沙棘苗期叶水势与气孔导度对水分胁迫的响应

为研究沙棘苗期叶水势和气孔导度对不同程度水分胁迫的响应规律,本研究通过盆栽控水试验,以1年生沙棘实生苗为试验材料,设置了4种土壤田间含水量:75%~80%(W_1,充分供水)、55%~60%(W_2,轻度水分胁迫)、35%~40%(W_3,中度水分胁迫)、25%~30%(W_4,重度水分胁迫),选择晴朗无风的天气,于6:00-18:00每隔2 h测量叶水势、气孔导度(Gs)、气象因子和叶温。结果表明,各处理日平均叶水势差异显著(P0.05):W_1(-1.77 MPa)W_2(-1.90 MPa)W_3(-2.11 MPa)W_4(-2.34 MPa)。沙棘日平均叶水势与土壤含水量,平均叶水势与气孔导度均呈显著线性正相关关系(P0.05)。本研究结果有助于进一步认识沙棘苗期的抗旱机理,为西北荒漠地区沙棘造林提供技术支撑。     

黄土高原高塬沟壑区坡面表层土壤水分研究

在黄土高寒区,通过人工控制土壤水分的方法,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对银水牛果和沙棘苗木叶片的气体交换参数因子的光响应进行研究。结果表明,2种灌木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率随着光强的增大而增强,而随着光强进一步增大,净光合速率、水分利用效率却出现下降的趋势,蒸腾速率仍继续增大。随着土壤含水量的增加,2种灌木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度逐渐增大,水分利用效率先上升,在轻度水分胁迫下达到最大值后下降。在相同土壤含水量下,银水牛果光补偿点明显小于沙棘,光饱和点大于沙棘,光能利用率高于沙棘;银水牛果的表观量子效率大于沙棘,在低光强下的光合能力较高。在水分胁迫下,2种灌木相比,沙棘比银水牛果更易受强光胁迫;银水牛果对弱光的利用能力高于沙棘,水分利用效率高于沙棘,耐旱生产力较高。     

黄土高原西部高寒区引进树种银水牛果叶水势研究

2008年5-8月,采用PSYPRO露点水势仪,以3 a生银水牛果为试材,对叶水势的日、月变化进行了动态研究,并对相关影响因子进行了分析.结果表明:银水牛果叶水势的日变化过程除5月份外均表现为双谷曲线,最低值出现在13:00-15:00;6-7月是银水牛果生长需水的最关键时期,这一时期叶水势的日均值较低;当供水充足时,叶水势的日变化取决于蒸腾速率的变化,其与气温、光照呈显著的负相关,与湿度呈显著正相关,且三者综合效应对叶水势的变化起很大作用;当土壤水受到限制时,盆栽银水牛果苗木的清晨叶水势与土壤含水量有显著正相关性,苗木的永久萎蔫系数为4.76%.     

盐胁迫对银水牛果幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用人为加入NaCl的方法以控制土壤含盐量(0.40%,0.60%,0.80%),研究盐胁迫对2年生银水牛果(Shepherdia argentea)幼苗叶片生长和生理特性的影响,结果表明:(1)随着土壤含盐量的增加,银水牛果幼苗的生长明显受到抑制,株高、生物积累量降低,单株总叶面积、叶片相对含水量减少,净光合速率下降;(2)随胁迫时间的延长,银水牛果幼苗叶片净光合速率在含盐量低于0.60%的土壤中先降低后升高,表明植物幼苗已适应了该盐分的土壤,银水牛果具有较强的耐盐性,本试验条件下以净光合速率下降50%为标准求得银水牛果的耐盐阈值为0.63%;(3)在相同含盐量的土壤中,与对照相比,Ca~(2+)的降幅小于K~+,表明银水牛果幼苗叶片以维持较高的Ca~(2+)含量,保证自身代谢的正常进行,通过提高Mg~(2+)含量以维持自身正常的光合作用,从而适应盐胁迫。     

保水剂与基质水分对侧柏水分利用特征的影响

[目的]研究基质含水量和保水剂浓度对侧柏水势、水分利用效率和蒸腾速率的影响,为不同降雨地区铅锌尾矿库植被重建与生态恢复中保水剂的科学施用提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]以一年生侧柏为研究对象,采用二次通用旋转组合设计,测定侧柏水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率,计算水分利用效率,建立侧柏水势(ψ)、水分利用效率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(T_r)与保水剂浓度和基质含水量之间的回归模型,分析基质含水量和保水剂浓度对侧柏水势、水分利用效率、蒸腾速率的影响。[结果]①水势和蒸腾速率的回归模型主效应顺序为:基质含水量保水剂浓度;水分利用效率的回归模型中保水剂浓度基质含水量;②水势最高时保水剂浓度为0.1%,基质含水量为19.73%;水分利用效率最大时保水剂浓度为0.1%,基质含水量为7.89%,蒸腾速率最小时保水剂浓度为1%,基质含水量为7.89%。[结论]使用0.1%～0.23%低保水剂浓度,有利于侧柏从改良铅锌尾矿基质中获取水分,起到促进叶片二氧化碳固定,提高水分利用效率的作用。     

赤水河上游水源涵养树种的水分生理特征

以赤水河上游32个水源涵养树种为试验材料,研究其水分、光合等生理特征差异。结果表明:(1)叶片δ13 C值变幅为(-26.97‰)~(-31.72)‰,均值为(-29.44±1.19)‰,低于中国总体水平,与最大持水率、最大持水速率呈显著的指数函数关系(P0.05),但与自然含水率无显著的相关关系;(2)叶片含水量为54.44%~80.46%,束缚水/自由水为0.02~10.07,蒸腾速率为0.06~1.30g/(cm2·h),水势为(-2.43)~(-14.74)MPa,相对水分亏缺为34.74%~69.03%,比叶面积为230.15~585.39cm2/g,干物质量为8.39~31.83;(3)光合特征表现为高光合低蒸腾高水分利用效率、低光合低蒸腾高水分利用效率、低光合高蒸腾低水分利用效率、低光合低蒸腾低水分利用效率和高光合高蒸腾低水分利用效率5种类型;(4)可将植物适应水分特征划分为高水分亏缺低自由水、高水势高束缚水、高干物质量低水分亏缺、高自由水低水势和高光合高蒸腾低水势5组适应功能群。     

苗期水分胁迫对芝麻生长和生理特性的影响

为明确水分胁迫对芝麻苗期生长发育和生理特性的影响,以郑太芝1号芝麻品种为供试材料,采用盆栽方式,设置正常供水(土壤含水量80%)、重度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量40%)、轻度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量60%)、渍害胁迫(土壤含水量100%)4个水分处理梯度,研究了水分胁迫对芝麻苗期生长和生理生化特性(光合特性、CAT、Pro、SOD)的影响。结果表明,随着土壤含水量的增加,株高增长速度表现为正常供水轻度干旱胁迫渍害胁迫重度干旱胁迫,水分胁迫时间越长,差异越大。干旱胁迫(包括轻度和重度)根冠比增加,渍害胁迫根冠比下降。干旱胁迫、渍害胁迫均造成芝麻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)下降,随着水分处理时间延长,差异增大,对蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响较小。干旱胁迫促进丙二醛(MDA)积累,渍害胁迫促进脯氨酸(Pro)积累。水分胁迫导致保护酶活性下降,其中干旱胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在下降到最低值后,随水分胁迫时间的延长,与正常供水下保护酶活性差异逐渐减小;而渍害胁迫下,随着水分胁迫时间的延长,保护酶活性则呈逐渐下降的趋势。本研究结果为芝麻高产和水分高效利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

水分胁迫对刺槐生理和生化的影响

以1a生刺槐幼苗为试材,应用桶植控水法研究了通过不同程度的供水而引起的刺槐幼树的生长、蒸腾、单叶面积、组织含水量、叶水势和光合强度指标的胁变。研究发现土壤含水率与刺槐叶面积、叶重、蒸腾强度和耗水量均存在正比关系。水分对植株大小、叶面积影响最明显,当土壤含水率为16.47%时,生长状态最佳。水分胁迫引起的叶面积的减少,是降低光合产量的重要原因。     

温度与水分状况对作物叶片水分能态的影响

在实验室条件下试验研究不同温度与水分胁迫对小麦和玉米幼苗叶水势及渗透势的影响结果表明，在一定温度时随土壤水势的降低，叶水势呈下降趋势；相同土壤水势条件下随温度升高，叶水势呈下降趋势。温度和水分状况对叶片渗透势的影响与叶水势不同，随温度升高和水分胁迫的加剧，叶片渗透势则呈先降后升趋势。通过对作物叶水势和渗透势变化幅度的比较，说明小麦的渗透调节能力和抗旱性能均大于玉米。对植物叶片水分水偏摩尔自由能（ΔG）、焓（ΔS）、熵（ΔH）计算与分析，初步从能量的观点证实作物在27℃左右温度时生长最佳。     

调亏灌溉对干旱环境下春小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响

试验研究调亏灌溉对干旱环境下春小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响结果表明,干旱环境下调亏灌溉春小麦拔节~孕穗后土壤水势低于未进行水分调亏的对照,且全生育期比对照多利用土壤水分14.3~66.5mm。调亏处理小麦产量、穗粒数、水分利用效率与充分供水对照间差异显著,并未因土壤水分亏缺而降低,甚至有较大幅度提高。试验条件下春小麦调亏的适宜土壤水分亏缺水平为营养生长期(拔节)重度水分亏缺(45%~50%田间持水量),其他生育期(孕穗、抽穗、灌浆期/生理成熟前)充分供水(65%~70%田间持水量),而最佳调亏灌溉定额为330~350mm。干旱环境下调亏灌溉春小麦产量和水分利用效率与全生育期耗水量间均呈二次抛物线关系。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.