水稻秸秆纤维基绿色地膜制造工艺参数优化

为改善水稻秸秆纤维基地膜的增温性,该文研究了将水稻秸秆纤维基地膜由本色的乳白色改性为绿色的工艺参数,阐明了主要影响因子对该染色地膜性能的影响规律。应用五因素五水平正交旋转中心组合的试验方法,研究以秸秆纤维浆、染料、染料中亮蓝占比、改性剂和湿强剂的质量分数对水稻秸秆纤维基地膜的透气度、上染率、褪色率、干抗张力及湿抗张力等诸多指标的影响。结果表明:当选取工艺参数组合为秸秆纤维浆质量分数71%~79%、染料质量分数0.44%~0.53%、染料中亮蓝占比90%、改性剂质量分数0.6%、湿强剂质量分数0.9%时,所得水稻秸秆纤维基绿色地膜的透气度≤2μm/Pa·s、上染率≥80%、褪色率≤8%、干抗张力≥40 N、湿抗张力≥16 N,可满足水稻秸秆纤维基地膜水、旱田覆盖栽培有机(绿色)作物技术要求。     

低定量环保型水稻秸秆纤维地膜制造工艺参数优化

为解决中国农业生产中化肥农药长期不合理的施用、秸秆和土壤中残膜等农业废弃物不合理的处置等农业面源严重污染的问题,为降低生物质基降解地膜的生产成本、节约纤维用量,探究低定量环保型可降解纤维地膜制造工艺参数的最优组合,对55 g/m2低定量环保型水稻秸秆纤维地膜的工艺及性能进行了试验研究。以水稻秸秆纤维为主要原料,添加商品浆、功能助剂等,应用五因素五水平1/2实施正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以打浆度、混合比、松香、矾土和湿强剂质量分数为影响因子,以地膜的干抗张力、湿抗张力、耐破度为响应函数,研究得出了打浆度31°～48°、混合比45%～50%、松香质量分数1.2%、矾土质量分数6%、湿强剂质量分数2.0%的低定量环保型水稻秸秆纤维地膜最佳工艺参数组合,所得纤维地膜的干抗张力大于32 N、湿抗张力大于12 N、耐破度大于100 kPa,可满足地膜田间覆盖机械性能要求。研究结果为水稻秸秆制备可降解地膜提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

水稻秸秆纤维地膜制造工艺参数优化

为规模化生产与塑料地膜除草和保墒等同、价格相当的生物质基生物降解地膜提供技术支撑,该文对用水稻秸秆纤维制取地膜的工艺进行了探讨。以水稻秸秆纤维为主要原料,添加KP浆板（木材纤维）、湿强剂、松香以及矾土等环保助剂,利用常规抄纸工艺,采用五因素五水平1/2实施正交旋转中心组合试验设计的方法,以打浆度、混合比、定量、湿强剂、调节剂为影响因素,选取干抗张力、湿抗张力、施胶度为性能指标,进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：在定量90 g/m2,调节剂0.2%,湿强剂0.8%,混合比低于 68%,打浆度大于45°SR的参数组合下,水稻秸秆纤维地膜的干抗张力大于30 N,湿抗张力大于10 N,施胶度大于100 s。优化后的参数可满足地膜田间覆盖机械性能要求。     

原位聚合法制备可降解纤维基地膜及机理分析

为提高农作物秸秆综合利用率，通过原位聚合法，以水稻秸秆作为纤维原料制备陇上覆盖方式的功能型可降解地膜。结果表明，改性后，秸秆纤维基地膜的干抗张力等物理力学性能得到提高。X射线衍射结果显示，改性后秸秆纤维基地膜的相对结晶度从38.11%提升到64.42%，说明功能型助剂可渗透到纤维素的无定形区内，使无定形区的微纤丝向结晶区靠拢引起细胞壁纤维素微纤丝结晶区的宽度增加。改性后秸秆纤维基地膜的接触角从95.35°提高到121.03°，表明改性后地膜的抗水性能提高，能较好的适应户外陇上覆盖要求。TG结果表明，改性后地膜的热稳定性能得到提高。FTIR谱图显示改性剂中的功能性基团与地膜中的纤维结构发生了化学交联反应。XPS结果表明，改性后的秸秆纤维基地膜氧与碳的原子浓度比增加，说明改性剂与地膜纤维发生化学交联反应从而含氧官能团增加。SEM-EDXA结果表明改性剂较好的分布在秸秆纤维基地膜中，有利于纤维的交联。烟草覆盖试验表明，秸秆纤维基地膜提高了烟草种植整体水平。因此，功能型秸秆纤维基地膜能未来可应用于烟草、大蒜、西红柿和水稻等高经济附加值作物，为农作物秸秆综合利用提供新的方向。     

废旧棉与水稻秸秆纤维混合地膜制造工艺参数优化

为提高废旧棉织物和农作物秸秆的利用率,对废旧棉纤维与水稻秸秆纤维混合制取地膜的工艺及性能进行了试验研究。以废旧棉纤维为"骨架",水稻秸秆纤维为填充辅料,添加功能助剂,应用四因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以打浆度、棉纤维添加量、定量和湿强剂质量分数为影响因子,以混合地膜的干抗张强度、干伸长率、湿抗张强度、湿伸长率为响应函数,研究得出了定量77~90 g/m2、湿强剂质量分数1.5%~1.8%、棉纤维打浆度45°SR、棉纤维添加量25%的废旧棉与水稻秸秆纤维混合地膜最佳工艺参数组合,所得混合纤维地膜的干抗张强度大于32 N、干伸长率大于1.8%、湿抗张强度大于10 N、湿伸长率大于5.5%,可满足地膜田间覆盖机械性能要求。研究结果为综合利用废旧棉织物和水稻秸秆制备可降解地膜提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

大豆秸秆纤维制造可降解地膜工艺参数优化

为了提高大豆秸秆的附加值和批量生产经济、满足农艺要求的环境友好型可降解大豆秸秆纤维基地膜,采用二次正交中心旋转组合试验,采用地膜定量、木浆混合比、松香、矾土和湿强剂为影响因素,地膜的干抗张强度和湿抗张强度作为响应函数。试验结果表明：1）各因素对干抗张强度的影响的贡献率从高到低排序为木浆混合比、定量、湿强剂、松香和矾土。2）各因素对湿抗张强度的贡献率从高到低排序为木浆混合比、定量、湿强剂、矾土和松香。3）按照干抗张强度≥30 N、湿抗张强度≥15 N的原则,在木浆混合比0～50%、定量50～110 g/m2、湿强剂1.2%～2%、松香0.3%～1.5%、矾土1%～5%的约束条件下,满足工艺要求的最优参数组合：木浆混合比23.3%～30%、定量92～110 g/m2、湿强剂1.2%、松香0.3%、矾土5%。按最优工艺混合比选取25%时,定量92 g/m2、湿强剂1.2%、松香0.3%、矾土5%制造出地膜试样,干抗张强度32.4 N,湿抗张强度15 N。     

水稻秸秆纤维制取工艺参数优化

采用五因素二次回归正交旋转中心组合设计试验方法,以秸秆长度、浸泡时间、套筒初始温度、主轴转速和喂入量为影响因子,以纤维得率、纤维长宽比和抗张指数为响应函数,利用秸秆纤维制取专用试验台,对水稻秸秆纤维制取工艺进行了试验研究,得到了工艺优化参数组合：当套筒初始温度为25℃、主轴转速为70 r/min、喂入量为60 g/min、秸秆长度为10～14 cm和浸泡时间为12～24 h时,可得到纤维得率大于85%、长宽比大于40并且抗张指数大于10 N?m/g、的水稻秸秆纤维。     

水稻脆性秸秆降解特性及其对土壤团聚体的影响

水稻秸秆降解效率是衡量秸秆还田利用率的重要指标,脆秆水稻秸秆易破碎,在秸秆还田中具有重要应用价值。以脆秆水稻品种科辐粳7号的秸秆为研究对象,以扬粳113为对照,通过土壤降解(有氧+厌氧)和酸碱酶解处理揭示脆性秸秆的降解特征,明确降解后的秸秆对土壤结构的影响,为脆秆水稻的应用提供理论支持。研究发现通过酸性降解处理,科辐粳7号的茎秆、叶鞘以及叶片的降解率较对照品种扬粳113秸秆分别提高了15.11%、5.66%、9.27%(P0.05),碱性降解处理分别提高了13.18%、12.31%、11.01%(P0.05)。土壤降解试验结果显示,科辐粳7号秸秆在质量损失、纤维素降解和半纤维素降解方面显著高于扬粳113秸秆,降解后土壤平均重量直径显著大于扬粳113秸秆,土壤破坏率显著低于扬粳113秸秆。研究结果显示,科辐粳7号的秸秆降解率比常规水稻品种显著提高,同时有利于土壤结构的改善,对于提高秸秆还田的效率十分关键。     

加筋纤维类型及用量对薄层土壤抗剪强度的影响

加筋处理能够增加薄层土壤的抗剪强度,为了确定加筋材料合理的种类与用量,选取几种常用的有机、无机纤维材料作为试验材料,通过直剪试验,从土壤饱和含水率与抗剪强度两方面进行分析比较,研究了加筋处理后薄层土壤的抗剪特性。结果表明:在各用量条件下,椰丝加筋处理的土壤黏聚力最大,水稻秸秆丝加筋处理次之,聚丙烯纤维与玻璃纤维加筋处理的效果最差,但所有处理的黏聚力均高于素土;随着土壤纤维加筋量的增加,土壤的黏聚力与内摩擦角也逐渐增加;综合考虑土壤饱和含水率、材料来源与经济成本,水稻秸秆丝加筋处理能够达到较好的土壤抗剪效果。     

无醛无毒防火秸秆人造板的制备与性能试验

针对目前市场秸秆人造板物理机械性能差,不能完全解决甲醛含量等问题,该研究采用Mg SO4、Mg CO3、活性硅和ALSi O4等做成无机胶凝材料,采用豆胶与改性异氰酸酯(diphenylmethane diisocyanate,MDI)制成有机胶凝材料,无机胶凝材料与有机胶凝材料混合制成胶黏剂。秸秆物料热重分析和秸秆板显微结构观察表明,胶黏剂对提高秸秆板的性能指标具有显著影响。通过五因素四水平L16(45)正交试验优化秸秆人造板的热压工艺,获得最佳工艺条件为:无机胶凝材料与有机胶凝材料质量比为4:1,胶黏剂添加量与秸秆物料质量比为0.65:0.35(固体有效成分在秸秆人造板中质量分数为35%),热压时间3 min,热压温度为100~120℃,热压压力80 MPa。试验研究表明:热压压力、胶黏剂中无机胶凝材料的比例和胶黏剂添加量是影响秸秆板性能的重要因素,最佳工艺组合下生产的秸秆板各项指标均达到中密度纤维板的国家标准,该研究对中国秸秆资源的开发利用和人造板的生产具有重要的参考意义。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.