长期施钾肥水稻土对铵离子吸附特征及影响因素的研究

以长期施 K 肥的水稻土为研究对象,以不施肥处理为对照,应用Langmuir 等温吸附方程对比研究两种处理水稻土对铵离子(NH4 )的吸附特征及影响因素.结果表明:本研究中水稻土对NH4 的吸附属于受浓度梯度扩散控制的物理吸附.土壤对NH4 的吸附量随吸附溶液NH4 浓度的增大而增加,但增加的幅度随吸附溶液NH4 浓度的增加而减小.不同大小团聚体对NH4 的吸附能力存在差异.土壤对NH4 的吸附特征通过拟合Langmuir方程发现,和不施肥处理相比,长期施用K肥提高了土壤对NH4 的最大吸附量,表明K肥的施用提高了土壤对NH4 的吸附潜力,可能的原因在于长期施K肥土壤伊利石含量和pH值的增加,固定态NH4 含量的降低.     

保水剂在不同铵盐溶液体系中的吸水和吸附铵离子特征

为探明保水剂与NH4+的相互作用,选用聚丙烯酸盐型保水剂(PAA)和聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂(P(AA-AM)),研究了保水剂在系列NH4Cl、NH4Cl-KCl、NH4Cl-CaCl2溶液体系中的吸水行为和对铵离子的吸附特征。结果表明:铵离子能显著降低保水剂的吸水倍率,并随铵离子浓度的增加,吸水倍率显著降低,相对吸水倍率与NH4+浓度之间具有显著的幂函数的减函数关系;NH4+、K+、Ca2+单一体系,NH4+-K+、NH4+-Ca2+共存体系对保水剂吸水倍率的影响按NH4+-K+相似文献   

高聚物土壤结构改良剂的研究Ⅱ.高聚物对土壤肥料的作用

研究了几类聚合物(中性、阴离子型和两性型)对土壤吸附4种含肥料元素的离子(NH4 +、NO3-、K+、PO43-)和土壤肥料抗淋溶效果的影响.实验表明,中性和两性型聚合物能增加土壤对4种离子的吸附量,并提高土壤含肥料元素离子的抗淋溶作用,随中性和两性型聚合物施用量的增大,土壤对4种离子的吸附量和抗淋溶作用增加;阴离子型聚合物增加土壤对NH4+和K+的吸附量及其抗淋溶作用,降低土壤对NO3-和PO43-的吸附量及其抗淋溶作用.     

不同粒径保水剂对锌肥吸附及缓释性能研究

针对锌肥直接使用到土壤中利用率低的问题,选取4种粒径保水剂(M、L、L1和L2),通过吸附与缓释实验研究其对锌的吸附特性及其重复缓释性能。结果表明:采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程对4种粒径保水剂的吸附实验数据进行拟合分析,得出4种粒径保水剂适合Freundlich等温吸附模型,为多分子层吸附,且其吸附为适中吸附;保水剂对Zn2+的吸附符合准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99),化学吸附是控制吸附速率的主要因子,其吸附平衡时间为60 min(M)<240 min(L)<1320 min(L2)<1360 min(L1),平衡吸锌量大小顺序为L1>L2>L>M,即L1(4～6 mm)粒径吸附平衡时间较长,最大吸锌量高;保水剂累积释锌量表现为L1、L2>M、L,较大粒径保水剂L1(4～6 mm)、L2(6～10 mm)在相同条件下可以释放更多锌离子,具有更好的释肥效果;FT-IR分析表明高分子保水剂内部官能团的离子交换与络合对于Zn2+的吸附固定起重要作用。综合来看,所供试的4种不同粒径保水剂,从不同浓度溶液中吸肥、释肥性能来看,L1(4～6 mm)粒径保水剂的性能最佳,推荐作为锌肥缓释载体的适宜粒径,可避免直接施锌肥造成土壤中锌的生物有效性低而导致肥料利用率低的问题。     

不同保水剂对土壤水分和氮素保持的比较研究

保水剂应用对土壤水肥利用效率具有重要影响。本文采用土柱模拟试验方法,以不施保水剂处理为对照,比较3种保水剂——聚丙烯酸盐类保水剂(A)、有机–无机复合保水剂(B)、腐植酸型多功能保水剂(C)对土壤水分和两种氮肥(尿素、硝酸铵)的保持效应,筛选保水剂与氮肥的合理施用配合。8次土壤淋溶结果表明:3种保水剂对土壤水分和两种氮肥都有保持作用,但差异明显。在保水方面,A、B保水剂土壤水分保持效果较好且保水效果相近,C保水剂相对较差;随浇水次数增加,3种保水剂的保水效果均有所降低。在保肥方面,C保水剂对两种氮素的保持效果显著优于对照,且对硝酸铵保持效果优于对尿素的保持效果;A保水剂对尿素的保持效果明显,但对硝酸铵的保持效果很小,淋溶8次后,甚至对氮素淋溶有促进作用;B保水剂对尿素的保持效果8次淋溶后与C保水剂相近,对硝酸铵的保持效果介于其他两种保水剂之间。此外,保水剂对土壤脲酶活性有一定影响,其变化与氮素转化有关;施用尿素的土壤中,保水剂对土壤脲酶活性的影响为B保水剂C保水剂A保水剂,而施用硝酸铵的土壤中为A保水剂B保水剂C保水剂。     

不同无机矿物应用于包膜复合肥的氮素释放特征及其评价

探讨了不同无机矿物用于膜材料后的包膜复合肥氮素养分释放特性、生物效应和评价方法。采用了土壤淋溶和土壤盆栽试验两种方法。试验方法的不同造成土壤盆栽与淋溶试验中各处理养分释放拟合曲线的差异 。两种方法的试验结果都能说明:无机矿物材料能有效地保持Ｎ素养分较长时间处于NH4＋-N形态,减少了因转化为NO3－-N形态造成的养分淋溶损失,但是各种材料彼此间存在一定的差异。盆栽试验中养分累计释放量与释放速率虽然快于作物的生理需求,但是受矿物材料和土壤缓冲作用的影响,作物氮素供应状况良好。与普通复合肥相比,各无机矿物用于包膜肥后能显著提高氮素利用率。蒙脱土效果最好,其次为高岭土,且差异显著。滑石粉、硅粉、硅藻土与前两者相比效果稍差,差异显著,但三者间差异不显著。无机矿物材料的耐水程度,养分吸附、固定能力和离子交换量等理化性质会影响包膜肥的养分释放性能。对于膜层疏松、耐水性差、主要靠养分吸附和固定机理控释的包膜肥来说,采用土壤作为养分释放介质更接近真实释放性能。评价包膜肥料的性能应该充分考虑养分形态、膜材特性、包膜工艺、土壤环境、供试作物等各方面因素,重点在“肥料–土壤–作物”系统中考查,从多种角度制定不同方案、通过多种方法综合评价其缓释效果。     

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放

可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子后 ,土壤的中和曲线上不出现pH突跃 ,而变成一条平缓变化的曲线。当土壤悬液的pH低于一定数值时 ,加入铜离子后不释放氢离子。该pH值与土壤中氧化铁的含量有关。氧化铁的含量越高 ,该pH值越高。对于大多数可变电荷土壤 ,此pH值为 4左右。对可变电荷土壤 ,pH值越接近 4,氢离子释放的快速过程越不明显。在pH 4左右 ,加入铜离子后 1 0分钟时 ,释放的氢离子量仅占 6 5分钟时释放量的 3 0 %左右。但当pH值高于 4 5时 ,在大多数情况下 ,加入铜离子后半分钟时释放的氢离子量即可占 6 5分钟时的 5 0 %以上。恒电荷土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子的释放速度比可变电荷土壤快得多。即使pH值低至 3 8,在加入铜离子后半分钟时氢离子的释放量即占 6 5分钟时的 5 6 %以上。可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比比恒电荷土壤大得多。当恒电荷土壤悬液中加入0 1mo1L- 1 NaNO3作支持电解质时 ,吸附铜离子时的H/Cu比增大。     

不同氮肥施用后土壤各氮库的动态研究

盆栽试验研究不同N肥施用后土壤各N库的动态结果表明 ,等N量均匀混施下尿素、碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵和硝酸钙 4种N肥处理小麦生物量和吸N量均无显著差异。NH4 N肥和酰胺态氮肥的硝化作用在 14d内完成。尿素、碳酸氢铵和硫酸铵处理土壤微生物N含量均随作物生长呈下降趋势 ,这可能是作物对微生物N库的消耗所致。作物对“老固定态”铵的利用能力很弱。施入NH4 N肥或酰胺态氮肥前期显著增加土壤固定态铵含量 ,并被作物生长后期吸收利用。 4种N肥表观回收率、表现损失和固定率均无显著差异。     

施用保水剂对旱地赤红壤持水能力及氮肥淋失的影响

为探明保水剂在旱地赤红壤对水分和氮素养分的保持效果,用土柱开展旱地赤红壤施用保水剂试验。结果表明,保水剂具有明显的保水保肥效果。添加土重1‰的保水剂,土壤吸持的水量增加18%～50%。保水剂的吸水能力在土壤水分处于饱和状态时为64～71g/g,在田间持水量状态时为112～115g/g,当土壤水分处于较低的供给水平时,保水剂的保水效果更明显。相比保水剂在不受土壤颗粒约束(无空间限制)的条件下,对0.01%～0.1%NaCl溶液及去离子水235～539g/g吸水能力的表现,表明土壤固相的限制和土壤盐分或电解质的影响,妨碍了保水剂吸水能力的发挥。保水剂的保肥效果也值得关注,在10mm/d的灌水强度下经过35d淋溶,施用保水剂的处理0-30cm土层的氮肥淋失率从26.2%降至17.1%,氮肥淋失减少了34.7%。     

白浆土NH_4~+吸附特征的影响因素

为探究白浆土对氮素的吸附规律及其影响因素,有效指导白浆土氮肥的科学施用,本研究采用平衡吸附法,研究了温度、有机质含量、振荡时间和离子强度等因素对白浆土吸附NH4+的影响,结果表明:(1)随初始NH+4浓度(0~1 000 mg/L)的增加,白浆土对其吸附量也增加,当NH+4浓度≥600 mg/L时,吸附渐趋饱和,温度升高(293~313 K)有利于该吸附反应的进行,表观热力学参数(ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0)的变化表明,NH+4在白浆土表面的吸附是自发、吸热且混乱度增加的过程。(2)剖面层次所引起的有机质含量递减亦会对白浆土吸附NH+4的数量有所抑制。(3)振荡时间影响白浆土吸附NH+4的动力学过程,该过程可分为起始的快速反应阶段及经过360 min后的慢速反应阶段,所选用的4个动力学方程均能较好拟合这一动态过程。应用过渡态理论所计算的活化热力学参数(ΔG≠0,ΔH≠0,ΔS≠0)表明,NH+4在白浆土上的动力学吸附过程是耗能且体系有序度增高的过程。(4)共存Na+在其不同浓度范围内对白浆土吸附NH+4的影响机制各有不同,当Na+≥0.4 mol/L时,提升其浓度有利于NH+4在白浆土上的吸附。综上所述,在较高土壤养分含量条件下,后移施用氮肥则更有利于其利用率的提升。     

高分子保水剂在土壤水肥保持和污染治理中的应用进展

高分子保水剂(super absorbent polymer,SAP)是一种具有高吸水和保水能力的高分子聚合物,应用土壤具有水肥保持和土壤改良等多重效应,近年在农业生产、水土保持和污染治理中应用受到重视。该文通过作者多年研究积累和文献综合分析,回顾了高分子保水剂发展历程,提出其效应原理的理论体系,包括保水剂自身吸水、保水和释水原理,保水剂促进土壤改良和保持效应原理;保水剂提高肥料等农化产品利用效率原理;保水剂调节植物生理节水效应原理和固化土壤重金属效应原理。此外,文章对保水剂在农业水肥保持与高效利用、土壤重金属污染治理等方面的研究进展进行了系统分析,并根据其存在问题,指出加强新型产品研制及其应用基础研究,加快应用技术推广是保水剂发展的主要方向。     

Effect of Inorganic N Composition of Fertilizers on Nitrous Oxide Emission Associated with Nitrification and Denitrification

We studied the effect of repeated application (once every 2 d) of a fertilizer solution with different ratios of NH₄ ⁺ - and NO₃ ^?-N on N₂O emission from soil. After the excess fertilizer solution was drained from soil, the water content of soil was adjusted to 50% of the maximum water-holding capacity by suction at 6 × 10³ Pa. Repeated application of NH₄ ⁺- rich fertilizer solution stimulated nitrification in soil more than NO₃ ^?-rich fertilizer. Although the evolution of N₂O through nitrifier denitrification tended to increase with the repeated addition of a fertilizer solution rich in NH₄ ⁺ rather than in NO₃ ^?, the contribution of nitrifier denitrification remained at levels of 20 to 36% of the total emission regardless of the inorganic N composition. The total emission of N₂O also tended to increase with the application of NH₄ ⁺- rather than NO₃ ^?-rich fertilizer. It was suggested that the coupled process of nitrification and denitrification at micro-aerobic sites became important when fertilizer rich in NH₄ ⁺ was applied to soil under relatively aerobic conditions.     

膜孔直径对浑水膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性的影响

通过对西安粉壤土进行4种膜孔直径(6,8,10,12cm)的浑水膜孔肥液自由入渗室内试验,观测并分析了湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量、湿润体内水分分布以及NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N运移特性的变化规律。结果表明:膜孔直径对浑水膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性具有较为显著的影响。不同膜孔直径的浑水膜孔灌肥液自由入渗累积入渗量符合Philip入渗模型;湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间呈极显著的幂函数关系;在相同的入渗时间内,膜孔直径越大,湿润锋运移距离越大,单位膜孔面积累积入渗量越小,同一位置处土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量越大。入渗400min内,在膜孔中心附近区域NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量较高,湿润体内土壤NO_3~--N主要集中分布在距膜孔中心15cm范围内,而NH_4~+-N主要集中分布在距膜孔中心8cm范围内。     

Effects of Weak Acids on Canopy Leaching and Uptake Processes in a Coniferous-Deciduous Mixed Evergreen Forest in Central-South China

The effects of Weak acids (WA) on the canopy leaching and uptake processes are evaluated by comparing the leached base cations or the absorbed protons while including and excluding WA, e.g. the WA-included method and the WA-excluded method. The seasonal WA throughfall flux is even larger than twice the bulk precipitation flux except summer, which not only partly agrees with the conclusion that the total deposition of WA equals twice the bulk or dry deposition flux in European Intensive Monitoring plots (level II), but also indicates the significant canopy leaching of WA in Shaoshan forest. The seasonal canopy leaching of base cations in association with WA accounts for 6–30% of the total base cations in throughfall, with an annual mean of 23%, which is slightly higher than the 15% at the Speulder forest in The Netherlands. The canopy exchange capacity of H⁺ to NH₄ ⁺ is closed to 6.0 while neglecting the WA exchange, which probably supports the assumption that the exchange capacity of H⁺ is six times that of NH₄ ⁺. Simultaneously, we suggest that the WA is competitive to a certain extent with protons to leach base cations of plant tissues during the canopy exchange processes.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOIL N TEST FOR FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR WHEAT

Optimal fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates result in economic yield levels and reduced pollution. A soil test for determining optimal fertilizer N rates for wheat has not been developed for Quebec, Canada, or many other parts of the world. Therefore, the objectives were to determine: 1) the relationship among soil nitrate (NO^? ₃)- N, soil ammonium (NH ⁺ ₄)- N and N fertilizer on wheat yields; and 2) the soil sampling times and depths most highly correlated with yield response to soil NO^? ₃-N and NH ⁺ ₄-N. In a three year research work, wet and dried soil samples of 0- to 30- and 30- to 60-cm depths from 20 wheat fields that received four rates of N fertilizer at seeding and postseeding (plants 15 cm tall) were analyzed for NH ⁺ ₄-N and NO^? ₃ -N using a quick-test (N-Trak) and a standard laboratory method. Wheat yield response to N fertilizer was limited, but strong to soil NO^? ₃-N.     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

Short-term competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer

Agricultural systems that receive high amounts of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the form of either ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻) or a combination thereof are expected to differ in soil N transformation rates and fates of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Using ¹⁵N tracer techniques this study examines how crop plants and soil microbes vary in their ability to take up and compete for fertilizer N on a short time scale (hours to days). Single plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) were grown on two agricultural soils in microcosms which received either NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ or NH₄NO₃. Within each fertilizer treatment traces of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were added separately. During 8 days of fertilization the fate of fertilizer ¹⁵N into plants, microbial biomass and inorganic soil N pools as well as changes in gross N transformation rates were investigated. One week after fertilization 45-80% of initially applied ¹⁵N was recovered in crop plants compared to only 1-10% in soil microbes, proving that plants were the strongest competitors for fertilizer N. In terms of N uptake soil microbes out-competed plants only during the first 4 h of N application independent of soil and fertilizer N form. Within one day microbial N uptake declined substantially, probably due to carbon limitation. In both soils, plants and soil microbes took up more NO₃⁻ than NH₄⁺ independent of initially applied N form. Surprisingly, no inhibitory effect of NH₄⁺ on the uptake and assimilation of nitrate in both, plants and microbes, was observed, probably because fast nitrification rates led to a swift depletion of the ammonium pool. Compared to plant and microbial NH₄⁺ uptake rates, gross nitrification rates were 3-75-fold higher, indicating that nitrifiers were the strongest competitors for NH₄⁺ in both soils. The rapid conversion of NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻ and preferential use of NO₃⁻ by soil microbes suggest that in agricultural systems with high inorganic N fertilizer inputs the soil microbial community could adapt to high concentrations of NO₃⁻ and shift towards enhanced reliance on NO₃⁻ for their N supply.     

Evaluation of polymers for controlled‐release properties when incorporated with nitrogen fertilizer solutions

Abstract

Three polymers (polyacrylate, vinyl‐alcohol, starch‐based) were evaluated for controlled‐release properties when expanded in urea, ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) solutions, at five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0,10,15, 20 g N/L, and saturation). The expansion capacity (mL solution absorbed/g dry polymer) of each polymer varied and was dependent on the type and concentration of fertilizer solution. On average, polymers incorporated with urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and KNO₃ fertilizer solutions had expansion capacities of 275, 24, and 30 mL/g, respectively. All three polymers reacted with ammonium ions in solution and resisted normal extraction procedures of ammonium with 2N KCl. To determine gel characteristics when applied to a soil medium, selected gel treatments were incubated in containers of loamy sand soil up to 28 days and then assessed for the quantity of gel recovered, N content, and N concentration. Although most gels released a large portion of N after only 7 days, some gels slowed diffusion better than the dry fertilizer controls up to 28 days.     

肥液浓度对不同形态氮素在土壤中运移转化特性的影响

为揭示肥液(尿素)浓度影响下土壤湿润体中不同形态氮素的运移转化规律,选取黏壤土和砂壤土作为肥液入渗试验供试土壤,量化分析肥液浓度对土壤累积入渗量和不同形态氮素在分布和再分布过程中运移转化特性的影响。结果表明:相同入渗时间内土壤累积入渗量随肥液浓度的增大而增加,Kostiakov公式的入渗系数与肥液浓度呈现线性关系,建立并验证了考虑肥液浓度影响的土壤累积入渗量估算公式,模拟值与实测值具有较高的一致性,两者间的相对误差绝对值均值均8.0%;入渗结束时,土壤湿润体相同位置处的尿素态氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量均随肥液浓度的增大而增加;NH_4~+-N主要分布在土壤湿润体深度20 cm以上,尿素态氮和NO_3~--N含量随着湿润体深度的增大呈现下降趋势;再分布过程中,土壤湿润体中尿素态氮含量随再分布时间的增加整体呈现减小趋势,且黏壤土和砂壤土湿润体中的尿素态氮分别在再分布5,3天时基本水解完成;NH_4~+-N含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,黏壤土湿润体中的峰值约出现在再分布3～5天,而砂壤土约在再分布3天;黏壤土湿润体中NO_3~--N含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其峰值约在5～10天,而砂壤土中NO_3~--N含量在再分布10天时,始终保持在较高水平。研究结果为农田灌溉施肥系统的设计和管理提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

Added nitrogen interaction as affected by soil nitrogen pool size and fertilization – significance of displacement of fixed ammonium

Displacement of NH₄⁺ fixed in clay minerals by fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ is seen as one mechanism of apparent added nitrogen interactions (ANI), which may cause errors in ¹⁵N tracer studies. Pot and incubation experiments were carried out for a study of displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and urea). A typical ANI was observed when ¹⁵N‐labeled urea was applied to wheat grown on soils with different N reserves that resulted from their long‐term fertilization history: Plants took up more soil N when receiving fertilizer. Furthermore, an increased uptake of ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer, induced by increasing unlabeled soil nitrogen supply, was found. This ANI‐like effect was in the same order of magnitude as the observed ANI. All causes of apparent or real ANI can be excluded as explanation for this effect. Plant N uptake‐related processes beyond current concepts of ANI may be responsible. NH₄⁺ fixation of fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ in sterilized or non‐sterile, moist soil was immediate and strongly dependent on the rate of fertilizer added. But for the tested range of 20 to 160 mg ¹⁵NH₄⁺‐N kg^–1, the NH₄⁺ fixation rate was low, accounting for only up to 1.3 % of fertilizer N added. For sterilized soil, no re‐mobilization of fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was observed, while in non‐sterile, biologically active soil, 50 % of the initially fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was released up to day 35. Re‐mobilization of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ from the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ started after complete nitrification of all extractable NH₄⁺. Our results indicate that in most cases, experimental error from apparent ANI caused by displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ in clay is unlikely. In addition to the low percentage of only 1.3 % of applied ¹⁵N, present in the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ after 35 days, there were no indications for a real exchange (displacement) of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N.