蛋白核小球藻对铅、镉和汞吸附速率及其影响因素的研究

通过吸附时间、藻细胞密度和重金属浓度等参数条件的变化,研究蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）对海水中Pb2＋、Cd2＋和Hg2＋的吸附。结果表明,蛋白核小球藻对Pb2＋、Cd2＋和Hg2＋的吸附率分别在2～4d内快速升高后趋于平衡,而吸附量在第1d达到最大值后逐渐变小。藻细胞密度为1×106cell·mL-1时,吸附量最大,当藻细胞密度达到4×106cell·mL-1时,吸附率增幅减小并趋于平衡。随着Pb2＋、Cd2＋和Hg2＋浓度升高,吸附率呈逐渐变小趋势,吸附量却增加。蛋白核小球藻吸附Pb2＋符合Freundlich等温线方程,而吸附Cd2＋和Hg2＋符合Dubimim-Radushkevich等温线方程。蛋白核小球藻对Pb2＋、Cd2＋和Hg2＋的最大吸附量分别为4.84、37.7mg·L-1和5.61μg·L-1,吸附能力顺序为Cd2＋〉Pb2＋〉Hg2＋。     

Studies on Selective Uptake Behavior of Hg(II) and Pb(II) by Functionalized Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Fiber with 4-Vinyl Pyridine/2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate

The adsorption behavior of 4-vinyl pyridine and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber toward the Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions in aqueous solutions was studied by a batch equilibration technique. The influence of the treatment time was considered as well as the pH of the solution, the initial metal ions concentration, the graft yield, and the temperature. Such parameters as the adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherm, and the desorption time were further studied. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH 3 and pH 6 for Hg(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order equation for heavy metal ions. The adsorption data is a good fit with Freundlich isotherm. Desorption studies indicated that the maximum percent recovery of Hg(II) and Pb(II) was 93.4% and 76.3%, respectively with 1 M HNO₃.     

水洗处理对秸秆生物质炭吸附解吸Cd2+和Pb2+的特性影响

水洗处理在不影响生物质炭性质的前提下,可以去除附着在其表面的热解副产物,从而保证对重金属离子的去除能力。以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,比较两种秸秆类生物质炭对溶液Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附解吸特点及其水溶性盐分含量的影响。结果表明,小麦和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附过程均更好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程。小麦秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量达12.82 mg g?1和9.91 mg g?1,为玉米秸秆吸附量的1.31 ~ 1.76倍和1.06 ~ 1.53倍。洗脱水溶性盐分可以降低生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附,水洗后小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+的最大吸附量分别降低42.36%和60.13%,对Pb2+的最大吸附量分别降低29.47%和62.72%。水洗处理提高了两种秸秆生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸率,其中小麦秸秆生物质炭提高幅度较大,由原来对Cd2+的解吸率为1.84% ~ 13.05%提高到7.88% ~ 20.19%,对Pb2+的解吸率为1.57% ~ 11.82%提高到6.34% ~ 16.94%。因此,可溶性盐分在秸秆生物质炭吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的过程中具有重要作用,该研究结果将为制备高效修复重金属污染土壤的生物质材料提供技术支撑。     

Pretreating landfill leachate with peat to remove metals

In this investigation, the capacity of peat to treat two different landfill leachates was determined. Freundlich isotherms showed that, for the tested metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb), an increased time of contact increased the level of adsorption over the entire range of influent values studied. In addition, metal interaction may play an important role in the adsorption of metals from leachate, as the various metal ions compete for the available adsorption sites on the peat. Column studies using two leachates, one from a municipal refuse fill (Al, Ca, Cd, Fe, Mg, Na, and Pb), and one from a fill which receives mainly oil and fly ash (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, and V), were conducted to establish design parameters for full-scale design. The efficiency of treatment was evaluated as a function of factors important for developing filter design criteria. Further considerations were given to filter longevity and ease of replacement, as well as for the ultimate disposal of the peat from the filters. For the municipal leachate a compaction density of 0.12 g mL^?1 gave the best results as clogging occurred at higher densities, whereas 0.18 g mL^?1 provided the best removal for the industrial leachate. While peat is incapable of adequately removing metals to acceptable levels for direct discharge, peat can provide substantial removal as a pretreatment process at low hydraulic loadings. Desorption of up to 50% was found when deionized water was applied to spent columns so ultimate disposal of the peat would require a dry environment.     

Effects of Municipal Sewage Sludge Application on Soil and Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) Contamination by Metals in a Maritime Pine Forest

Granular bentonite has been assessed regarding its capacity to remove Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. Sorption capacities, kinetics and the dependence of the sorption process on pH were determined. Fractional power, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion equations were used to model the kinetics of metal adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model showed the best fit to experimental data. Different two-parameter sorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin?CRadushkevich) were used to fit the equilibrium data. Freundlich's isotherm model gave the best fit to experimental data. The selectivity of granular bentonite towards these metals is Pb(II)?>?Cd(II)?>?Hg(II). The adsorption capacities of granular bentonite towards the metals expressed in milligramme metal per gramme granular bentonite are 19.45, 13.05 and 1.7 for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II), respectively (for an initial concentration of 100 mg metal/L).     

Trace metal composition and speciation in street sediment: Sault Ste. Marie,Canada

Street sediment collected in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario was examined for trace element composition (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) and the metal partitioning to various sediment properties was determined by sequential extraction. Total Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations exceeded the lowest effect levels specified in the Ontario Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines for Metals (Environment Ontario, 1992) and derived from bioassay studies. According to these Guidelines, the disposal of such sediment has to be guided by environmental considerations. A significant fraction of these metals was extractable in 0.5 N HCl over a 12-hour period and considered as potentially bioavailable. The major accumulative phases of toxic metals in this sediment are exchangeable, carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and organic matter but the relative importance of each phase varied for individual metals. Approximately 20% of the total extractable Cd is found in each of these four fractions. Pb, Zn and Mn are predominantly bound to carbonates, Fe/Mn oxides and organic matter. Cu shows a high affinity for organic matter and to a lesser extent for carbonates. Elevated levels of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn and Cr in the exchangeable and/or soluble phase suggest that sediment associated metals, mobilised from streets in Sault Ste. Marie during runoff and snowmelt, would adversely impact water quality in the receiving waters. However, large fractions of the total metal load are associated with coarser particles which are unlikely to be transported through the drainage system into receiving waters.     

福建典型烟区土壤、灌溉水和肥料中重金属含量调查

农作物体内的重金属主要来自土壤、施肥、大气沉降以及降雨或灌溉.本文采集了福建省主要的烟草肥料和全国清香型烤烟的代表之一福建省龙岩市永定县土壤和烟田灌溉水体样品,分析了其中的重金属含量,并与国家相应标准中的限量进行了对比.结果表明:①烟田土壤中As含量为限量标准的12.3％ ～ 65.0％,Cd为66.7％ ～ 100.0％,Cr为4.0％ ～ 47.3％,Hg为0～ 66.7％,Pb为0.3％ ～ 63.3％,目前尚均属安全级别,但个别烟田的土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量偏高;②烟草肥料中As含量为限量标准的0.7％ ～ 24.0％,Cd为0.5％～2.1％,Cr为0～ 21.4％,Hg为0～ 4.8％,Pb为7.7％ ～ 50.6％,目前尚均属安全级别,但一种钙镁磷肥中的Pb含量略高;③灌溉水体中As含量为限量标准的0～0.5％,Cd为0.1％～5.8％,Cr为0.3％～ 1.6％,Hg为8.6％ ～ 55.4％,Pb为0～ 2.6％,绝大部分灌溉水体中重金属含量远低于限量标准,均属安全级别.     

Chemical Investigation of Water Resources Around the Yatagan Thermal Power Plant of Turkey

In this work, trace metals such as Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in underground water samples obtained from three wells, an ash-pond and drinking water located near the Yatagan Thermal Power Plant were measured. As, Hg, Cu and Zn contents of the underground water were lower than those reported in the EEC (European Economic Community) and WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines. In contrast, the levels of Fe, Pb, Cd and Mn in some groundwater samples were higher than EEC and WHO guideline values. The trace metal concentrations in coal ash-pond water were observed to be lower than water quality standards with the exception of Pb. The obtained results indicated that the trace metal concentration in the sampled drinking water site did not exceed WHO limits.     

土壤矿物对汞的吸持特性研究

吸附热力学与动力学试验研究结果表明 ,5种土壤矿物对Hg的吸附容量与吸附强度均表现为MnO2 >Fe2 O3 >膨润土 >高岭土 >CaCO3 。MnO2 对Hg吸附容量大且固持能力强 ,CaCO3 则与之相反。各土壤矿物结合汞的形态分布特征表明各土壤矿物结合汞在不同环境的稳定性及相应数量比例。挥发试验结果表明各土壤矿物结合汞的环境活性 (挥发活性 )大小受土壤矿物对Hg吸附容量与吸附强度制约 ,并与矿物结合汞的形态分布特征相关 ,水溶交换态和酸溶态比例越高则土壤矿物结合汞挥发活性越强 ,碱溶态和残渣态比例越高则土壤矿物结合汞挥发活性相应越弱     

东北地区奶牛舍围护结构的低限热阻计算与验证

为探究利用废弃农业生物质制备两性吸附材料处理含Pb2+和As5+废水方法,该文通过醚化反应将2种具有"钳形"|结构的改性剂（阳离子改性剂IA和阴离子改性剂IM）接枝到小麦秸秆的纤维素上,制备高效两性吸附材料WS-IAIM。利用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱对其结构进行表征。通过批量处理试验,研究了该材料对水中Pb2+和As5+的去除能力和可能的吸附机理,探讨了其吸附动力学和热力学。结果表明：随着溶液pH值的增加,吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附量增大,对As5+的吸附量减少,吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和拟二级动力学模型。根据Langmuir模型,在313 K时,对Pb2+和As5+的理论最大吸附量分别180.12和27.48 mg/g。吸附热力学和动力学结果表明,该吸附是一个自发的化学吸热过程。WS-IAIM对Pb2+和As5+的吸附过程吸附机理以离子交换和络合作用为主。该吸附材料重复使用5次后,对2种重金属离子的吸附量仍然可达159.3和19.8 mg/g。研究结果可为农作物秸秆的源化利用和水体环境中复杂重金属净化提供理论依据。     

沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究

为研究稻田消解沼液对水稻安全生产、土壤肥力及质量的影响,评价沼液施用后对水体及大气环境污染的风险,提出稻田沼液消解安全容量,在浙江省嘉兴市青紫泥田（属脱潜潴育型水稻土）上,进行3a定位田间小区试验,考察了不同沼液用量下水稻产量、稻谷及土壤中有害重金属含量差异,测定了稻田氨挥发通量及田面水、下渗水氮含量,并确定了稻田沼液消解容量。结果表明,连续3a、每年水稻生长季施灌沼液135～540kgN·hm-2的范围内,水稻产量与全化肥区持平或略有增产,施灌沼液处理的稻谷中有害重金属镉、铅、汞、砷含量没有明显增加;除高沼液用量处理土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量明显增加外,其他土壤肥力指标没有明显增加,土壤中重金属含量也没有明显积累;施用沼液处理田面水中铵态氮含量明显高于全化肥处理,但对土壤下渗水氮含量影响较小;2倍氮沼液用量下,水田消解中氨挥发量占总氮投入量的13%,高于全化肥处理10倍以上。在水稻生产安全、农产品安全、土壤质量可持续、农田水环境友好的前提下,水稻生长季沼液稻田消解的安全容量为540kgN·hm^-2·a^-1;氨挥发是目前沼液稻田消解中主要的环境风险。     

The Impact of Biochar Addition on Nutrient Leaching and Soil Properties from Tillage Soil Amended with Pig Manure

Poses dam in the Seine River estuary acts as receptacle of water drain-offs from highly urbanized and industrialized catchment area; therefore, this water is highly contaminated by trace metals. Most trace elements are mainly bound to particulate matter and are incorporated rapidly into the sediments. Scavenging of these metals in the sediments can be reversible due to several perturbations so as sediments also act as a source of pollutants for the overlying water. For instance, natural events (tide, flood, storm) and anthropogenic processes (water management actions) can cause disturbance of sediments and subsequent remobilization of pollutants to the water column, thereby posing a potential threat for aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility of trace metals by different methods in the Seine estuary sediments. The surface sediment sampled at Poses dam was characterized by high pollution level of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The estimation of metal bioavailability through ratio ΣSEM/AVS (simultaneously extracted metals/acid volatile sulfides) indicates a potential bioavailability of trace metals. The chemical partitioning using the European Community of Bureau of Reference sequential extraction method revealed that over 85, 82, and 80 % of the total Cd, Zn, and Pb, respectively, were found to be associated with the exchangeable and reducible fractions of the sediment. Another approach used consists in the quantification of dissolved metals released by sediment resuspension experiments in laboratory under controlled conditions. The results indicated that metals are released rapidly from sediment with a sharp peak at the beginning of the experiment, followed by a fast coprecipitation and/or adsorption processes on the suspended particles. Also, the Cd, Pb, and Ni mobility is higher compared to that of the other metals.     

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Dye from Dye-Contaminated Water by Adsorption Using Red Mud: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Utilization of industrial solid wastes for the treatment of wastewater from another industry could help environmental pollution abatement, in solving both solid waste disposal as well as liquid waste problems. Red mud (RM) is a waste product in the production of alumina and it poses serious pollution hazard. The present paper focuses on the possibility of utilization of RM as an adsorbent for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue dye (RBB), a reactive dye from dye-contaminated water. Adsorption of RBB, from dye-contaminated water was studied by adsorption on powdered sulfuric acid-treated RM. The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, initial pH, and adsorbent dosage were studied. Langmuir isotherm model has been found to represent the equilibrium data for RBB?CRM adsorption system better than Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of RM was found to be 27.8?mg dye/g of adsorbent at 40?°C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption of RBB on acid-treated RM is an endothermic reaction with ?H ⁰ of 28.38?kJ/mol. The adsorption kinetics is represented by second-order kinetic model and the kinetic constant was estimated to be 0.0105?±?0.005?g/mg?min. Validity of intra-particle diffusion kinetic model suggested that among the mass transfer processes during the dye adsorption process, pore diffusion is the controlling step and not the film diffusion. The process can serve dual purposes of utilization of an industrial solid waste and the treatment of liquid waste.     

汞在山东省三种森林土壤上的吸附解吸特征研究

As one of the most toxic heavy metals with persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in environment, mercury and its envi- ronmental problems have caused a global concern. To fully understand the behavior and fate of mercury (Hg)(Ⅱ) in forest soils, a series of batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Hg(Ⅱ) by three dark brown forest soils from Mount Taishan, Laoshan Mountain, and Fanggan Village in Shandong Province, China. The adsorption solution was prepared using 0.1 mol L-1 NaNO3 as background electrolyte, with Hg(Ⅱ) at rising concentration gradients of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mg L-1 . Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was adopted to characterize the soil samples and soil-Hg complexes. It was found that Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The soil from Mount Taishan had the largest potential Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption capacity, though with less adsorptive intensity. The percentages of Hg(Ⅱ) desorbed from all soil samples were less than 0.6%, which suggested that all the soils studied had a high binding strength for Hg(Ⅱ). The soil from Mount Taishan had a higher Hg(Ⅱ) desorption capacity than the other soils, which indicated that the Hg(Ⅱ) deposited on the topsoil of Mount Taishan from atmosphere may easily discharge to surface water through runoff. Results of the FTIR spectroscopy showed that the three soils contained the same functional groups. The relative absorbencies of soil-Hg complexes changed significantly compared with those of the soil samples and the adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ) mainly acted on the O-H, C-O, and C=O groups of the soils.     

Evaluation of Pb and Ni Mobility to Groundwater in Calcareous Urban Soils of Ancona, Italy

This study was performed on 21 soils with the aim of establishing whether Pb and Ni adsorption/desorption parameters could be considered as good indicators of the risk of groundwater pollution. Results showed that high pH values in soil caused a totally irreversible Pb adsorption, thus excluding any risk of Pb groundwater pollution. Sorption/desorption studies, quantified by the desorption index (DI), showed that Ni retention was only partly affected by the basic pH values but it was also due to the electrostatic attraction processes occurring on soil surfaces, as demonstrated by the partial reversibility of the Ni sorbed. This justifies possible risks of Ni groundwater pollution. The results of a monitoring research confirmed these findings. Results suggested that the adsorption/desorption parameters, namely DI, are promising indicators to predict the risk of groundwater pollution from metals in calcareous soils.     

Metal fluxes to Swedis forest lakes

Data on atmospheric deposition, transport via run-off water and contents in soil were used to estimate the fluxes of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Hg to Swedish forest lakes. The calculations refer to a hypothetical lake with a surface area of about 9% of the total catchment area. There are clear differences in the pathways and transport mechanisms for the different elements. The dominating pathway for the input of Zn and Cd to lakes is via run-off from the drainage area. About 60 to 95% of the total load comes from run-off, highest in the acidified areas. The acidification status of the soil is by far the most important factor regulating the mobility of these elements. The amounts of Hg and Pb deposited on the drainage area are mainly accumulating in the surficial soil layers. The transport of these elements is primarily associated with humic substances. About 30 to 50% of the total load of Pb and 25 to 75% of the total load of Hg to lakes originates from run-off. The transport mechanisms for Cu are similar to those of Pb and Hg, but due to the lower anthropogenic airborne load, the direct deposition is of less importance.     

三峡库区消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析

三峡库区是我国重要的水源地, 研究库区水陆交错带消落区内土壤重金属污染程度并解析其来源,对水库的水环境和土壤环境具有重要意义。本研究采用地质累积指数, 对三峡库区消落区175 m 水位蓄水前12 个采样区表层68 个土样的土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 和Cr 污染进行评价, 结果表明: 整个研究区不受Cr 污染, 研究区70%以上面积不受Pb、Cu 和Zn 污染; 研究区As 污染最严重, 其次为Cd 和Hg。利用因子分析法对这7 种重金属来源进行解析的结果表明, 库区消落区土壤重金属源可分为2 大类别:“自然因子”类别元素(Cr、Pb、Cu 和Zn)和“工业污染因子”类别元素(Hg、As 和Cd)。消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析可为消落区生态环境的综合治理提供参考。     

珠江三角洲河网区水体及鱼体内重金属含量分析与评价

采用原子吸收及原子荧光法,对珠江三角洲河网区水体及鱼体中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni、Cd、As和Hg含量进行了检测,并以国家地表水环境质量标准（Ⅲ类）及水产品中有毒有害物质限量进行了评价。结果表明,水体中Cr、Pb和Hg为主要污染元素,超标率分别为22.2%、11.1%和5.6%,水体中不同季节Pb和Cr含量变化基本特征为丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期,河网不同江段变化特征不同,这与重金属在水体中的存在形态及受水动力条件影响有关;鱼体中残留的重金属元素有Cr、Pb和As,超标率分别为36.7%、27.1%和6.3%,超标鱼类主要分布于肇庆-富湾及大塘-三水江段。不同鱼类重金属元素残留特征为底层鱼大于中上层鱼,肉食性鱼大于植食性鱼和杂食性鱼。Pb和Cr为珠江三角洲河网区水体及鱼体中重金属污染的主要元素。     

Sediment Records of Fallout Radionuclides and their Application to Studies of Sediment-Water Interactions

The fallout radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs are widely used to date environmental records contained in lake sediments. Since the radionuclide records are themselves the outcome of the transformation of atmospheric fallout by mediating transport processes from the catchment, through the water column and post-depositional migration via pore waters, reliable models of these processes are crucial to accurate dating. The large quantities of data on 210Pb and 137Cs in lake sediments accumulated through their widespread dating applications may be used to study transport models. Their advantages as tracers of transport processes include widespread dispersal through the environment, relatively simple and well known input functions, and ease of measurement. One of the principle factors controlling the transport of any species through the water column is its distribution between aqueous and particulate phases. The relatively solubility of 137Cs in the water column is demonstrated by the reduced 137Cs/210Pb inventory ratios in sediments compared to values expected from direct fallout. Using sediment records from a wide range of Cumbrian lakes, calculations based on simple models indicate that the particulate fraction of weapons fallout 137Cs in the water column ranged from 5-22%, and was proportional to the square root of the sedimentation rate (determined by 210Pb). The KD value for weapons 137Cs in the water column is estimated to be in the range 1-2×105 L kg-1. This is comparable with KD values for Chernobyl 137Cs in these lakes (Smith et al. in press) obtained from direct measurements in the water column.