香芹酮/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备、表征及对硫色镰刀菌的抑制作用

为开发新型马铃薯抑菌保鲜材料，本研究通过共蒸发-冷冻干燥法制备出香芹酮/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物，采用相溶解度法测定其稳定常数，并采用紫外光谱、¹H NMR光谱、热重分析、扫描电镜及X-射线衍射分析的方法进行表征，探究香芹酮/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物对硫色镰刀菌的抑制效果。结果表明，香芹酮与羟丙基-β-环糊精成功生成了主客体比为1∶1的包合物，产率达到93.6%，表观稳定常数为409.39 L·mol^-1。生成包合物后，香芹酮的水溶性和热稳定性都明显增强，且对硫色镰刀菌具有明显的抑制作用，EC50值为3.11 mmol·L^-1。因此，将挥发性液体香芹酮制备成羟丙基-β-环糊精固体包合物可行，且对马铃薯贮藏病害干腐病病原菌硫色镰刀菌具有较强的抗菌活性。本研究结果为开发新型马铃薯抑菌保鲜材料提供了理论依据。     

苎麻根际土壤水浸提液化感潜力评价

【目的】通过苎麻根际土壤水浸提液有机化合物的分离鉴定及生物学实验,探讨了苎麻败蔸与化感作用的关系。【方法】运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术 (GC-MS),对苎麻根际土壤的不同极性有机溶剂萃取液进行了物质成分分析;采用室内生物测定方法,研究了不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对萝卜、油菜、拟南芥 3 种植物的化感效应;并应用实时定量 PCR 技术 (QPCR),测定了不同浓度根际土壤水浸液处理后拟南芥其抗逆基因 RD29A (AT5G52310) 和 RD29B (AT5G52300) 及生长素合成相关基因 YUC1 (AT4G32540) 的相对表达水平。【结果】四种不同极性有机溶剂萃取液经 GC-MS 检测共鉴定出 51 种有机化学物质,包括烃类及其衍生物、甾类化合物、苯甲酸及其衍生物、酚类、萜类、含氮类等已被报道具有化感活性的化合物。不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸液对 3 种不同植物的下胚轴长及根长的化感效应具有差异性,随着浸提液浓度增加,对油菜及拟南芥抑制作用越显著,但对萝卜的影响不显著。QPCR 检测结果表明,拟南芥的 RD29A、RD29B、YUC1 这 3 种基因的表达量随水浸提液浓度增加均降低。【结论】苎麻根际土壤中含有抑制自身生长的潜在化感物质豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮,2,5-二叔丁基苯酚,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,6,6-二甲基-1,3-庚二烯-5-醇,羊毛甾-8,24-二烯-3,22-二醇。高浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对供试三种植物下胚轴长及根长具有抑制效果,因此,连作导致的化感物质累积可能是连作导致苎麻败蔸的原因之一。     

邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系抗氧化酶活性的化感效应

自毒作用是导致杉木人工林连栽地力衰退、生产力下降的主要原因之一,邻羟基苯甲酸是杉木主要自毒物质之一。以筛选的自毒物质忍耐型杉木无性系(01号)和自毒物质敏感型杉木无性系(02号)组培苗为试验材料,分析邻羟基苯甲酸对2个不同化感型杉木无性系抗氧化酶活性的化感效应,以期为解决杉木连栽障碍提供一条新的生物途径。研究结果表明,邻羟基苯甲酸各胁迫浓度对不同化感型杉木无性系SOD活性的化感效应在胁迫10d、20d表现为促进效应,胁迫30d转变为抑制效应;2个不同化感型杉木无性系SOD活性化感效应的差异主要从胁迫20d开始,01号在胁迫20d促进效应大于02号,30d的抑制效应明显小于02号。各胁迫浓度对2个不同化感型杉木无性系叶片POD及AsA-POD活性的化感效应均表现为促进效应;胁迫第10d、20d时,各胁迫浓度对01号无性系POD活性的促进效应明显大于02号;01号无性系在受到胁迫后AsA-POD活性迅速增强,并在长时间胁迫后仍维持比02号无性系更高的活性;01号无性系PPO活性在各胁迫浓度下均表现为促进效应,而02号无性系则随胁迫时间的延长表现为抑制-促进-抑制的变化特点。     

低浓度NaCl对水培韭菜生长、产量及品质的影响

NaCl一直以来被认为是一个胁迫因子,且是造成植物盐害的主要因素,而低浓度NaCl对植物生长不仅没有危害,反而具有促进植物生长,提高品质的作用。韭菜营养液水培作为一种新型的栽培方式,很好的解决了韭蛆等病虫的为害。为了探究低浓度NaCl添加到营养液中对韭菜生长、品质和产量的影响,试验设定了0 mmol·L-1(对照)、5 mmol·L-1、10 mmol·L-1、20 mmol·L-1、30 mmol·L-1 5个NaCl浓度,研究不同浓度NaCl处理下韭菜生长、生理和产量的变化。研究结果表明,韭菜的株高、假茎粗和叶长均以20 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下最高,各处理的叶片数均多于对照,叶片宽度随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。低浓度NaCl增加了韭菜的光合色素含量,10 mmol·L-1处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a+b含量最高。NaCl处理能有效降低韭菜中硝酸盐的积累,各NaCl处理硝酸盐含量分别比对照下降12.42%、13.17%、15.16%和26.76%。Vc含量随添加NaCl浓度的增加表现出先上升后下降的趋势,其中各NaCl处理含量分别比对照高12.2%、12.8%、5.1%、-15.4%,可溶性糖与粗纤维均在10 mmol·L-1时达到最大值。产量以10 mmol·L-1处理最高,3茬产量及总产量分别比对照处理增加6.7%、6.6%、6.9%、6.7%。综合分析认为,韭菜营养液中添加10 mmol·L-1的NaCl,在促进韭菜生长,降低硝酸盐,改善品质和提高产量上综合表现最佳。     

玉米秸秆腐解液对苗期根际土壤酶活性及根系活力的影响

玉米连作现象在黑龙江省农田生态系统中较为普遍,秸秆焚烧既浪费资源又污染环境,研究玉米秸秆还田后的化感效应尤显重要,但秸秆还田后的效应尚不清楚。本研究以玉米(郑单958)为受体,采用盆栽试验,分析不同腐解时间(0.25、60、120、180d)、不同腐解浓度(0、0.125、0.25、0.5 g·m L-1DW)玉米秸秆腐解液对苗期根际土壤酶活性及根系活力的影响,试图从土壤酶学和根系活力变化的角度初步阐明连作状态下秸秆还田对苗期玉米生长的影响,以期为大田生产中应用秸秆还田技术提供相关科学依据。结果表明:玉米幼苗四叶、五叶、六叶期,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均在60d腐解天数,0.5 g·m L-1DW浓度处理下达到最高。土壤酸性磷酸酶活性均在120d腐解腐解天数,0.5 g·m L-1DW处理下达到最高。土壤过氧化物酶活性在幼苗四叶、五叶期,腐解60d,0.5 g·m L-1DW浓度处理下达到最高,六叶期酶活与对照相比差异均不显著。玉米幼苗根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶的活性随腐解液浓度的增加而增加;随着玉米秸秆腐解天数的增加,呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随叶龄增加,腐解液对根际土壤酶活性的影响逐渐减弱。玉米幼苗根系活力随着秸秆腐解液浓度的增大先升高后降低;低(0.125 g·m L-1DW)、中(0.25 g·m L-1DW)浓度下对根系活力的促进作用也随叶龄增加逐渐减弱。     

低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争分析

化感效应和资源竞争在作物抑草中起重要作用。为区分低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争,以强化感小麦品种‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’为材料,设置氮水平为25 mg·L-1、50mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1和200 mg·L-1的水培试验,通过小麦与看麦娘共培、应用含小麦根系分泌物的小麦-看麦娘共培液处理看麦娘,分别测定了小麦对看麦娘的生物干扰作用、化感效应及资源竞争效应。结果表明,不同化感潜力的小麦对看麦娘的抑制能力存在显著差异,抑制率大小为‘115/青海麦’(55.1%~73.9%)‘92L89’(48.9%~65.9%)‘抗10103’(15.4%~45.5%),且抑制率随氮水平的降低而增大。在小麦的抑草作用中,化感效应与资源竞争并存。低氮胁迫条件下,强化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高化感效应实现;弱化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高资源竞争实现。不同化感潜力小麦的抑草作用在低氮胁迫下表现出不同的生态策略。小麦抑草作用的化感效应均随氮水平降低而增大,其抑制率随氮水平的变化可用一元二次方程加以拟合。     

氮素形态及pH值交互作用对甜菜产量和含糖率的影响

采用3因素5水平二次旋转回归设计,以Hoagland营养液为基础,以pH、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)为处理因子进行水培试验,建立了多因子复合处理对甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)品种甜研7号块根产量和含糖率影响的回归模型,并分析了各因子的主效应和互作效应。结果表明:在本试验条件下,影响甜菜块根产量和含糖率的单因子主效应大小均为NO3--N>pH>NH4+-N;pH在6.2～7.0范围内,对产量和含糖率的影响表现为正效应,在7.0～7.8之间,表现为负效应;NO3--N(0～16mmol.L-1)对产量表现正效应,而对含糖率则为负效应;在0～8.0mmol.L-1范围内,NH4+-N对产量影响为正效应,在8.0～16.0mmol.L-1之间为负效应,0～16mmol.L-1对含糖率影响为负效应。NO3--N与NH4+-N的互作对产量、pH与NO3--N的互作对含糖率的影响均达显著水平。模拟寻优结果表明,介质环境pH在6.5～7.5范围内,适当调节NO3--N和NH4+-N比例,可获得较高的甜菜块根产糖量,总N为16.0mmol.L-1、NO3--N:NH4+-N为16∶0时及N为19.2mmol.L-1、NO3--N∶NH4+-N为5∶1时产糖量最佳。     

NaHSO_3处理对大豆和玉米叶片气体交换及荧光参数的影响

为探讨亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO_3)对植物光合的作用机制,研究了不同NaHSO_3浓度(0、1、2、5和10mmol·L-1)喷施处理对大豆和玉米叶片气体交换及荧光参数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度NaHSO_3对大豆叶片的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的影响较为一致,即1、2 mmol·L-1浓度下无显著差异,5 mmol·L-1浓度下显著提高,而高浓度(10 mmol·L-1)下则显著降低;大豆叶片光呼吸速率(Rp)整体随NaHSO_3浓度的增加而先升高后略有降低,除1 mmol·L-1外,其它浓度下的光呼吸速率均显著高于对照。不同浓度NaHSO_3处理下玉米叶片的Pn、Tr和Gs则均无明显变化。大豆叶片的光系统I(PSI)的电子传递速率(ETRI)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的电子传递速率(ETRⅡ)均随NaHSO_3浓度的增加而先升高后略有降低,整体来看喷施NaHSO_3后大豆叶片的ETRI和ETRⅡ呈上升趋势,而玉米叶片的ETRI和ETRⅡ均有所下降。本研究揭示了NaHSO_3是光呼吸抑制剂传统观点的局限性,并进一步证明了NaHSO_3对光合的作用过程与电子传递密切相关。     

氮营养对菘蓝生长及活性成分积累的影响

为探讨氮营养对菘蓝生长及活性成分积累动态的影响,采用盆栽试验,在菘蓝营养生长前期和后期分别施用不同次数的氮素组合A[7.5 mmol·L-1的(NH4)2SO4,2.5 mmol·L-1的KNO3,5.0 mmol·L-1的CO(NH2)2]和组合B[2.5 mmol·L-1的(NH4)2SO4、5.0 mmol·L-1的KNO3、10.0 mmol·L-1的CO(NH2)2],分别记作T1~T9,测定了各处理的叶绿素含量、光合参数、生长指标和活性成分含量。结果表明,2个氮素组合施用不同次数后,叶绿素、叶干重与根干重随时间逐渐增加,叶片的净光合速率与叶的靛蓝、靛玉红和根的(R,S)-告依春含量随时间延长的变化规律不明显。在采样后期T3的主根直径、T1的根干重、T7的叶干重、T4的根(R,S)-告依春含量、T2的叶靛蓝含量与T3的叶靛玉红含量为各处理间最大。结合菘蓝根、叶干重及其叶内指标成分靛玉红含量、根内(R,S)-告依春含量,为了获得高产优质的板蓝根药材,建议前期施用1次氮素组合A,后期施1次氮素组合B;为了获得高产优质的大青叶药材,建议菘蓝生长前期施3次氮素组合A,后期施1次氮素组合B。本研究结果为菘蓝合理施用氮肥提供了理论依据。     

化感水稻苗期不同器官水浸提液及根系分泌物对稗草的化感作用

在自然种植条件下研究了强化感水稻品种“P1312777”不同叶期(3～6叶)、不同器官(根、茎、叶)水浸提液对稗草根长的抑制率,比较了不同极性树脂处理后水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率变化。结果表明:在3～6叶期相同水稻器官比较,均以5叶期浸提液抑制率最高;5叶期水稻不同器官比较,以叶的浸提液抑制率最高;土培至6叶期的水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率为47．06％,经极性树脂ADS-21处理后抑制率增强为64．71％,经非极性树脂ADS-5处理后抑制率减弱为26．47％;水培至6叶期的水稻根系分泌物水溶液的抑制率为38．24％,经ADS- 21处理后抑制率增强为58．82％,经ADS-5处理后抑制率减弱为20．59％。因此水稻“P1312777”根系分泌物中化感物质以非(弱)极性物质为主,极性物质减弱了非(弱)极性物质的化感抑草作用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.