黑河流域沙区植被恢复及演替研究——以高台县为例

用机械和植物措施固定流动沙丘后,随着土壤和水分等生态因子的改善,原来适应于流沙环境或弱固定沙地生境的天然植被趋向于适合固定沙丘生长的人工、天然植被.高台沙区人工和天然植被经25a变化后.多枝柽柳+沙蒿+花棒群落演变为多枝柽柳+油蒿+花棒群落,盖度达到42%,蒙古沙拐枣+多枝柽柳+油蒿群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+油蒿群落.盖度达到9%,花棒+沙蒿+多枝柽柳+骆驼刺群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+花棒+油蒿+骆驼刺群落,盖度达65%,沙拐枣+红砂群落被多枝柽柳+骆驼刺所替代.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落生物结皮的分布特征

为研究毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中生物结皮分布状况,根据放牧强度选取沙利(禁牧)、陶利(轻度放牧)和乌审召(正常放牧)3个试验点,分别调查了油蒿群落中固定沙地和半固定沙地植被盖度、油蒿盖度、生物结皮盖度、凋落物盖度、生物结皮破碎度、生物结皮厚度等指标。结果表明,毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为83.74%,半固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为23.54%;油蒿群落中半固定沙地生物结皮绝大部分是处于初期发育阶段的藻结皮,而固定沙地苔藓和地衣结皮所占比例接近总盖度的1/2;半固定沙地大多数处于初期发育阶段的生物结皮受上层植被的影响更大;轻度放牧干扰对油蒿群落固定沙地生物结皮盖度和厚度的影响均不显著,而正常的放牧干扰会导致生物结皮盖度显著下降;半固定沙地生物结皮对放牧干扰的影响更为敏感,即使是轻微的放牧干扰,也会产生与正常放牧干扰相当的效果。     

油蒿群落演替中的植物密度对土壤氮/磷比的响应

选择腾格里沙漠东缘内蒙古阿拉善左旗境内的油蒿+冷蒿群落为研究对象,在80 m×80 m样地400个4 m×4 m样方中,调查了油蒿和冷蒿的密度,测定了0～20 cm土层中的全氮和有效磷,分析了土壤氮/磷比与植物密度之间及其空间异质性之间的关系。结果表明,油蒿密度随土壤氮/磷比的增大而减小,冷蒿密度随土壤氮/磷比的增大而增大;油蒿密度的空间异质性随土壤氮/磷比的空间异质性的增大而减小,冷蒿密度空间异质性与土壤氮/磷比空间异质性无关。分析表明,植物密度的变化与土壤氮/磷比的变化密切相关,随着土壤氮/磷比的增大,油蒿逐渐退出,冷蒿逐渐侵入。因而,土壤氮/磷比的变化是干旱区油蒿群落演替的一个原因。     

封育对宁夏盐池县草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响

[目的]定量评价封育对宁夏盐池县沙化草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响,为半干旱区草地植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。[方法]对3种封育类型老、新封育区和对照区在2003—2013年样线与样方结合法进行植被调查,并用群落总复杂性、无序结构复杂性、有序结构复杂性3种指数来分析其复杂性特征。[结果]老封育区由黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)群落逐渐演替为阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)群落,新封育区和对照区主要是黑沙蒿群落;新封育区和对照区的植被生物量与盖度大多年份高于老封育区;封育可增加无序与有序结构复杂性,进而增加群落总复杂性。[结论]长期封育降低了植被数量特征值;随封育年限的延长,群落复杂性指数约以5a左右为波动周期,说明适宜封育年限为5a。     

半湿润半干旱过渡区洮河流域植被盖度变化特征

[目的]通过对半湿润半干旱过渡区洮河流域较高空间分辨率植被盖度变化分析,为新一轮退耕还林还草政策落实,流域生态文明建设和可持续发展决策等提供参考。[方法]以1993年Landsat 5TM,2001年Landsat 7ETM+,2015年Landsat 8OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,先用像元二分模型反演植被盖度,再用流域分区、高程、坡度及坡向分级所得基础单元,统计分析各单元内的植被盖度均值和植被盖度变化面积比例。[结果]1993—2015年洮河流域植被盖度均值增加了17.52%,正向变化面积比占62.24%,负向变化面积仍占有6.41%;3期数据均表明,高程2 500m以下植被盖度最低,高程4 000m以上无明显变化与负向变化面积比例之和最大;坡度0°~5°,10°~15°之间植被盖度均值最低但增幅最大,无明显变化和负向变化面积比例之和随坡度增加而增加,并在60°以上达到最大;坡向对植被盖度分布的限制作用逐渐减弱。[结论]洮河流域植被地形分异特征明显,植被盖度总体呈现增加趋势,但还存在一定的负向变化;未来应重视高程2 500m以下,坡度20°以下,坡向为平地、西坡、南坡的植被恢复;加强4 000m以上,坡度45°以上和东坡、东北坡现有植被生态保护。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡典型植物群落生长特征

以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,对其结构特征、物种多样性、盖度、地上生物量进行了系统研究。结果表明:Simpson多样性指数显示为沙棘赖草白羊草柠条苔草茭蒿铁杆蒿;Magarlef丰富度指数表现为草本群落灌木群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木群落草本群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落。灌木群落地上生物量(1.53～5.85 kg/m~2)显著大于草本群落(0.17～0.41 kg/m~2),草本群落地上生物量大小排序为赖草铁杆蒿茭蒿白羊草苔草。植被盖度阴坡草本群落最大,灌木群落居中,阳坡蒿类草本群落最低。沟坡植物群落的Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数略低于梁峁坡面的植物群落,Shannon-wiener多样性指数、草本群落地上生物量显著低于梁峁坡。研究成果对于明确黄土高原小流域植被生长特性、优化水土保持措施的空间配置具有重要的指导意义。     

开发建设项目中植被自然恢复的水土保持作用

通过分析最新的水土保持监测所获得的实地植被调查样方资料，论述了植被自然恢复在开发建设项目中的水土保持作用，并结合监测实践，探讨了植被自然恢对水土保持评价指标的影响。（1）在山西省雨量较为充沛的地区，如果重视保留表土并用之覆盖地表，就能使地面植被得到较大程度的自然恢复，其恢复面积占可绿化面积的比例约达25％。（2）在雨量较多地区的扰动地面，依靠植被自然恢复功能，可使植被盖度在1～2a内达到50％以上，形成初级植被。（3）由于对乔灌木等深根性植物的破坏较为严重，因此，在1～2a时间内，扰动地面上自然恢复所形成的植被一般为草本群落，并不能完全恢复当地的灌草植被、疏林灌草植被。     

毛乌素沙地3种主要植物群落的阻沙效益

[目的]对毛乌素沙地天然沙蒿、沙柳和锦鸡儿这3种主要植物群落的阻沙效益进行分析,为毛乌素沙地沙漠化防治及生态建设提供理论依据。[方法]通过测定标杆风蚀沙埋程度,分析各植物群落的风蚀量与阻沙量,从而对其阻沙效益进行比较分析。[结果](1)植被盖度越大,各植物群落的防风阻沙效果越明显;(2)地形条件相似,风速相同的情况下,3种植物群落在风蚀季节的临界防风蚀盖度不同。沙蒿群落的临界防风蚀盖度最小,约为60%,沙柳群落与锦鸡儿群落的临界防风蚀盖度相对较大,均大于60%,但锦鸡儿群落相对沙柳群落的临界防风蚀盖度小;(3)相同盖度下,3种植物群落的风蚀量与阻沙量之和大小顺序为:沙柳锦鸡儿沙蒿。[结论]在毛乌素沙地固定、半固定沙地上,沙蒿群落的防风阻沙效益突出,可作为主要固沙植物进行推广。     

半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性研究

为探究半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性变化,选取宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地为研究区,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数测得植被群落多样性,使用SPSS软件以植被重要值为要素进行聚类分析,分析研究区植被类型。结果表明:研究区共有14科41种植物,其中菊科、禾本科、豆科、藜科包含的植物种较多;研究区不同样线出现的植物种数不同,南样线出现的最多,西样线出现的最少;不同样线的植物频率分布存在差异,南样线出现于1个样方中的植物种数最多,西样线出现于9个样方以上的植物种数最多。四儿滩湿地植物分为4个群落,分别为盐爪爪群落、赖草+白刺群落、芨芨草+臭蒿+芦苇群落、猪毛蒿群落。研究区不同样线的多样性指数存在差异,北样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数均为最高值,而西样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数均为最低值。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕坡地不同植物群落的土壤侵蚀特征

黄土高原地区水土流失造成严重的农业和生态环境问题,而植被能从根本上控制黄土高原的水土流失.以安塞县典型退耕坡地不同植物群落为研究对象,采用侵蚀针法,结合2012-2015年降雨数据及不同植物群落特征的分析,研究不同植被恢复坡地的土壤侵蚀特征.结果表明:研究期间,不同年份植被群落土壤侵蚀强度为丰水年＞平水年＞枯水年.不同植被类型群落防治土壤侵蚀的能力不同,具体为自然恢复灌木群落＞自然恢复草本群落＞人工灌木群落＞人工乔木群落.灰色关联度显示,降雨量与坡度是影响植被群落土壤侵蚀最重要的因素,乔灌木群落坡度＞降雨量,草本群落降雨量＞坡度.自然恢复植被群落枯落物盖度＞植被盖度,人工植被群落植被盖度＞枯落物盖度;因此,在当前植被条件下,未受到扰动的群落可有效减少降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响;在进行植被恢复时,应优先进行植被自然修复,适时适地引入乔灌木进行植被恢复人工调控,尽早促进乔木群落的林下植被发育,保护其林下灌草层和枯落物层,同时减少人为干扰.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.