that soil bulk density (1.38–1.15 g cm^?3) and moisture content (21.1–9.9%) decreased with increased distance from the mound base. While clay content decreased with increased distance from the mound base from72.0% to 45.5%, sand and silt contents increased from 8.0% to 21.3% and 19.3% to 28.5%, respectively. PH (6.23), organic carbon (3.85%), total nitrogen (0.4%), cation exchange capacity CEC (30.43 cmol kg^?1), exchangeable Ca (13.73 cmol kg^?1), Mg (3.15 cmol kg^?1), and PBS (56.8%) were higher on termite mounds. While, electrical conductivity (0.03 dS m^?1–0.06 dS m^?1), exchangeable K (0.52–0.93 cmol kg^?1) and Na (0.02–0.03 cmol kg^?1) showed increasing trend with the distance from the mound base. Our results indicated that termite mounds are important sinks of organic matter and mineral nutrients, and hence contribute to the enhancement of soil fertility. Thus, for subsistent farmers the uses of termite mounds as a fertilizer present an opportunity to improve agricultural production.     

Biological Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Amazonian Rain Forest

Hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) widely occur in the environment and are believed to be mainly anthropogenic. Here we present strong indications for large biological sources of the PAHs naphthalene, perylene, and possibly also phenanthrene in the Amazonian basin. Termite nests, plant wood, and soils were sampled. Naphthalene is detected in plant wood and is accumulated in the nests of termites from the genus Nasutitermes. Perylene is found in all studied termite nests including six different genera. Phenanthrene occurs at substantial concentrations in wood, soil, and termite nests.     

Effect of different termite feeding groups on P sorption and P availability in African and South American savannas

Nest structures of six termite species, four with epigeous (above-ground) and two with subterranean nests were analysed to find out how their building and feeding habits could be related to their nests phosphorus status compared with control soils. Termite nest structure was found to affect significantly the P status in savanna soils: mounds of the African Trinervitermes geminatus and the South American Nasutitermes ephratae (both grass-feeders) displayed a greater amount of available P, especially in the inner part of the nest, than the surrounding soil. The abundant quantities of dead grass material stored in the mound can explain the available soil P increase. A similar increase in P availability was also found for the soil-feeder Cubitermes severus. In mounds of Macrotermes bellicosus, on the other hand, there was a drastic increase in P sorption (and a corresponding decrease in available P) compared to adjacent soils, which was attributed to the building strategy of this species. M. bellicosus selected clay from subsoil to build its nest structure. The data obtained for the subterranean species Ancistrotermes cavithorax and Microtermes toumodiensis indicated also that there is an increase in P sorption in mounds when compared with associated topsoils. Consequently, the nest structures of only certain termite species should be considered, and utilised, as a soil amendment in place of fertilisers. This impact on the P cycle in savannas seems to be related to the termite feeding status and to the type of material utilised in nest building. This should be taken into account before using termite nest material in soil fertility status improvement.     

XRF光谱法研究城市工业区的土壤环境污染

利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对某城市工业区周围的土壤环境进行了研究.根据对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、S、N、P 9种元素含量,土壤的pH值以及TOC的测定和利用内梅罗综合污染评价指数法对重金属污染评价的结果,表明工业区电池厂的生产活动是土壤环境污染的主要因素,建立了重金属Pb与土壤性质间的回归预测模型,提出了造成土壤环境污染的原因.且XRE法是对土壤重金属检测和污染评价的快速有效的方法.     

Impact of subterranean fungus-growing termites (Isoptera, Macrotermitiane) on chosen soil properties in a West African savanna

Fungus-growing termites (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae) play an important role in tropical ecosystems in modifying soil physical properties. Most of the literature regarding the impact of termites on soil properties refers to termite epigeous mounds. In spite of their abundance and activity in African savannas, few studies deal with the properties of underground nest structures (fungus-comb chambers) built by subterranean Macrotermitinae termites. We tested whether these termites significantly modify the soil physico-chemical properties within their nests in a humid tropical savanna and whether these effects are different for two termite species with differing building behaviour. Termite-worked soil material was collected from fungus-comb chamber walls of two widespread species: Ancistrotermes cavithorax, which builds diffuse and ephemeral nests and Odontotermes nr pauperans, which most often builds concentrated and permanent nests for a comparatively much longer period of time. Neither species influenced soil pH but both significantly modified soil texture and C-N content in their nest structures. A strong impact on clay-particle size was also detected but no significant differences in clay mineralogy. Thus Odontotermes has a greater effect on soil properties, that could be explained by its building behaviour and the concentration in space of its nest units. Therefore, spatial pattern and life-span of fungus-comb chambers should be an important parameter to be considered in the functional role of subterranean Macrotermitinae termites in the savanna.     

转基因作物在土壤环境中的残留及其对土壤生物的影响

随着转基因作物的推广和应用,其对农田生态系统造成的潜在危害日益引起人们的重视。本文综述了转基因作物在土壤中的残留及其对土壤动物、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性影响的研究进展,为转基因作物对土壤环境的生态风险性评价提供参考。     

土地利用及其格局变化的环境生态效应研究进展

人类土地利用活动在时空的积累不断塑造与改变地表不同尺度的格局形态,土地利用及其格局变化深刻影响环境各要素,阐述了人类土地利用及其格局变化对大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、土地覆盖以及生物多样性的影响。     

Chemical,physical and micromorphological properties of termite mounds and adjacent soils along a toposequence in Zona da Mata,Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Little is known about the effects of neotropical mound-building termites in soil chemical and physical properties. The influence of soil termite activity on soil characteristics was studied by assessing chemical, physical and micromorphological properties of a toposequence of Latosols (Oxisols). Soil samples were collected from the walls and inner parts of termite mounds and also from adjacent soil. A high diversity of termite genera was found in the mounds along the toposequence, together with the inquiline termites and other soil-dwelling arthropods. Chemical analyses showed that pH and the contents of organic C and N, P, Ca and Mg were significantly higher in termite mounds compared with adjacent areas, with an inverse trend for Al content. Significant differences in pH and exchangeable Al were observed between soil and mound across the slopes. The mound density across the landscape was higher at the upper slope segment, followed by the hill top, middle slope and lower slope segments. Considering a lifespan of 30 years and dimensions of termite mounds found in the toposequence we conclude that the textural and chemical uniformity of Latosols may be increased, following the pedobiological turnover during mound building, with local rates varying from 2.1 to 7.5 m³ ha^− 1.