振动影响齿轮泵困油压力的仿真与理论分析

为探讨外啮合齿轮泵的齿轮副振动对两困油区内困油压力仿真结果的影响,由困油的体积弹性模量定义建立出有关困油压力的仿真模型,并就有、无振动的两种情况,通过两困油区内来自困油的各种泄漏量的量值比较,分别对2个困油区内困油压力值的大小进行了理论分析,且佐以仿真运算和试验验证。结果表明,第2困油区内的压力峰值大于第1困油区内的压力峰值,振动下的峰值差距较无振动时为小;出口压力越高,峰值差距越大;振动下的仿真结果较无振动时精度更高,例第6组的仿真误差由16.7%改善到7.8%;在困油压力的仿真中,有必要考虑齿轮副的振动因素等,动态困油模型可为泵后续的进一步设计提供理论支持。     

困油压力对齿轮泵流量脉动的影响分析

为考量困油压力对外啮合齿轮泵流量脉动的影响,以无侧隙和对称双矩形卸荷槽为例,基于泵排油区域封闭容积的精确计算,并结合困油压力的仿真与验证,给出了理想与实际两状态下瞬时流量的计算公式,并分析了流量脉动所涉及到的相关性能指标。结果表明,相对于无卸荷槽情况,理想状态下的卸荷槽能够极大地改善泵的流量脉动,案例参数下的平均流量提高了12.34%;流量不均匀系数降低了85.09%;在考虑困油以及相关泄漏量的情况下,有卸荷槽的流量脉动品质虽然比理想状态下有所下降,但仍比无卸荷槽时有很大的改善,案例参数下的平均流量提高了6.73%;流量不均匀系数降低了73.90%;高速时虽然存在较大的困油压力,但该压力却有利于流量脉动的改善,案例参数下的困油压力峰值虽高达9.7 MPa,但流量不均匀系数却降低了87.61%等。因此在流量脉动的计算中考虑困油因素很有必要,其结果也将更可靠更精确。     

困油现象对泵齿轮副综合刚度的影响分析

为了对外啮合齿轮泵齿轮副的动力学模型进行综合刚度的计算,从泵齿轮副的侧隙位置和啮合位置的交替变化,以及体积弹性模量的定义,建立了包括接触刚度与困油刚度在内的泵齿轮副综合刚度的计算模型,进行了一个困油周期内实例的仿真计算.研究结果表明泵齿轮副在综合刚度方面与常规齿轮副有所不同,困油刚度是影响综合刚度的最主要因素之一,得出...     

考虑困油和卸荷的外啮合齿轮泵动态转矩计算

为研究困油压力及异、同齿数对外啮合齿轮泵转矩影响,从分析直齿轮传动与卸荷槽的几何关系入手,将啮合齿面分成八点、三区、七过程。以主动齿轮的啮合半径为变量,建立出一个啮合周期内转矩的静态和动态计算式,并以实例加以分析比较。结果表明：转矩的波动及其最大峰值随困油压力的增加而加大,但最小峰值基本保持不变,同齿数的转矩品质要优于异齿数,以及转矩的静态计算误差较大等;困油压力对转矩的影响很大,设计上应尽量克服之,异齿数对泵各项性能的影响是相异的,不能一概而论。     

基于离心作用的齿轮泵容积效率和困油现象分析

为了解高速时工作油液的离心作用对泵容积效率和困油现象的影响,将离心作用对两者的影响归结于对泵进油侧原始含气比的修正。基于仅考虑工作油液中混入空气的可压缩性和含气、纯净工作油液分别累积在齿槽内、外侧的假设,建立了基于油液离心作用的下容积效率、困油区间内含气比和进油侧修正含气比的计算公式。两组数据的仿真结果表明离心应用对容积效率和困油现象的影响相反,转速越高,对容积效率越不利;出口压力越低,离心作用对困油现象的影响越有利;齿形参数的选择存在优化的问题;该研究为泵的高速化发展提供一定的依据。     

齿轮泵最大困油压力解析式的建立与验证

为探求建立出能够计算齿轮泵最大困油压力的解析式以克服试验和仿真上的局限性,针对困油过程的压缩阶段,分有、无侧隙的2种情况,该文采用细长孔的流量公式计算出侧隙内的压差泄漏量,并在困油轴向泄漏路径适当简化的基础上,计算出困油的轴向泄漏量。然后由困油区内"困油容积对时间的变化率等于泄漏量"所处的瞬态位置计算出最大困油压力,其正确性采用现有文献的试验结果来验证。结果表明,在案例参数下,当侧隙由30 μm变化到200 μm,最大困油压力位置与卸荷槽关闭点所在位置的偏离率由18.2%下降到3.5%,说明侧隙越大,最大困油压力所处位置越接近于卸荷槽关闭点所在位置;侧隙内的卷吸流数量级为?6,压差流数量级为?4,卷吸流可以忽略不计;最大困油压力发生在理论卸荷槽所在位置和实际卸荷槽所在位置之间,大小受出口压力和转速共同的线性影响,采用细长孔的流量公式计算侧隙流量比薄壁孔流量公式更为精确。所建解析式可快速地精确求出最大困油压力及所处位置,可为最大困油压力的预估和卸荷槽布局提供参考。     

齿轮泵齿侧间隙与卸荷槽间距关系的定量分析

为探索在一定的容积效率和最大限度缓解困油现象的前提下,齿轮泵无侧隙时的最小卸荷槽间距是否适用于有侧隙情况,该文在主要考虑困油的齿侧间隙泄漏和卸荷槽槽口泄漏的基础上,通过前期所建立且被验证的困油模型,对齿侧间隙泄漏量、槽口泄漏量及两者的泄漏容积率进行仿真计算,给出了2种泄漏容积率针对不同的齿侧间隙值、转速和出口压力的变化曲线。结果表明,现有针对有、无侧隙的判别式过于苛刻;侧隙越大、出口压力越高时,容积效率越低,困油现象越轻;转速越高时,容积效率越高,困油现象越严重;无侧隙时的最小卸荷槽间距极大地改善了困油现象,容积效率得以提高,较大侧隙下仍可采用小侧隙下的卸荷槽间距。研究结果可为齿轮泵的卸荷槽布置提供一种新的参考。     

外啮合齿轮泵卸荷面积的精确仿真分析

为获得与困油压力仿真模型实现无缝连接的卸荷面积计算方法,依据齿轮泵的困油原理和卸荷线的分割面积法,计算出分割点随转角的变化规律,结合展开法生成的过渡曲线代替圆弧过渡,给出了卸荷面积与卸荷槽宽度之间的精确关系和一个困油周期内卸荷面积及困油面积的精确结果。实例仿真说明卸荷面积及困油面积的变化为抛物线型,结果数据与现有文献提供的非常一致,说明了所建模型的正确性。得出卸荷面积以及困油面积计算的精确性,为后续困油压力仿真的可靠性提供了保证以及计算方法的通用性。     

齿轮泵侧隙卸荷的界定标准与验证

为解决当前泵用齿轮副侧隙大、小界定含糊的问题,基于侧隙传动与困油的性能要求,从双齿啮合区内的2困油容积连通和单齿啮合区卸荷的性能完善方面,通过困油循环及困油过程的分析,建立出2类区域内的困油流量及峰值,推导出卸荷用侧隙、连通用侧隙及其均值和峰值;并进行实例运算和验证分析。结果表明:卸荷区与连通区的困油流量峰值比为3,前者的卸荷负担最大;连通区的真正连通,所需侧隙高达2.41 mm,实际上并不存在;卸荷侧隙大于连通侧隙,以连通侧隙作为侧隙大与小的分界点,卸荷侧隙作为上限值的界定可行;计算与试验的侧隙误差为7.5%,比较吻合,且上限值有20%的安全裕度,比较可靠等。泵用侧隙的界定为大、小侧隙的正确区分提供了参考,也可为后续的相关研究提供参考。     

变速椭圆齿轮泵的非线性振动模型与拍击特性

变速椭圆齿轮泵是一种具有大排量、低脉动的新型容积泵,为提升其在高转速下的动力学性能,降低振动和噪声,对该齿轮泵在周期负载作用下的拍击振动行为进行研究。阐明了基于外部非圆齿轮变速驱动的椭圆齿轮泵流量脉动平抑原理,给出了变速椭圆齿轮泵中两级非圆齿轮机构的传动比函数;基于集中参数法,考虑轮齿间的弹性变形、静态传递误差、齿侧间隙及周期负载等因素,构建了变速椭圆齿轮泵的非线性拍击动力学模型,运用龙格-库塔法求解系统的动态响应,定量分析了变速椭圆齿轮泵的拍击特性以及关键参数对拍击门槛转速的影响。结果表明:随着变速椭圆齿轮泵输入转速的增加,系统先后经历无拍击、单边拍击和双边拍击状态,在设计参数下系统的拍击门槛转速为985 r/min,当拍击发生后齿间动态啮合力均方根会迅速增大;提高泵口压强或系统制造精度能够提升拍击门槛转速,泵口压强由0增至3.5 MPa,系统的拍击门槛转速由118 r/min增至1 637 r/min,从动椭圆转子静态传递误差幅值由7×10~(-2) mm降低至1×10~(-2) mm,拍击门槛转速由441 r/min提升至985 r/min,而增加转子偏心率,会导致拍击门槛转速先缓慢升高后迅速降低,为抑制变速椭圆齿轮泵的拍击振动和噪声及提升无拍击状态下最大瞬时流量提供理论依据。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.