潞安集团煤矸石山边坡生态治理工程技术——以王庄煤矿为例

潞安集团王庄煤矿在矿山生态治理理念的指导下,结合煤矸石山现状及边坡治理的特殊要求,先采取工程措施,将矸石山整形为坡台式,用黄土(粉煤灰)分层碾压覆盖,继而采用地表覆盖法进行表面防侵蚀处理、修建排水沟,然后采用铺设生态植被毯的方法恢复边坡植被,选择适宜树种进行合理配置,并采取了相应的抚育管理措施,使矸石山边坡的治理初见成效。     

河南平顶山煤矸石山植被恢复的适宜性评价研究

煤矸石山植被恢复适宜性评价是对煤矸石山植被恢复适宜程度进行的评价,同时是开展煤矸石山植被恢复的工作基础。以河南平顶山一矿煤矸石山为评价对象,将不同海拔高度、不同光照条件下的矸石山划分为6个单元,因地制宜地选择了土层厚度、田间持水量等7个评价因子,应用主成分分析法对研究对象进行植被恢复适宜性评价。评价结果表明：一矿煤矸石山植被恢复的主要限制因子为土层厚度、田间持水量和有机质含量,各评价单元适宜性得分分别为：A1区域为2.68、A2区域为1.84、B1区域为2.97、B2区域为1.98、C1区域为3.11、C2区域为2.97,由此得出海拔低的区域比海拔高的区域更适宜植被恢复,矸石山阴面区域比阳面区域更适宜植被修复的结论。     

自然降水条件下煤矸石坡土壤含水量及径流变化

为了防止矸石山水土流失,促进煤矿废弃地植被恢复,对自然降水条件下煤矸石坡面含水量及径流变化进行观测,研究降水量及风化年限对煤矸石坡面各层含水量及产流量的影响.结果表明:1)在小雨(＜10 mm/d)条件下,煤矸石坡地表、地下径流量接近;在中雨(≥10 mm/d,＜25 mm/d)及大雨(≥25 mm/d)条件下,降雨主要以地下径流的形式流失.在小雨情况下,煤矸石坡产生的地表径流、地下径流量均较少;中雨的发生频率和累计降水量最高,累计产生的地表径流量最高;大雨发生频率最低,累计产生的地下径流量和总径流量最高.2)地表径流量与降水量显著正相关,地下径流量与最大降雨强度、平均降雨强度显著正相关.3)由于风化程度增加,与2013年相比,2014年次小雨产生的地表径流、地下径流和总径流分别降低50％、100％、80％,次中雨产生的地表径流、地下径流和总径流分别降低88％、82％、97％.4)煤矸石具有一定的蓄水能力,20 ～ 30 cm含水量最高.随着风化程度增加,10 ～ 30 cm含水量增加.尽管10 cm风化程度高,但是由于表层蒸发,含水量较低.5)由于煤矸石颗粒粗大、渗透性强,在小雨、中雨、大雨条件下,矸石坡产生的地表径流量均小于土坡,分别为土坡的4％、26％、19％.     

阜新矿区煤矸石山植被恢复土地适宜性评价

以阜新矿区孙家湾煤矸石山为评价对象,运用主成分分析法确定权重,采取指数和法计算综合指数,对不同排矸年限的立地单元进行植被恢复适宜性评价,结果表明:经过多年风化样地的植被恢复适宜性高于风化年限较短的样地,阴坡的适宜性好于阳坡,与实际情况基本相符,为当地煤矸石山植被恢复的适宜性评价提供了一种方法和思路.     

煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 针对煤矸石山复垦地水土流失严重的问题,在山西阳煤集团三矿280煤矸石山坡面上选取7种植被恢复模式,以裸地为对照,设置水土流失试验样方,观测不同植被恢复模式对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。结果表明：与裸地相比,不同椬被恢复模式均对矸石山坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失具有明显控制效果;下坡段的乔灌混交模式防治坡面侵蚀的作用优于上坡段的草本和灌木;减少水土流失的效果上坡段为荆条 > 紫花苜蓿 > 沙打旺 >草木樨,下坡段为刺槐+柠条、刺槐+荆条和榆树+紫穗槐,但这3种植被模式对减少水土流失的差异不显著;通过偏相关分析,影响养分流失的因索依次为土壤侵蚀量 > 径流量 > 坡度 > 坡长;不同植被恢复模式对煤矸石风化物中速效养分质量系数也具有明显的影响。     

煤矸石山防自燃隔离层的构建及其效果

露天堆放的煤矸石山极易自燃引发严重的地质灾害和环境污染。为改善传统的土壤覆盖治理方法,结合阳泉自燃煤矸石山综合治理现场,在黄土覆盖前以当地黏土和粉煤灰为原料构建不同设计构型的隔离层,并动态测量隔离层渗透率以及治理1a后试验区覆盖层的地温、紧实度,探讨在煤矸石与覆盖土壤之间添加隔离层防治自燃的效果。结果表明:利用黏土和粉煤灰构建隔离层,改善了传统的覆盖层结构,土壤紧实度随土层深度增加呈逐渐增大趋势,形成"上松下紧"利于植被生长的理想剖面;隔离层可有效阻隔空气,效果为粉煤灰与黏土混合黏土粉煤灰,试验以粉煤灰∶黏土=1∶2(体积比)比例充分混合构成的隔离层效果最佳,监测期间渗透率一直保持在低于50×10-12 m2的水平,地温从表入深基本平稳,在土层深度10~30 cm处温度大致稳定在10~15℃之间。该研究可为自燃煤矸石山综合治理中隔离层的构建提供参考数据及思路。     

农业耕作措施蓄水保土效益试验研究

坡耕地由于人为耕作管理作用,造成地表高低起伏,影响着坡面地表径流和产沙。在室内人工降雨试验基础上,分析了坡面耕作措施的蓄水保土效益。等高耕作蓄水效益为70．56％～10．07％,平均值为51．58％,保土效益为76．60％～21．66％,平均值37．73％。同时分析了坡度和雨强对坡面耕作措施蓄水保土效益的影响,以期服务于坡耕地治理。     

南水北调中线水源区(陕南段)水土保持效益分析

依据2007—2010年的统计与调查资料,在对典型流域进行调查的基础上,采用有无水土保持项目对比法,对南水北调中线水源区陕南安康、商洛、汉中三市水土保持措施及其效益进行了分析。结果表明:治理后与治理前相比,各地类拦蓄径流量、保土效益明显增加,植被覆盖度增加,生态环境改善,当地居民生活水平也随之提高。不同措施对拦蓄径流的作用顺序依次为:封育措施>水土保持林草措施>坡面整治措施>能源替代措施>保土耕作措施;不同措施对保土效益的作用顺序依次为:水土保持林草措施>封育措施>坡面整治措施>能源替代措施>沟道防护措施>保土耕作措施。研究结果可为类似水源区的水土保持综合治理工作提供借鉴。     

基于DIVINER2000的自燃煤矸石山水分特征研究

利用D IVINER2000含水量测定仪定位测定了自燃煤矸石山深度为0—100 cm的黄土矸石复合层、黄土层和裸露矸石层水分体积含水率的季节变化和垂直变化,根据水分含量变化规律将自燃煤矸石山的水分季节变化分为4个时段:土壤水分消耗期(3—6月)、土壤水分积累期(7—8月)、土壤水分消退期(9—11月)和土壤水分稳定期(12—2月);通过标准差将自燃煤矸石山土壤水分的垂直变化分为速变层、活跃层和相对稳定层。上述研究结果可以为自燃煤矸石山的生态构建提供重要理论依据,为以水分动态平衡为基础的植被恢复和建设提供数据支持。     

晋西黄土区极陡坡植物群落特征及自然恢复困难度分析

为了解黄土沟壑区极陡坡承载的植被类型及植被自然恢复状况,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域内的极陡坡为研究对象,采用时空互代的方法研究了群落物种组成及多样性的时空变化,并对演替进程中植被恢复的困难程度进行评价。结果表明:晋西黄土沟壑区内极陡坡的主要植被类型为灌木和草本,随着演替阶段由稀疏灌木及草坡群落向乔灌草群落的递进,群落物种丰富度提高,物种组成更为均衡,多样性水平随演替进程先增加后略减,有利于群落朝着更为稳定的方向发展。方差分析结果表明,35°~55°极陡坡之间植被多样性整体差异不显著(P0.05),均一性较高,55°以上的地形植被分异明显。运用因子分析综合评价的方法,可将植被自然恢复困难程度划分为容易恢复、一般、较难、极困难恢复4个等级,一般和容易恢复的样地可采取自然修复的方式恢复植被,而对于较难和极困难恢复的样地,则应采取相关人工促进恢复措施,才有可能取得植被恢复的成效。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.