采用Gompertz函数的水稻土压缩特性研究

土壤压实模型是预测压实破坏的常用方法,但土壤压实模型的应用常因输入参数(土壤压缩特性及其与不同土壤物理性质之间的关系)的缺乏而受到限制。为定量地评价土壤水力学性质和土壤结构对土壤压缩特性的影响,该文利用土壤固结仪对25种不同含水率和容重的重塑土样进行单轴压缩试验,并采用Gompertz函数对试验数据进行拟合以获取土样的回弹指数、压缩指数和先期固结压力。试验结果表明,Gompertz函数对水稻土试验数据的拟合效果较优,决定系数为0.991～0.999。水稻土回弹指数为0.003～0.138,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关。水稻土压缩指数为0.115～0.839,与容重呈负相关,与含水率呈二次多项式关系。水稻土先期固结压力为33～127k Pa,与容重呈正相关,与含水率呈负相关。该研究建立的土壤压缩特性与含水率和容重之间的传递函数,可用于大尺度范围内水稻土压缩特性的预测;同时这些传递函数可作为土壤压实模型的输入参数,用于农业机械作业引起的压实破坏的量化和土壤压实风险的评估。     

土壤阻力连续测试设备研制

为解决目前点采样方法获取的土壤压实信息少和信息获取速度慢的不足,该文研制了可快速连续测量土壤阻力（水平方向）以反映土壤压实程度的测试系统。系统包括机械部分、传感器和信息采集3部分。测试系统由拖拉机牵引,工作时连续测试速度1 m/s,土壤阻力信息采样频率为300 Hz,采样数据处理后与GPS定位数据对应存储。实验室试验表明,系统平均测试精度达93.4%。田间试验显示,测试系统性能可靠稳定,具有连续快速获取土壤压实程度信息并反映土壤压实程度空间分布的能力。定义的土壤阻力指数TRI 可以反映土壤的压实程度。     

集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测模型构建与验证

传统的土壤压实风险评估方法是基于土壤的先期固结压力理论,以机械的接地压力与土壤先期固结压力间关系作为判断依据,缺少针对集约化稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的土壤结构破坏程度的评价方法和依据。为研究适合中国稻作特色,可以定量预测机械压实危害程度的压实容重预测模型,该研究基于土壤的回弹指数和压缩指数推导出土壤压实容重预测模型,以适用于集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测。采用调控原状土含水率的单轴压缩试验法分别构建了土壤初始容重、初始含水率与弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力之间的传递函数,然后基于典型机型的田间原位平板下陷试验验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性。结果表明,基于单轴压缩试验法构建的各传递函数拟合决定系数大于0.95。将各传递函数模型所得的弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力输入土壤压实容重模型预测的压实后的土壤容重与实测值的相对误差小于5%。可见,该研究设计的土壤压实预测模型能够准确量化受机械压实情况下土壤容重的变化量,而土壤传递函数法能为构建和应用区域性农业土壤的压实模型提供便利。研究可为集约化生产条件下稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的...     

机械压实对新疆绿洲农田土壤微生物活性及碳排放的影响

为探究机械压实对绿洲农田土壤微生物活性和碳排放的影响,在参考新疆农田耕作层土壤容重分布特征的基础上,选取1.15（T1.15）、1.30（T1.30）、1.45（T1.45）和1.60 g/cm3（T1.60）4个容重梯度模拟机械压实土壤程度,测定不同处理0～120 d内土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、氮、酶活性以及碳排放速率变化特征。结果表明：1）试验周期内（0～120 d）,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性随试验周期的延长而降低,随土壤容重增加呈先升高后降低趋势,容重为1.45 g/cm3时最高。2）T1.15、T1.30、T1.45和T1.60处理土壤碳累积排放量分别为557.26、653.48、665.00和522.01 g/m2,也表现出随容重增加先升高后降低的趋势,T1.45处理最高。3）土壤碳排放与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳、氮、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著正相关（P<0.05）。综上,土壤压实通过改变土壤微生物生物量和酶活性影响土壤碳排放速率;当绿洲农田土壤容重大于1.45 g/cm3时,应进行适当的翻松,使土壤微生物活性达到最佳水平。     

微润灌溉土壤湿润体运移模型研究

为探明微润灌溉土壤入渗湿润体运移的变化规律,采用室内土箱模拟的方法,以粘壤土为例,选取不同土壤容重、初始含水率、管带埋深和压力水头等4个因素进行试验,研究这些因素对微润灌土壤入渗湿润锋随时间运移关系的影响。结果表明:在相同入渗时间内,湿润锋运移距离随土壤容重的增大而减小,随土壤初始含水率和压力水头的增大而增大,但不同管带埋深对湿润锋运移无显著影响;湿润锋垂直和水平方向运移距离与时间的1/2次方呈线性函数关系,以此为基础建立了包括土壤容重、初始含水率和压力水头的综合预测模型,用建立的综合模型对微润灌土壤入渗湿润锋运移距离进行预测,并对预测值与试验值进行比较,结果表明综合模型的预测精度较高。     

机械压实过程中复垦土壤紧实度影响因素的模拟分析

机械碾压造成的土壤压实是土地复垦中面临的主要问题之一,影响土壤压实程度的因素很多,除土壤自身的因素以外,还包括压实机械、压实次数以及土层厚度等。该文基于统计学的理论,采用2×5×4的混合试验设计并建立模拟实验区,使用重锤模拟分析了2种压实机械、不同压实次数(1、3、5、7、9次)和不同土层厚度(0~10cm、10~20cm、20~30cm、30~40 cm)上土壤紧实度的变化情况,并在SPSS中进行变量的方差分析和多重比较,试图找到机械压实过程中影响土壤紧实度的因素及其变化水平。结果表明:增加压实机械的承重轮面积能够有效降低对土壤的压实作用;压实机械、土层厚度和压实次数都是影响土壤紧实度的显著性因素且各因素的贡献率(97%)远高于随机误差;自卸汽车在第5次压实之后就已经使上层土壤紧实度达到最大值,而履带式推土机需要压实7次,土地复垦中应尽量选择履带型机械,碾压次数控制在5~7之内;机械压实的过程中,各土层厚度之间土壤紧实度的大小关系并不是一成不变的,中间层次(10~30 cm)的土壤由于同时受到来自上下2个方向的作用力,紧实度相对较高;不同次数的压实对土壤紧实度的影响深度和程度不同,在一定范围内,随着压实次数的增加,单次压实对土壤紧实度的影响逐渐减小。     

土壤压实指标在城市土壤评价中的应用与比较

通过测定南京市不同土地利用下的52个样点的紧实度、容重和孔隙度3个压实指标来反映城市土壤的压实程度。结果表明，南京市大多数土壤存在不同程度的压实，部分压实严重，可能限制植物的生长。不同压实指标在反映土壤压实程度上基本一致，它们之间具有极显著的相关性，可以相互转换。但紧实度指标受到土壤含水量的显著影响。在同一质地或质地相近的土壤，容重和孔隙度可以很好地反映土壤的压实程度。与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度相比，通气孔隙度在反映土壤压实时更为敏感。所以在进行城市土壤压实状况评价时，可以选择不同的土壤压实程度指标，但就方法的实用性和可靠性来说，容重比紧实度和孔隙度指标一般更方便可靠。     

大中小型拖拉机压实对土壤坚实度和大豆产量的影响

探讨农业机械压实对土壤坚实度和产量的影响规律，对改善作物生产环境、促进农业机械化向质量型转变具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象，依照随机区组试验原理，选择大、中、小3种型号拖拉机进行6种压实处理，同型拖拉机相同压实次数试验重复3次，采用PV6.08型贯穿阻力仪测量压实轮辙截面土壤坚实度。试验结果表明：土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐递增，3种拖拉机压实测试截面浅层均出现明显压实核，且压实核内土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐增大，CASE-210型拖拉机压实对表层土壤坚实度影响程度和范围最大，压实12次时压实核处土壤坚实度达4.0 MPa，JD-280型拖拉机对深层土壤压实影响程度和范围最大，在65~80 cm的土壤深层坚实度的峰值达3.2 MPa；拖拉机压实均导致大豆产量降低，CASE-210、JD-904和JD-280拖拉机压实12次时大豆产量分别降低了21.24%、18.15%和12.38%。     

容重对不同有机质含量土壤水分入渗特性的影响

通过不同有机质含量的土壤入渗试验,分析有机质含量及容重对土壤水分入渗特性的影响.结果表明:容重对质地相同而有机质含量不同的土壤表现出不同的影响程度,对高有机质含量的土壤影响显著,有机质含量高的土壤在容重递增的过程中,土壤累积入渗量、湿润深度显著下降,稳定入渗率以乘幂形式迅速下降;有机质含量较低的土壤,容重增加对土壤入渗过程影响相对较小,容重增加时,其累积入渗量、入渗率、湿润深度也有不同程度的减小,但其减小的幅度范围较小,稳定入渗率呈平缓线性降低.采用Green-Ampt模型与Philip模型模拟不同容重及有机质含量的土壤饱和导水率结果与实测值吻合较好.     

轮式和履带式车辆行走对农田土壤的压实作用分析

由履带式行走机构代替轮胎被认为是减缓大型农业车辆对土壤压实的有效手段之一。与轮胎相比,履带具有更大的接地面积,能够有效减小车辆对土壤的平均压力。然而履带与土壤接触面间的应力分布极不均匀,应力主要集中在各承重轮下方,履带减缓土壤压实的能力是目前有待研究的问题。该研究通过在土壤内埋设压力传感器,测试比较了相近载质量的轮胎和履带式车辆作用下,0.15和0.35 m深度土壤内的最大垂直及水平应力,同时研究了车辆行驶速度对土壤内垂直及水平应力大小的影响。基于土壤压实分析模型计算了轮胎和履带压实的0.1~0.7m深度土壤内的最大垂直及水平应力分布。通过对0.15和0.35 m深度的土样进行室内测试,比较了轮胎和履带式车辆压实对土壤透气率、先期固结压力及干容重大小的影响。结果表明,履带相比较于轮胎,能够减小土壤内的垂直及水平应力,但垂直应力的减小量比水平应力大;轮胎对0.15和0.35m深度土壤作用的平均最大垂直应力分别约为履带的2.2及2.0倍,而平均最大水平应力仅分别约为履带的1.2及1.1倍。轮胎作用下的最大垂直及水平应力在表层土壤内明显大于履带,但两者的应力差值随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减小,分别在0.7和0.4 m深度时无明显差别。轮胎和履带压实作用下,0.15和0.35 m深度土壤内的垂直及水平应力均随车辆行驶速度的增加而减小,履带作用下的应力减小速度大于轮胎。履带作用下0.15和0.35 m深度内土壤的透气率均明显小于轮胎,但土壤的先期固结压力及干容重无显著区别。研究结果为可为农业车辆行走机构的选择及使用提供参考。     

农田土壤紧实度和容重空间变异性研究

为了揭示长期人为管理与利用过程对于土壤质量的作用与影响,本试验研究了陕西关中地区旱地农田土壤紧实度和容重空间变异特征。研究结果表明:在水平方向上土壤紧实度和容重具有中等变异强度,土壤紧实度和容重以村庄为中心向外逐渐增大;在垂直方向上土壤紧实度和容重同样存在明显的变异性。进一步分析表明,土壤紧实化的水平空间变异特征是人为长期采用就近原则进行有机培肥,对土壤质量产生的作用与影响;而垂直剖面上的差异性则是多年旋耕产生的结果。所以,加强土壤培肥,改善现行耕作制度显得极为重要。     

A decision support system for compaction assessment in agricultural soils

Research was conducted to develop a knowledge-based decision support system to assess the degree of compaction in agricultural soils. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory soil bin at the Asian Institute of Technology in three soils, namely, clay, silty clay loam, and silty loam. The research was likewise aimed to quantify the effect of tire variables (section width, diameter, inflation pressure); soil variables (soil moisture content, initial cone index, initial bulk density); and external variables (travel speed, axle load, number of tire passes) on soil compaction and to develop compaction models for soil compaction assessment. Dimensional analysis technique was used in the development of the compaction models.

The soil compaction models were found to provide good predictions of the bulk density and cone index. Using the compaction models and other secondary data, the decision support system was developed to assess the compaction status of the soil in relation to crop yield. The predictions by the decision support system were validated with actual field data from earlier studies and high correlation was observed. Thus, the output of the decision support system may be able to provide useful recommendations for appropriate soil management practices and solutions to site-specific soil compaction problems.     

免耕播种机土壤工作部件测试装置设计与试验

随着保护性耕作技术的发展,要求配套机具的性能越来越完善,但是目前适合于东北垄作的玉米垄作免耕播种机的工作质量还无法满足免耕播种技术要求,存在机具质量过重、作业时破坏垄型、破茬率低、清茬效果不显著等不足。为了优化免耕播种机的关键部件,研制了一种免耕播种机土壤工作部件测试装置,可用来对土壤工作部件进行测试。根据测试可以确定土壤工作部件的工作阻力（大小、方向、着力点）、工作深度和机具配重等参数。通过对阿基米德螺线型破茬盘工作性能测试,得出破切开玉米根茬根上节的工作阻力为1868.38 N,受力方向角度为67.66°,破茬深度为7.52 cm,其着力点的作用线与被测土壤工作部件的中心距离为4.59 cm,装置及配重总质量应大于175.79 kg。研究成果为优化改进适于东北地区玉米垄作免耕播种机的关键部件,以及旱地合理耕层构建土壤工作部件的优化设计提供理论参考。     

Strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of Brazilian Latosols

In this study, strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of the main classes of Brazilian Latosols (Oxisols), under native vegetation, were studied using the load bearing capacity models relating precompression stress, compression index and water potential through statistical regression models. These models were developed based on the results of the analysis of undisturbed soil samples collected at the B horizon at the different sites. The results showed that the maximum value of the compression index was 0.53 for the Acric Red Latosol, indicating its higher susceptibility to soil compaction. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol had the highest load bearing capacity, while the Acric Red Latosol had the lowest one. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol due to its high load bearing capacity and bulk density (mechanical resistance) behave similarly to hardsetting soil, in which the plants root system has severe physical restrictions to explore deeper horizons during the dry periods. Differences in the load bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility were found to be influenced by soil structure which is associated with clay mineralogy in these very weathered-leached soils and water potential. The study also showed that soil compression index is influenced by water potential and clay mineralogy also. Our work has laid a foundation for estimation of compaction susceptibility of Latosols.     

天津市不同功能区土壤物理特性研究

[目的]对天津市常用绿化土壤的基本性质以及渗透性能进行研究,为天津市下凹式绿地的设计及推广应用提供理论依据。[方法]选取天津市不同功能区不同植被类型(草坪、灌木)的土壤,对土壤的颗粒组成、容重、孔隙度以及渗透系数进行研究,并分析天津土壤性质间的相关性。[结果]天津市除老居民生活区属于粉土外,其他功能区均属于粉质黏土。受人为扰动影响,各功能区绿化土壤容重大,孔隙度较低,土壤压实严重,其中土壤容重为1.34~1.55g/cm~3,土壤孔隙度为42.50%~52.80%;各功能区的渗透系数差异很大,范围为8.8E-06~1.3E-03cm/s,大小趋势主要受人为因素的影响,表现为:文教区居民生活区工业区郊区林带公园区道路交通区;植被类型对土壤渗透系数有影响,为草坪灌木。土壤的渗透系数与土壤含水率、土壤容重呈负相关性,与土壤孔隙度呈正相关性;土壤容重与土壤孔隙度呈极显著负相关。[结论]天津地区土壤压实严重,草坪与灌木土壤以弱透水和中等透水为主。     

Compaction characteristics of towed wheels on clay loam in a soil bin

Wheel induced soil compaction is an ongoing concern in mechanized agriculture. This experimental study was performed with the aim to evaluate whether soil compaction is related to stresses induced by towed wheels. Soil bin studies were conducted and soil compaction variables were measured under two towed tires, with different tread patterns, commonly used in Turkey. Tests were carried out at three tire loads (3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 kN) and two forward velocities (0.8 and 1.4 m/s) on a clay loam. To determine soil compaction, surface sinkage, subsurface layer deformation, compaction index, penetration resistance and bulk density were measured. With increasing vertical load, average contact pressure of tires increased from 39.3 to 68.5 kPa. In different trials, surface sinkage, compaction index, penetration resistance and bulk density varied from 46 to 86 mm, 0.18 to 0.48, 1472 to 2530 kPa and 1.31 to 1.70 Mg m⁻³, respectively. The soil contact projected area of tire 2 was approximately 10% greater than tire 1. The greater contact surface reduced the compaction at the soil surface and subsurface, but the tire load was still the dominant factor in the 0–20 cm depth range used in this study. According to the experimental results, decreasing contact duration with increasing forward velocity decreased soil compaction. Tire load and type affected soil deformation characteristics stronger than forward velocity.     

Tillage force prediction from terrain characterization with the bevameter

The relationship between the soil parameters measured during soil testing using the bevameter system and horizontal forces acting on a simple tillage tool were investigated. Field experiments were conducted on untilled, compacted and recently tilled soil. On both soils, five sites were randomly chosen where bevameter and draft measurements were performed. The parameters measured were modulus of soil deformation, wet and dry bulk density, soil moisture content, tool operating depth, tool operating speed and horizontal draft.

A statistical analysis of data indicated that a mathematical model for predicting draft should include operating depth, dry bulk density and modulus of deformation.     

A METHOD OF PREDICTING BULK DENSITY CHANGES IN FIELD SOILS RESULTING FROM COMPACTION BY AGRICULTURAL TRAFFIC

A simplified soil mechanical model was constructed to predict compaction beneath agricultural wheels when running on soils of certain characteristics. Soil strength functions were developed from in situ measurements of field soils and some laboratory measurements. Soil strain was measured by surface sinkage and changes of dry bulk density by gamma-ray transmission methods. Soil stresses were measured by deformable spherical transducers and compared to predicted stresses using equations developed by Söhne. A method of analysis was devised to identify a form of the virgin compression line from field data. Changes of the slope and intercept of this line were monitored over a range of moisture contents for two soils and used in the prediction model. The prediction model was tested against compaction measured during independent experiments at different sites. Good prediction was found for soils of initial dry bulk density greater than 1.1 g cm^?3 and cone resistance greater than 500 kPa, using a 30°, 12.9mm diameter cone. On looser and weaker soils the predicted compaction was often less than measured values. Using the model for simulation of compaction beneath a range of wheels revealed that contact pressure alone can be a misleading guide to compaction. Increases of bulk density below 10cm are considerably influenced by wheel load. The most effective way of reducing compaction requires the use of both a minimum load and a maximum contact area.