有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响

在广州市蔬菜集约化种植区连续进行了6茬菜心试验,探讨有机肥施用模式[施无机肥(CK)、无机肥配施国产生物有机肥(BM)、无机肥配施腐殖酸(HA)、无机肥配合淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(BSP)、无机肥配施腐殖酸并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(HA+BSP)、无机肥配施水沤腐熟鸡粪并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(CM+BSP)、无机肥配施复合芽孢杆菌剂堆沤腐熟鸡粪(BSPCM)]对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响。结果表明,不同茬别菜心产量差别较大。连续6茬试验中,CM+BSP处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于CK处理,BSPCM处理菜心产量仅次于CM+BSP处理。BM、CM+BSP、BSPCM处理能提高土壤pH,降低连作土壤的酸化风险。随着种植茬数的增加,CM+BSP处理土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总数持续增加,显著高于原始土壤和其他施肥处理,BSPCM处理次之。CK处理土壤中细菌、真菌及微生物总量均比原始土壤下降。在连作菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量水沤腐熟鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂,不但可提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,有利于减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

不同施肥处理对土壤微生物学特性和作物产量的影响

采用不同施肥处理试验,分析土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、土壤微生物数量和作物产量的变化,以探索可提高土壤微生物学特性和作物产量的施肥方式。结果显示:土壤脲酶、土壤纤维素酶均表现为施肥处理显著高于不施肥对照(p<0.05)。T5(常规氮磷钾肥+秸秆+秸秆腐熟剂)处理的微生物数量测定结果在两季中与其它处理相比略有增加。小麦产量以T5处理最高,比对照增产38.2%,而玉米产量最高的处理是T3(0.7倍常规氮磷钾肥+有机肥),比对照增产29.2%。相关分析得出,在本试验条件下,两种土壤酶活分别与产量和微生物数量有一定相关性,其中土壤脲酶和土壤纤维素酶可在一定程度上反映土壤肥力,而土壤脲酶在一定程度上可反映土壤微生物数量。综合以上结果,在本实验条件下,T5是最佳的施肥方式。     

秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米产量及耕层土壤质量的影响

通过分析不同施肥措施玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量特征,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同施肥措施玉米产量差异的形成原因,为进一步提升黑龙江省第一积温带玉米耕层土壤生产能力提供理论和技术支持。试验以黑龙江省第一积温带主栽品种京农科728为试验材料,采用大区对比试验设计,设置掺混肥+尿素(NHF)、碳基肥+尿素(TJF)和控释肥(KSF)3个施肥措施,研究了秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量的影响,分析了秸秆还田配合施肥措施玉米耕层土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,与NHF相比,灌浆期TJF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了7.67%、7.29%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了1.97%、7.77%、7.29%、6.28%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了23.29%、5.92%、7.97%、15.70%;KSF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了10.80%、10.86%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了21.39%、12.30%、31.97%、21.08%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了25.81%、24.35%、12.76%、18.93%。与NHF相比,TJF、KSF产量分别提高了1.99%和13.24%。本研究推荐,秸秆全量还田条件下黑龙江省第一积温带玉米生产适宜施肥模式为70 cm宽行+40 cm窄行大垄双行种植,配施控释肥600 kg/hm²。     

施肥对文冠果生长及土壤酶活性的影响

针对山东省棕壤丘陵区土壤养分的特点,研究了无机肥、有机肥及有机无机配施对文冠果生长和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:施肥能明显提高文冠果叶绿素含量,而对文冠果树高影响不显著,有机无机配施能显著增加文冠果地径。施用有机肥、有机无机配施均能够显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶的活性;单施无机肥抑制土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性,增强土壤蔗糖酶活性,但对酸性磷酸酶活性影响不明显。     

不同培肥措施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响

为研究不同有机肥和化肥配施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响,探讨有机无机配施条件下土壤肥力、土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的内在联系,为建立科学合理的有机无机配施技术体系提供理论依据。试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥+0.6倍腐熟牛粪(CF1)、常规施肥+腐熟牛粪(CF2)、常规施肥+秸秆还田(CFS)4个处理,通过1年田间试验,研究土壤肥力、纤维素二糖水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶及土壤细菌、真菌多样性、群落结构的变化规律。结果表明,不同培肥处理较不施肥处理能够显著提高土壤养分含量,CF2处理的土壤养分最高。与CK处理相比,CF2处理的土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮显著提高了2.22%、112.18%、52.13%和16.45%。与CK相比,CF2处理的土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素二糖水解酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高了107.63%、10.72%、4.40%和39.88%。与CK相比,CF1、CF2和CFS处理均降低了土壤细菌多样性和丰富度,CF1和CF2处理增加了土壤真菌多样性和丰富度。对于微生物群落而言,CF2处理增加了土壤细菌绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门和土壤真菌被孢菌门、担子菌门的相对丰度。综上,CF1、CF2和CFS处理均可提高土壤养分含量,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶活性对腐熟牛粪的响应更为敏感。土壤速效钾和有效磷是影响土壤细菌群落构成的环境因子,土壤有机质和全氮是土壤真菌群落构成的环境因子。因此,常规施肥+腐熟牛粪(CF2)处理有利于提高宁南山区的土壤肥力和维持生态系统的稳定。     

秸秆还田对滴灌春小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

为提高秸秆还田的利用效率,采用大田试验研究了秸秆还田及配肥对小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响,为干旱区土壤培肥提供科学依据。在常规施肥的基础上设置半量秸秆(S1)、全量秸秆(S2)、有机肥(M)、复混肥(CF)、全量秸秆与有机肥(S2+M)、全量秸秆与复混肥(S2+CF)配施6个处理。结果表明,秸秆配施肥(S2+M)、(S2+CF)对提高小麦的株高、单穗重、穗长和单株穗粒数效果优于单施秸秆处理(S1、S2);秸秆配施肥产量显著高于CK。秸秆配施肥显著降低了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重,提高了0~20 cm土层阳离子交换量,而对20~40 cm影响不显著。秸秆配施肥0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于单施秸秆处理,而单施秸秆处理显著高于单施有机肥和复混肥处理。因此,在施氮、磷肥的基础上全量秸秆还田与有机肥或复混肥配合施用,能更有利于滴灌农田土壤肥力的提升。     

有机和常规生产施肥方式对棕壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

以棕壤为研究对象,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、化肥与有机肥1∶3配施(F1M3)、化肥与有机肥3∶1配施(F3M1)、单施有机肥(M)共5个处理,探讨有机和常规生产施肥方式对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)、微生物量磷(SMBP)和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:与不施肥相比,施肥使SMBC/N有不同程度的降低,单施化肥使SMBC、SMBN、SMBP均有明显降低,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,中性磷酸酶活性升高;有机生产施肥方式能提高土壤微生物量含量,SMBC表现为单施有机肥>有机无机配施>单施化肥,SMBN和SMBP表现为F1M3>M>F3M1>F;有机肥对蔗糖酶活性影响不大,单施有机肥抑制中性磷酸酶活性;土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性与微生物量碳氮磷有明显相关性。土壤微生物学指标可以有效区分单施化肥的常规生产和单施有机肥的有机生产,SMBC可响应有机生产过程中是否施用过化肥。     

不同施肥措施对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响

为研究肥料配比对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响,连续4年采用田间定位种植春玉米,分析各生育期各土层酶活性,利用聚类分析和主成分分析揭示酶活性的动态变化差异。结果表明,各种施肥措施显著增加蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性,主要影响10~20 cm土层酶活性。施用有机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在散粉期,施用无机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在大喇叭口期。随着土层深度的增加,蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶活性10~20 cm土层最低。配合施肥中增施氮肥降低过氧化氢酶活性,增加蔗糖酶、脲酶活性;增施磷肥增加脲酶、磷酸酶活性;增施有机肥增加过氧化氢酶活性,降低蔗糖酶、脲酶活性。单施氮肥降低土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。有机无机肥配施能够延长春玉米生育期土壤酶活性的高值期。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性分别受全钾、全氮、有机质和全氮、全磷和有机质含量的影响,施肥通过改变土壤元素含量及供给能力影响土壤酶活性。     

长期定位施肥土壤酶活性及其肥力变化研究

对小麦-玉米轮作区长期定位施肥土壤酶活性及其肥力变化的研究结果表明,与未施肥(对照)相比,长期施肥处理土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均明显提高,其中有机肥(秸秆、厩肥)配施化肥效果明显优于单施化肥;施肥后休闲处理未提高土壤酶活性,表明施肥(化肥、有机肥)后作物根系及其分泌物具有刺激土壤酶活性的作用,且土壤酶活性高低与作物产量(即土壤肥力)相关性显著.     

激发式秸秆还田对麦季潮土团聚体中酶活性的影响

秸秆还田是提升潮土有机质、改良土壤结构的重要措施。添加有机肥和微生物菌剂可激发土壤微生物活性,促进秸秆腐解、提高土壤酶活性。本研究通过潮土区田间小区试验,研究激发式秸秆还田及微生物菌剂对土壤团聚体中酶活性的影响,结果表明:在小麦整个生育期:(1)施加有机肥(8%氮来自有机肥)的处理,不同级别团聚体中的酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶)比一次性施肥及常规施肥处理高8.15%~66.93%,且差异显著(P0.05);施加有机肥对0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的增加效果明显;(2)添加微生物菌剂可提高不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,不同酶活性的增幅存在差异;(3)团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶活性在苗期较低而后逐渐升高;蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在苗期较低,至拔节期大幅升高而后逐渐降低;(4)氮肥不同基肥与追肥比例对土壤团聚体中酶活性也有一定影响:试验表明,基追比为5︰5的处理不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于基追比6︰4的处理。     

玉米全生长期叶面积指数收获测量法的改进

农作物全生长期冠层表现不同的结构,常规的叶面积指数测量仪器不能适用于全生长期的叶面积指数测量,提出改进的收获测量法可进行玉米全生长期叶面积指数的测量,并且测量结果也具有可比性,该法在减少常规直接测量法工作量的同时也减少了对玉米的破坏。通过对比不同生长期单株样本叶面积计算的两种方法,得出二元二次回归法比常规的形状因子法计算精度高的结论。同时,分析不同生长期玉米秆所占总面积比例的规律,得出进行叶面积指数的准确测量,玉米秆的表面积必须进行准确考虑。该研究可为同类作物叶面积指数测量提供参考,可以有效推动叶面积指数的准确快速测量及遥感反演的验证工作。     

Chloride effects on corn

Abstract

Chloride (Cl) toxicity was suspected in corn (Zea mays L.) growing in a poorly‐drained Atlantic Coast Flatwoods soil where Cl toxicity of soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} was a problem. Field and greenhouse research was conducted with rates of applied Cl in an effort to induce Cl toxicity in corn.

‘Trojan 114’ corn was grown in the greenhouse with Cl rates (KCl) of 0, 364, and 728 ug/g and in the field with rates of 0, 85, 170, and 340 kg/ha. Potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) treatments were included to supply equivalent amounts of K as that in KCl.

Phytotoxicity of corn did not occur in greenhouse or field experiments with any fertilizer treatment. In the greenhouse Cl concentrations in 26‐day old corn plants grown in a poorly‐drained Flatwoods soil (Leefield sand ‐ arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) for the 0 and 728 ug Cl/g treatments were 5.0 and 32.7 g/kg in shoots, 1.6 and 14.9 g/kg in ear leaves, and 1.3 and 16.5 g/kg in stalks, respectively. In the field, Cl treatments applied to corn grown in a poorly‐drained Flatwoods soil (Alapaha sand ‐ arenic Plinthic Paleaquults) were not as effective in increasing Cl concentrations in shoots and ear leaves as that for corn grown in a well‐drained soil (Tifton loamy sand ‐ thermic Plinthic Paleudult) apparently because of the greater amount of residual soil Cl in the poorly‐drained soil. Concentrations of Cl in shoots of corn receiving O and 340 kg Cl/ha were 3.8 and 18.0 g Cl/kg, respectively, for corn grown in the well‐drained soil and 16.1 and 18.0 g Cl/kg, respectively, for corn grown in the poorly‐drained soil. Grain yields were not affected by fertilizer treatments on either soil and Cl concentration in grain for corn grown in the Tifton soil was not different among treatments. These data indicate that corn is not very susceptible to high levels of soil Cl.     

Soil hydraulic properties influenced by corn stover removal from no-till corn in Ohio

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal for biofuel production and other uses may alter soil hydraulic properties, but site-specific information needed to determine the threshold levels of removal for the U.S. Corn Belt region is limited. This study quantified impacts of systematic removal of corn stover on soil hydraulic parameters after 1 year of stover management under no-till (NT) systems. These measurements were made on three soils in Ohio including Rayne silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludult) at Coshocton, Hoytville clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs) at Hoytville, and Celina silt loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs) at South Charleston. Interrelationships among soil properties and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) predictions were also assessed. Earthworm middens, K_sat, bulk density (ρ_b), soil water retention (SWR), pore-size distribution, and air permeability (k_a) were determined for six stover treatments. Stover treatments consisted of removing 0 (T100), 25 (T75), 50 (T50), 75 (T25), 100 (T0) and adding 100 (T200)% of corn stover corresponding to 0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00, and 10.00 Mg ha⁻¹ of stover, respectively. Stover removal reduced the number of middens, K_sat, SWR, and k_a, and increased ρ_b at all sites (P < 0.01). Compared to normal stover treatment (T100), complete stover removal (T0) reduced earthworm middens 6-fold at Coshocton and about 14-fold at Hoytville and Charleston. Geometric mean K_sat decreased from 3.1 to 0.1 mm h⁻¹ at Coshocton, 4.2 to 0.3 mm h⁻¹ at Hoytville, and 4.2 to 0.6 mm h⁻¹ at Charleston while soil ρ_b increased about 12% in the 0–10-cm depth at Coshocton and Hoytville from T100 to T0. The SWR for T0 was about 70% of that for T100 and 58% of that for T200 at 0 to −6 kPa suctions across sites. The log k_a for T200, T100, and T75 significantly exceeded that under T50, T25, and T0 at Coshocton and Charleston. Differences in the number of middens, ρ_b, SWR, K_sat, and k_a between T100 and T200 were not generally significant although the T200 retained slightly more water for the 0 to −100 kPa at Charleston and had higher k_a at Hoytville compared to T100. Measured parameters were strongly correlated, and k_a was a strong K_sat predictor. Stover harvesting induces rapid changes in soil hydraulic properties and earthworm activity, but further monitoring is needed to ascertain the threshold levels of stover removal for soil-specific conditions.     

Composition of grain and forage from corn rootworm-protected corn event MON 863 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays l.)

Insect-protected corn hybrids containing event MON 863 protect corn plants against feeding damage from corn rootworm (Diabrotica), a major North American insect pest. Corn event MON 863 contains a gene that expresses an amino acid sequence variant of the wild-type Cry3Bb1 insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of corn containing event MON 863 with that of conventional nontransgenic corn. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximates, fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin E, antinutrients, and certain secondary metabolites in grain and proximates and fiber content in forage collected from a total of eight field sites in the U.S. and Argentina. Compositional analyses demonstrated that the grain and forage of event MON 863 are comparable in their nutritional content to the control corn hybrid and conventional corn. These comparisons, together with the history of the safe use of corn as a common component of animal feed and human food, support the conclusion that corn event MON 863 is compositionally equivalent to, and as safe and nutritious as, conventional corn hybrids grown commercially today.     

Detoxification of corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors by ligninolytic enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 24725) shake flask culture with 3 mM veratryl alcohol addition on day 3 was able to grow and detoxify different concentrations of diluted corn stover (Dcs) and diluted corn starch (Dst) pyrolysis liquors [10, 25, and 50% (v/v)] in defined media. GC-MS analysis of reaction products showed a decrease and change in some compounds. In addition, the total phenolic assay with Dcs samples demonstrated a decrease in the phenolic compounds. A bioassay employing Lactobacillus casei growth and lactic acid production was developed to confirm the removal of toxic compounds from 10 and 25% (v/v) Dcs and Dst by the lignolytic enzymes, but not from 50% (v/v) Dcs and Dst. The removal did not occur when sodium azide or cycloheximide was added to Ph. chrysosporium culture media, confirming the participation of lignolytic enzymes in the detoxification process. A concentrated enzyme preparation decreased the phenolic compounds in 10% (v/v) corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors to the same extent as the fungal cultures.     

河西走廊制种田与生产田玉米需肥特点比较

河西走廊是全国最大的玉米制种基地,但存在制种玉米超量滥施化肥问题。因此,采用田间试验和室内样品分析相结合的方法,以同一组合杂交种玉米生产试验田作对照,研究了自交系玉米制种田氮、 磷、 钾需肥量及需肥特点。结果表明, 制种田玉米种子产量明显小于生产田玉米,制种田子粒产量是生产田的0.6114倍; 制种田全生育期氮、 磷、 钾吸收量均小于生产田,分别是生产田的0.738倍、 0.624倍、 0.733倍; 生产百公斤玉米种子吸收氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）养分平均为2.653 kg、 1.115 kg和3.447 kg; N∶P2O5∶K2O比例为1∶0.42∶1.30。养分累积进程也不同,苗期养分吸收量制种田大于生产田,拔节期相近,拔节后制种田均小于生产田,养分累积量平均为生产田的63.0%~85.3%。因此,相比生产玉米,制种玉米应适当减少施肥量,并增加苗期养分供应。     

不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响

为了探讨不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响,利用乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂单独或联合使用对原料进行青贮调制，并对开封后的青贮饲料进行了现场评定、实验室评定、生物评定和二次发酵试验。结果表明：不同添加剂处理后得到的全株玉米、青玉米秸青贮饲料的感官评定均优于对照组；在降低青贮饲料的NDF、ADF含量，提高动物的消化率上，乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂混合作用时的效果最显著；另外，乳酸菌1和乳酸菌1＋酶制剂1能够有效地抑制青贮饲料的二次发酵。     

Glyphosate-tolerant corn: the composition and feeding value of grain from glyphosate-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.)

Glyphosate-tolerant (Roundup Ready) corn line GA21 has been developed by genetic modification to tolerate glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compositional and nutritional safety of corn line GA21 compared to that of conventional corn. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximate, fiber, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral contents of grain and proximate, fiber, and mineral contents of forage collected from 16 field sites over two growing seasons. The nutritional safety of corn line GA21 was evaluated in a poultry feeding study conducted with 2-day old, rapidly growing broiler chickens, at a dietary concentration of 50-60% w/w. Compositional analysis results showed that, except for a few minor differences that are unlikely to be of biological significance, the grain and forage of GA21 corn were comparable in their composition to that of the control corn line and to conventional corn. Results from the poultry feeding study showed that there were no differences in growth, feed efficiency, adjusted feed efficiency, and fat pad weights between chickens fed with GA21 grain or with parental control grain. These data taken together demonstrate that Roundup Ready corn is as safe and nutritious as conventional corn for food and feed use.     

NaOH处理玉米秸秆厌氧生物气化试验研究

提出通过NaOH化学处理以改善玉米秸秆的可生物消化性能、提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气量的方法。NaOH添加量为玉米秸秆干物质的8%。对未处理和经NaOH处理的玉米秸秆进行了厌氧消化对比试验研究，厌氧消化负荷率为35，50，65和80 g/L。分析并比较了两者在不同负荷率下的日产气量、累积产气量、单位TS和VS产气量等。结果显示，与未处理玉米秸相比，NaOH处理过的玉米秸的干物质消化率和产气量明显提高，在35，50，65，80 g/L负荷率下，产气量分别提高了13.1%，39.8%，48.3%和47.8%，单位TS、VS的产气率分别提高了13.1%～48.3%、23%～61.3%；两种玉米秸分别在35和65 g/L负荷率下获得了最高单位TS产气量。NaOH化学处理使玉米秸细胞壁结构和化学成分发生了明显的变化，分别有53.2%、46.9%和66.6%的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素被分解，其中1/2～2/3被转化成了易被厌氧菌利用的可溶性物质,这是产气量提高的主要原因之一。研究结果对提高玉米秸的产气效率、实现大规模应用具有重要指导意义。