不同质地土壤细菌多样性对玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂的响应

为因地制宜鉴选适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,在西辽河平原灌区选择秸秆还田的中壤土和砂壤土连作玉米地,分别配施中农绿康腐熟剂、人元腐熟剂和农富康腐熟剂,以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,在玉米吐丝期取0～15 cm、15～30 cm、30～45 cm土层样品,采用高通量测序技术,研究不同质地土壤秸秆还田配施腐熟剂下土壤细菌群落结构多样性。结果表明,中壤土和砂壤土秸秆还田配施腐熟剂后均增加了0～45 cm土层细菌特有OTU数。其中,中壤土、砂壤土配施农富康腐熟剂以及中壤土配施人元腐熟剂和砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂效果更为明显。土壤优势菌种均由α-变形菌(Alphaproteobacteria)转变为δ-变形菌(Deltaproteobacteria)纲,均增加β-变形菌纲相对丰度。中壤土配施农富康腐熟剂使0～15 cm土层芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadetes)、Subgroup_6和亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonadaceae)相对丰度减少,但增加了鞘氨醇单胞菌丰度;而在砂壤土0～15 cm中增加了Nitrosomonadaceae相对丰度。中壤土施用中农绿康和农富康腐熟剂土壤细菌多样性差异显著;中壤土和砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂细菌多样性差异显著;砂壤土配施中农绿康和人元腐熟剂土壤细菌多样性差异显著;砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂显著改变土壤细菌多样性。对各组土壤细菌多样性差异发挥显著性作用细菌有Alphaproteobacteria,Subgroup_6,鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas),蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria),c-chloroplast,Gemmatimonadetes,酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)和Blastocatellia。中壤土秸秆还田表层和深层土壤细菌群落功能基因在代谢途径上存在差异;表层土壤常规营养物质代谢活性与微量物质代谢活性均要强于深层。中壤土配施三种腐熟剂的表层土壤功能基因丰度不同;砂壤土秸秆还田配施腐熟剂改变15～30 cm土层细菌功能,显著提高代谢途径基因数量,尤以中农绿康腐熟剂较为明显。不同质地土壤细菌多样性对玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂存在较大的差异,秸秆腐熟剂配施应因地制宜。     

秸秆还田条件下腐熟剂对不同质地土壤真菌多样性的影响

为因地制宜鉴选适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,在西辽河平原灌区选择秸秆还田的砂壤土和中壤土连作玉米地,分别配施中农绿康腐熟剂、人元腐熟剂和农富康腐熟剂(简称中农、人元、农富康),以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,在玉米吐丝期取0～15 cm、15～30 cm、30～45 cm土层样品,采用高通量测序技术,研究不同质地土壤秸秆还田配施腐熟剂情况下土壤真菌群落结构的多样性。结果表明,砂壤土秸秆还田配施腐熟剂处理特有OTU(operational taxonomic units)数均比对照多,中壤土则相反。所有处理土壤中被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度较高;优势属均为被孢霉属(Mortierella)和低温酵母(Guehomyces)。不同腐熟剂对土壤质地产生不同影响,中壤土秸秆还田配施中农和农富康对土壤真菌组成及丰度无显著影响,而配施人元显著改变中壤土真菌组成及丰度;砂壤土秸秆还田配施中农和人元显著增加土壤真菌组成及丰度。LEfSe分析可知,砂壤土秸秆还田配施中农、中壤土秸秆还田配施人元和农富康3个处理土壤真菌多样性存在差异,对真菌多样性差异发挥显著性作用的门为担子菌门、子囊菌门,纲为伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes),目为腔菌目(Pleosporales)和伞菌目(Agaricales),种为Mortierella fimbricystis。这种响应差异也体现在同一腐熟剂对中壤土和砂壤土不同土层真菌的影响;随土层的下移,砂壤土和中壤土对照中被孢霉属相对丰度先增加后下降,低温酵母相对丰度下降;施用腐熟剂后(中壤土农富康除外),深层土壤低温酵母相对丰度比表层土壤高。砂壤土秸秆还田配施中农后0～15 cm土层中上述2个优势菌属相对丰度显著提高;而中壤土秸秆还田配施人元增加0～15 cm土层低温酵母相对丰度和15～30 cm、30～45 cm土层被孢霉属相对丰度。由此可见,秸秆还田条件下腐熟剂与土壤质地间响应不同,所以秸秆腐熟剂配施应因地制宜。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。     

铜梁县秸秆还田施用腐熟剂试验研究

研究了秸秆还田和施用不同腐熟剂品种处理对秸秆腐烂速度、土壤理化性质,以及中稻经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)秸秆还田对增加土壤有机质,改善土壤理化性状,提供有机肥源,提高水稻产量等方面具有较明显的效果。(2)秸秆还田施用不同品种腐熟剂间的水稻产量基本没有差异;但秸秆还田处理的水稻产量极显著优于不秸秆还田处理;秸秆还田施用腐熟剂处理极显著优于不施腐熟剂处理和单一秸秆还田处理。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对宁夏扬黄灌区滴灌玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤质地黏重、土壤水分匮乏等导致作物产量低下等问题,研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤物理性状的改良效应。本试验设计在玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(12 000 kg/hm~2)的同时配施4种纯氮施用水平(0、150、300、450kg/hm~2),以秸秆不还田常规施氮225kg/hm~2为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥对玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明:与处理前相比,施用纯氮300 kg/hm~2和450 kg/hm~2可分别降低0~20 cm土层土壤容重1.25%和3.20%,土壤孔隙度2.69%和1.89%。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥300 kg/hm~2和450 kg/hm~2可使0～20 cm土层2～5 mm、5 mm机械稳定性团粒结构显著增加。秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著增加土壤含水量,尤其在作物生长前期,秸秆还田配施氮肥300kg/hm~2较对照可显著增加土壤含水量13.64%。秸秆还田配施氮肥条件下玉米产量及产量构成因素较秸秆不还田均有增加趋势,秸秆还田配施纯氮300kg/hm~2可提高玉米产量20.21%,增加玉米百粒重9.37%,以及增加穗粒数37.91%。可见,秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg/hm~2具有较好的蓄水保墒效果,其增产效果显著,可为该区土壤培肥提供参考。     

秸秆腐熟还田对中低产田土壤及玉米生长发育的影响

以玉米品种先玉335为指示品种,以基础田(不施肥)为对照,采用秸秆直接还田、秸秆腐熟还田、农家肥、短期绿肥、当地常规施肥处理等措施,研究不同培肥措施对土壤养分、含水量、耕作层温度、玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,以施腐熟秸秆15 000 kg/hm2+不施肥的处理效果最好,玉米折合产量最高,为 13 006.7 kg/hm2,较对照基础田(不施肥)增产43.88%;纯收益增量最高,为7 342元/hm2,纯收益增长率为79.05%。施农家肥15 000 kg/hm2的处理和施腐熟秸秆7 500 kg/hm2+农家肥7 500 kg/hm2 的处理玉米折合产量较高,分别较基础田增产41.00%、40.78%,纯收益增长率分别为76.75%、72.86%。秸秆腐熟还田可以显著提高土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾含量及土壤含水量,对土壤耕作层温度也有显著的提升作用。农家肥和秸秆还田可以促进后茬玉米的生长发育, 促使玉米提前达到旺盛生长期。在玉米整个生育阶段,秸秆腐熟还田处理能显著提高玉米出苗率和单株叶面积、棒三叶叶面积的增加速率,优化玉米干物质的积累与分配特性, 提高玉米叶、茎、鞘对籽粒的贡献率,增加玉米籽粒产量。建议在农业生产上加大秸秆腐熟还田的推广力度。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥改善土壤理化性状提高春玉米产量

为了探明秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响,2014-2015年在辽宁铁岭设置了秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(S0F0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(SN0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 112.5 kg/hm~2(SN1),秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(S0N2)(当地传统种植方式,CK),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(SN2),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 337.5 kg/hm~2(SN3)6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量、土壤物理性状、根系形态等指标影响显著(P0.05)。全量还田9 000 kg/hm~2和配施纯氮225 kg/hm~2产量最高,比秸秆不还田2 a增产1.10%~11.56%,但产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;群体生物产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,收获指数在0.46~0.59之间。秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造可显著提高土壤含水量,降低土壤容重,调节土壤三相比;秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造春玉米根数、根长、根体积、根干质量等根系形态指标均优于秸秆不还田,且随着氮肥施入量的增加,各项指标均表现越好。因此,综合分析认为,秸秆还田量9 000 kg/hm~2和配施氮肥225 kg/hm~2是辽北棕壤区比较理想的耕层构造模式和秸秆还田技术,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。     

不同施肥处理对玉米产量及土壤酶活性的影响

分析了不同施肥处理对玉米产量和土壤养分的影响,以及不同生育期内土壤纤维素酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化。结果表明,5个不同施肥处理产量均高于CK;秸秆配施无机肥加秸秆腐熟剂(FS)处理和有机肥配施70% NPK(OF)处理的效果最佳,有机无机复合肥(OI2)、有机无机复合肥(OI1)和常规无机肥(CF)处理次之,不施肥处理(CK)最低。FS处理较常规施肥处理提高了4.87%,有机肥配施70%常规无机肥(OF)处理较常规施肥处理的产量提高了3.39%。施肥处理均能提高3种酶的活性,并且表现出较强规律性:土壤过氧化氢酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰,土壤纤维素酶和土壤脲酶在玉米大喇叭口期出现活性高峰;FS处理在各个时期的酶活性较高。综上所述,秸秆还田配施化肥加秸秆腐熟剂有利于增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量,提高作物产量。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对低产黄泥田的改良作用

【目的】低产黄泥田是一种发育程度低的水稻土,土壤贫瘠,作物产量低。本文研究探讨了小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆还田及配施秸秆腐熟剂后秸秆还田对低产黄泥田的土壤改良效果。【方法】在荆门市双季稻区设置了单施化肥(对照),化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆,化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆同时添加秸秆腐熟剂等七个处理的田间试验。取样分析了这些处理对双季稻产量、 土壤理化性质、 土壤团聚体组成、 土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态的影响。【结果】1)在早、 晚稻上秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增加了稻谷的产量,比单施化肥最多增产1423.2 kg/hm2,增幅为23.5%; 添加秸秆腐熟剂也能够增加稻谷的产量,比单独秸秆还田最多增产653.8 kg/hm2,增幅为9.6%。与对照比较,油菜秸秆+腐熟剂处理晚稻显著增产。2)土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量、 阳离子交换量秸杆+腐熟剂处理高于对应的秸秆还田处理,而土壤容重则下降。3)与对照比较,秸秆处理5 mm土壤风干团聚体含量增加3.78%~8.62%,0.25 mm土壤风干团聚体含量也都增加,0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量下降。秸秆还田有利于＞0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体总量的增加,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。4)与对照比较,秸秆处理的土壤水溶性物质、 土壤胡敏酸、 富里酸、 可提取腐殖物质总量、 胡敏素含量增加。添加腐熟剂后,胡敏酸与富里酸比值低于相对应的秸秆还田处理; 土壤松结合态腐殖质、 稳结合态腐殖质、 紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量都有所增加。结合态腐殖质中松结合态腐殖质含量最高,所有的处理都在60%以上。【结论】秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂不仅能够增加早稻和晚稻的稻谷产量,还提高了土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量及阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。秸秆还田主要提高了＞0.25 mm风干团聚体、 水稳性大团聚体含量,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤松结合态腐殖质含量和结合态腐殖质总含量。秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂可以提高作物产量、 提高土壤肥力、 改善土壤结构、 增加土壤腐殖质含量与活性,能够改良低产黄泥田。化肥+油菜秸秆+秸杆腐熟剂处理是一种良好的低产黄泥田改良措施。     

不同培肥措施对银北灌区土壤盐碱特性、玉米生长及产量指标的影响

为探究银北灌区盐碱地不同培肥措施下的土壤盐碱特性和作物生长情况，通过3年定位试验开展了不同量化肥、秸秆、生物有机肥应用后对土壤盐碱特性、春玉米生长及产量指标的影响研究。结果表明:(1)玉米播前土壤表现为对照脱盐碱化现象最明显，而高量生物有机肥和高量化肥有增加耕层土壤盐分含量的趋势，秸秆还田在降低玉米生长前期耕层土壤pH值方面较显著；(2)高量秸秆还田在提高玉米株高和增加玉米茎粗方面优于施用生物有机肥和中低量化肥，玉米株高、茎粗随着有机肥和秸秆用量的增加而提高；(3)在增加玉米穗长、穗粗和穗粒重方面，单施化肥措施优于单施秸秆或生物有机肥；在增加玉米百粒重方面，秸秆还田与化肥措施效果相当；培肥第3年各处理玉米产量表现为:施用生物有机肥T4>T3>T2，施用秸秆T6>T7=T5，施用化肥T10>T9>T8，配施处理T11>T12，玉米产量随生物有机肥和化肥施用量的增加而提高，秸秆还田在提高玉米产量方面优于生物有机肥，而中量秸秆还田在提高玉米产量方面优于高量和低量秸秆还田。与施用化肥相比，试验区连续3年配施生物有机肥在提高玉米产量方面已表现出优势，而配施秸秆在提高玉米产量方面尚未发挥优势，秸秆还田相对生物有机肥在提高作物产量方面存在滞后效应。     

Effect of Induced Soil Compaction on Changes in Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay Loam Soils: A Greenhouse Experiment

The continuous use of heavy machinery and vehicular traffic on agricultural land led to an increase in soil compaction, which reduces crop yield and deteriorates the physical conditions of the soil. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to study the effects of induced soil compaction on growth and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties grown under two different soil textures, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Three compaction levels [C₀, C₁, and C₂ (0, 10 and 20 beatings)], two textural classes (sandy loam and sandy clay loam), and two genotypes of wheat were selected for the experiment. Results indicated that induced soil compaction adversely affected the bulk density (BD) and total porosity of soil in both sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. Compaction progressively increased soil BD from 1.19 Mg m^?3 in the control to 1.27 Mg m^?3 in C₁ and 1.40 Mg m^?3 in C₂ in sandy loam soil while the corresponding increase in BD in sandy clay loam was 1.56 Mg m^?3 in C₁ and 1.73 Mg m^?3 in C₂ compared to 1.24 Mg m^?3 in the control. On the other hand, compaction tended to decrease total porosity of soil. In case of sandy loam, porosity declined by 5% and 17% in C₁ and C₂, respectively, and declined in sandy clay loam by 29% and 54%, respectively. Averaged over genotypes and textures, shoot length decreased by 15% and 26% at C₁ and C₂, respectively, and straw yield decreased by 21% and 61%, respectively. The compaction levels C₁ and C₂ significantly decreased grain yield by 12% and 41%, respectively, over the control. The deleterious effect of compaction was more pronounced on root elongation and root mass, and compaction levels C₁ and C₂ decreased root length by 47% and 95% and root mass by 41% and 114%, respectively, over the control. Response of soil texture to compaction was significant for almost all the parameters, and the detrimental effects of soil compaction were greater in sandy clay loam compared to sandy loam soil. The results from the experiment revealed that soil compaction adversely affected soil physical conditions, thereby restricting the root growth, which in turn may affect the whole plant growth and grain yield. Therefore, appropriate measures to avoid damaging effects of compaction on soil physical conditions should be practiced. These measures may include soil management by periodic chiseling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, addition of organic manures, and incorporating crops with deep tap root systems in a rotation cycle.     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的玉米根系吸水影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、植物生长状况和气象条件对不同土壤水分条件下根系吸水速率的影响机理,该文以相对根吸水速率与土壤含水率的关系衡量土壤水分有效性,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了3种土壤（壤黏土、黏壤土和砂壤土）中不同玉米生长状况（包括叶面积指数、根系深度和根系剖面分布）或蒸发力条件下根系吸水速率随含水率的动态变化,确定了不同条件下根系吸水速率开始降低的临界含水率。结果表明：土壤质地、植物的叶面积指数和根系分布及大气蒸发力都对根系吸水动态曲线的临界含水率有一定影响,其中根系深度和根系分布形状还影响根系吸水速率与含水率关系曲线的形状,但在3种土壤中,根系吸水速率的动态变化对植物生长和大气蒸发力的响应不同。总体而言,3种土壤临界含水率的大小是壤黏土＞黏壤土＞砂壤土;临界含水率随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,随根系深度和深层根系分布的增加而降低;各因子对玉米根系吸水影响程度的大小是土壤质地＞根系分布形状＞根系深度＞大气蒸发力＞叶面积指数。     

Maize growth responses to deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure in coarse textured soils of N.W. India

Abstract. The effects of deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure on maize growth in loamy sand and sandy loam soils were studied in experiments lasting three years. Treatments included all combinations of conventional tillage (10 cm deep) and deep tillage (35–40 cm deep), two farmyard manure rates (0 and 15 t/ha) and two mulch rates (0 and 6 t/ha), replicated three times in a randomixed block design.
Deep tillage decreased soil strength and caused deeper and denser rooting. Mulching decreased maximum soil temperature and kept the surface layers wetter resulting in better root growth. Farmyard manure also improved root growth, and the crop then extracted soil water more efficiently. All three treatments increased grain yield in the loamy sand, but in the sandy loam only tillage and farmyard manure increased yields significantly. Deep tillage and straw mulch effects varied with soil type and amount of rainfall in the growing season. In the loamy sand the mean responses to deep tillage and mulching were largest in a dry year. A tillage-mulch interaction was significant in the loamy sand.     

Organic Nitrogen Source Addition for Improving the Physicochemical Properties of Sandy Loam Soil and Maize Performance

Poor quality of sandy loam soils ?is the main reason for low crop yield. Improvement of physicochemical properties of these soils is very challenging. Addition of organic sources may improve the soil properties. Therefore, this study investigated the adequacy of poultry-manure-compost (PMC) and pressmud-compost (PrMC) at 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t ha^?1 for improving the physicochemical properties of sandy loam soil and maize performance. An increasing trend in most soil and crop traits was seen with increasing compost levels. For 10 t PMC ha^?1, soil inorganic-N (512%), organic-carbon (78%), and water-holding capacity (65.36%) improved maximum. This resulted in the maximum mean crop growth rate (43.85%), stover yield (94%), grain protein (21%), and nitrogen use efficiency (30.6 kg kg^?1). Contrarily, grain oil (?7%) was lowest at 10 t PMC ha^?1. Consequently, 10 t PMC ha^?1 could be much effective to improve the physicochemical properties of sandy loam soils and maize performance.     

Catch Crop and Animal Slurry in Spring Barley Grown with Straw Incorporation

Abstract

Four rates of straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha^?1 yr^?1) were incorporated in a field experiment with continuous spring barley. The experiment was conducted on a sandy soil (5.5% clay) and a sandy loam soil (11.2% clay). After eight years, the straw incorporation was combined with catch-crop growing with and without winter application of animal slurry and also spring fertilization with mineral fertilizer (0, 50, 100 or 125 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). The combined experiment was conducted for three lyears on the sandy soil and for four years on the sandy loam soil. The effects on barley dry matter yield and N uptake are presented together with the long-term effects of the straw incorporations on crop growth and soil C and N. Grain yield on the sandy loam was unaffected by straw incorporation. On the sandy soil the highest straw application rates reduced grain yield in the unfertilized barley. When the barley received mineral fertilizer at recommended levels (100 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1), grain yield on this soil was also unaffected by the high straw rates. Including a catch crop had a positive effect on the grain yield of barley on both soils. The total N uptake in grain and straw generally increased with straw application up to 8 t ha^?1 yr^?1. With the highest straw application rate (12 t ha^?1 yr^?1), the total N uptake decreased but still exceeded N uptake in barley grown with straw removal. The barley accumulated higher amounts of N when a catch crop was included. The total N uptake in the barley was significantly higher after animal slurry application. The extra N uptake, however, was much lower than the amounts of N applied with the slurry. Incorporation of straw had only a small influence on N uptake after slurry application. The straw, therefore, was not able to store the applied N during winter. In the two four-year periods before the combined experiment, grain yield on the sandy loam was generally negatively affected by straw incorporations. In the second period, N uptake began to show a positive effect of the straw. On the sandy soil, grain yield and N uptake during the whole period were generally positively affected by the straw incorporations except for the highest straw rate (12 t ha^?1 yr^?1). The sandy loam soil showed higher increases in C and N content after the repeated straw incorporations and catch-crop growing than the sandy soil. When application of animal slurry was combined with the catch crop, no further increases in soil C and N were found relative to soil where a catch crop was grown without slurry application. Large amounts of the N applied with the slurry may therefore have been lost by denitrification or nitrate leaching.     

不同质地土壤上玉米养分吸收和分配特征

采用池栽试验在4种质地土壤和2种施肥水平下,研究了玉米植株氮、磷、钾的吸收和分配特征。结果表明,不同质地土壤上玉米植株养分累积量为氮钾磷;不同处理玉米氮、磷、钾的累积量表现为中壤轻壤粘壤砂壤,且各处理间差异达显著水平。不同处理叶片和茎鞘中三元素累积量的变化与单株一致,氮、磷、钾分配以叶片中的比例略高于茎鞘。从后期氮、磷、钾的转移率看,不同质地土壤表现为砂壤轻壤中壤粘壤;不同处理中子粒中氮、磷、钾的含量与产量变化一致,且处理间达显著水平。施肥增加了各种质地土壤上玉米植株及器官氮、磷、钾的累积量和子粒产量,其中砂壤增加幅度最大,轻壤和中壤次之,粘壤最小。同时施肥使得叶片和茎鞘中的氮、磷、钾转移率略有降低。     

不同秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量、水分利用和根系生长的影响

为探究耕作方式和秸秆还田对春玉米产量、土壤水肥及根系分布的影响,通过连续两年设置耕作方式(旋耕、翻耕)与秸秆还田方式(秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)两因素田间定位试验,研究了春玉米产量和水分利用效率、根系及土壤水肥分布的特性。结果表明:旋耕和翻耕处理春玉米产量和水分利用效率差异不显著,但前者显著增加了干旱年份(2015年)0—30cm土层的根长密度、根表面积密度和根干重密度,而后者显著降低了10—30cm土层的土壤容重和紧实度,降低了0—40cm土层的土壤含水量、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高了干旱年份30—60cm和湿润年份(2016年)0—60cm土层的根长密度、根表面积密度和根干重密度;秸秆还田较秸秆不还田处理显著增加了春玉米产量和水分利用效率,增加幅度分别为9.5%和7.3%,促进了干旱年份0—60cm土层的根长密度和湿润年份30—60cm土层的根长密度、根表面积密度和根干重密度的增加,还提高了0—60cm土层的土壤含水量、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量。因此,实施旋耕秸秆还田和翻耕秸秆还田可以改善土壤水肥分布,促进深层根系发育,提高春玉米的产量和水分利用效率。     

玉米秸秆造夹层处理对西辽河地区盐碱地改良效应研究

利用玉米秸秆造夹处理改良西辽河地区盐碱土,2年的试验结果表明:物理性状的改良效果不甚明显,土壤的容重下降了0.01~0.05 g cm-3,土粒密度下降了0.01~0.03 g cm-3,孔隙度从原来的49.3%增加到了50.4%;化学性状的改良效果较为明显,pH值总体上下降了1.0~1.5个单位,土壤养分增加,阳离子和阴离子含量降低,含盐量明显下降。其中,以秸秆用量为6 kg m-2、掩埋深度为10 cm的处理组合改良效果最为显著,土壤的有机质增加了57.9%,碱解氮增加了132.5%,速效磷增加了215.4%;盐碱土全盐量降低1.985 g kg-1,脱盐率达到57.5%,土壤溶液中Na+下降了39.6%,碱化度下降了32.3%,pH值下降1.5个单位;裸燕麦的出苗率增加了39.6%,发黄率下降了65.9%,产量达到228.4 g m-2,与对照相比,差异均达极显著水平。